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PubMed1987

Implications of memory and language dysfunction in the naming deficit of senile dementia.

Young normals, elderly normals, and patients with either mild-to-moderate or severe senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) were administered several tests of language function and remote memory. On all of the language tests examined, elderly normals exhibited a mild, nonsignificant performance decrement relative to the young normals. Advanced SDAT patients were markedly impaired on all of the tests. Early dementia patients were most impaired, relative to aged normals, on tests of object naming, category instance fluency, and remote memory. The deficit was smaller on the WAIS vocabulary subtest, on selecting the name of a visually presented object, and on recalling the function of an object. Early SDAT patients were least impaired in selecting the picture of an object after its name had been provided and in selecting objects that belong to a specified functional category. The results are consistent with the notion that the language dysfunction in early SDAT is due to a deficit in semantic memory function in which general, categorical information remains available whereas information about specific attributes becomes less accessible. The object naming test might be useful in the assessment of treatment effects upon SDAT because of its sensitivity and specificity to dementia, its high face validity, and its independence of recent memory.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Signs of the times: the need for a stereochemically informative generic name system.

'Research and clinical pharmacologists frequently present data on impure drugs.' Because generic drug names often hide the fact that different stereoisomers (possibly with different pharmacological properties) may be present in the 'pure' preparation, this statement is all too frequently true. However, the problem may be overcome by pharmacologists and publishers adopting the user-friendly SIGNS nomenclature devised and explained here by Miklòs Simonyi, Joseph Gal and Bernard Testa. The acronym stands for 'stereochemically informative generic name system'. Seven prefixes are offered to describe the stereochemical nature of any drug. The appropriate prefix would be attached to the generic name. A generic name without prefix would indicate a single agent with no stereoisomers.

Methods↗
PubMed1996

A nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor (L-NAME) reduces licking behavior and Fos-labeling in the spinal cord of rats during formalin-induced inflammation.

Formalin injected subcutaneously into the hindpaw of the rat produces an animal model of inflammation that exhibits a phasic component and a tonic component of pain. We evaluated the effects of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), on a formalin-induced behavior, hindpaw licking, and on Fos-labeling of nuclei in the fifth lumbar spinal segment. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with intrathecal doses of 0.3 and 1.0 mg of L-NAME significantly reduced licking behavior associated with injection of formalin into the left hindpaw of the rat. In addition, these same doses of L-NAME reduced formalin-induced Fos-labeling in the ipsilateral dorsal gray matter (as compared to the contralateral gray matter). Qualitative assessment suggested that the reduction in labeling occurred primarily in the superficial dorsal horn. The stereoisomer, D-NAME, administered at the same doses had little to no effect on either formalin-induced licking or Fos-labeling. Finally, our results revealed that total licking time was related to Fos-labeling. Rats that spent less time licking the hindpaw exhibited a smaller increase in Fos-labeling. Our results suggest that the production of nitric oxide is associated with licking behavior resulting from formalin injection into the hindpaw of rats. Our results also suggest that the production of nitric oxide and Fos are associated. Indeed, these substances may be involved in spinal pathways associated with nociception.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Oral administration of the nitric oxide biosynthesis inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), causes hypertension, but not glucose intolerance or insulin resistance, in rats.

While essential hypertension may be characterized by insulin resistance, it is unclear which defect is primary. We therefore compared normotensive Sprague-Dawley male rats who drank N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 1 mg/mL in distilled water), with control rats who drank distilled water. Blood pressure was measured noninvasively, weight was controlled by dietary restriction, and glucose tolerance was assessed via oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Blood pressure rose by the second day of L-NAME treatment, and remained elevated throughout the study, in contrast to the rats drinking water (P < .001). Weight rose similarly in both groups. OGTT were performed after 2 weeks of L-NAME. Serum glucose and insulin responses, assessed by two-way ANOVA, were similar in the two groups (P = NS). In summary, L-NAME administration resulted in hypertension, but not a deterioration in glucose tolerance in diet-controlled Sprague-Dawley rats. We conclude that the insulin resistance of some hypertensive states is not the result of hypertension per se, or increased vasoconstriction, such as might result from inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide synthesis, but rather indicates a fundamental metabolic disorder.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Dementia does not explain correlation between age and scores on Boston Naming Test.

The major purpose of this study was to determine if the correlation between age and performance on the Boston Naming Test that has been reported by some investigators results from inclusion of people in the early stages of dementia in those samples. The correlation between age and naming score was -.36 in 125 carefully evaluated nondemented individuals aged 60-88 years who were enrolled in the control group at an Alzheimer's Disease Research Center between 1985 and 1998. All participants remained undemented for at least 2 years after testing. The magnitude of the correlation between naming scores and age was similar to that found in unscreened samples. Increased confrontation naming difficulty appears to occur with normal aging.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Timed picture naming norms for 590 pictures in Dutch.

The present study presents timed norms for 590 pictures in Belgian Dutch. We determined name agreement and response latencies. Furthermore, we assessed which factors influenced the naming latencies of the pictures. It appeared that age-of-acquisition, the H-statistic (an index of name agreement), and the number of syllables of the dominant response were significant predictors of the naming latencies. These results are discussed in comparison with previous findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Crowded and sparse domains in object recognition: consequences for categorization and naming.

Some models of object recognition propose that items from structurally crowded categories (e.g., living things) permit faster access to superordinate semantic information than structurally dissimilar categories (e.g., nonliving things), but slower access to individual object information when naming items. We present four experiments that utilize the same matched stimuli: two examine superordinate categorization and two examine picture naming. Experiments 1 and 2 required participants to sort pictures into their appropriate superordinate categories and both revealed faster categorization for living than nonliving things. Nonetheless, the living thing superiority disappeared when the atypical categories of body parts and musical instruments were excluded. Experiment 3 examined naming latency and found no difference between living and nonliving things. This finding was replicated in Experiment 4 where the same items were presented in different formats (e.g., color and line-drawn versions). Taken as a whole, these experiments show that the ease with which people categorize items maps strongly onto the ease with which they name them.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Learning new names for new objects: cortical effects as measured by magnetoencephalography.

We tracked the evolvement of naming-related cortical dynamics with magnetoencephalography when five normal adults successfully learned names and/or meanings of unfamiliar objects. In all subjects, the learning of new names was associated with pronounced cortical effects. The learning effect was of long latency and emerged as a change of activation in the same cortical network that was active during naming of familiar items. In four out of five subjects, the cortical learning effect occurred in the inferior parietal lobe. In three of these subjects, the cortical effect was left-sided. These results suggest that the inferior parietal lobe plays an important role in the acquisition of novel words, presumably as a part of working memory systems.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The role of functional and perceptual attributes: evidence from picture naming in dementia.

We examined the performance of a group of people with moderately severe Alzheimer's type dementia on a naming task. We found that functional information plays an important role in determining naming performance on both living and non-living things. Perceptual information may play some role in naming living things. We also found some evidence that the semantic category to which an item belongs may also have some effect on naming performance. We argue that both the sensory-functional and domain-specific knowledge hypotheses may be correct: the brain is to some organized on taxonomic grounds, while the semantic representations of living and non-living things depend differentially on perceptual and functional information. These representations can be differentially disrupted by damage to modality-specific stores. At a moderate level of severity, dementia causes global damage that has the effect of disrupting both the localized taxonomic and the modality-specific stores. We discuss the nature of functional information.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effects of syllable-frequency in lexical decision and naming: an eye-movement study.

In three experiments we explored task-specific effects of syllable-frequency, following Perea and Carreiras' (1998) findings of a facilitative effect during naming and an inhibitory effect during lexical decision. In Experiment 1, an inhibitory effect of first syllable-frequency on articulation duration suggested a process-specific effect during naming: a facilitative effect on construction of phonological output, but an inhibitory effect on lexical access. Eye-movement recording was used in Experiment 2 to disentangle these two processes. An inhibitory effect on eye-movement parameters during both lexical decision and naming supported the assumption that higher first syllable-frequency inhibits lexical access. Implications of a general inhibitory effect of syllable-frequency for computational models of word recognition, specifically for the multiple-trace memory (MTM) model of polysyllabic word naming (Ans, Carbonnel, & Valdois, 1998), are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The Boston Naming Test in Swedish: normative data.

The purpose of the present study was to introduce a Swedish version of the Boston Naming Test and to offer normative data based on a sample of native Swedish-speaking healthy adults stratified concerning age, gender, and length of education. The subjects were assessed with other lexical tests and half of the group also performed tests of global cognitive function. A semantic analysis of the responses was performed and the typical Swedish naming of the pictures of BNT was investigated. The results showed that long education, high performance on tests of global cognitive ability (FSIQ), verbal fluency, and other lexical tests had a significant positive association to a good performance on BNT whereas age and gender had a minor influence. The response analysis showed that the more difficult an item was, the more variations in the response pattern. To conclude, the Boston Naming Test is appropriate for use in a Swedish-speaking context and an effective test for assessment of naming ability.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Antagonism of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, of the effects of phencyclidine on latent inhibition in taste aversion conditioning.

Latent inhibition (LI) is a behavioural procedure used to evaluate the potential propsychotic and antipsychotic properties of psychoactive drugs. In the present study, a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) procedure was used to investigate the effects of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and the psychotomimetic drugs, phencyclidine (PCP) and d-amphetamine (d-AMP) on LI. PCP (2 mg/kg) and d-AMP (0.5 mg/kg) were both found to enhance LI in this procedure. The effect of d-AMP on LI was less pronounced and this drug also caused a weak disruption of taste aversion conditioning. Pretreatment with L-NAME (10 mg/kg) blocked the LI enhancing effect of PCP on LI but not that of d-AMP. L-NAME by itself caused an attenuation of LI. L-NAME has been shown to block also other behavioural and biochemical effects of PCP in previous studies and these results and the present findings suggest that at least some of the effects PCP are dependent on NO and possibly also that some NOS inhibitors may exert antipsychotic properties.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Peptidase activities in rats treated chronically with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME).

The chronic treatment of rats with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis, results in hypertension. This inhibition of NO production results in activation of the renin-angiotensin system, with increased activity of the carboxypeptidase angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). Since chronic NO inhibition increases ACE activity, we hypothesized that this inhibition could also affect the activities of other peptidases involved in cardiovascular functions. To test this possibility, we examined the activities of aminopeptidase M (APM), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), metalloendopeptidase 24.15 (MEP 24.15) and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP 24.11) in rat brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung and thoracic aorta. Male Wistar rats were treated chronically with L-NAME (80mgkg(-1) per day) administered in the drinking water for 4 weeks and their organs then removed and processed for the determination of peptidase activities. Treatment with L-NAME did not significantly alter the activities of the four peptidases in brain, heart, kidney, liver and lung. In contrast, in aorta, the activity of APM was slightly but significantly reduced whereas those of DPP IV and MEP 24.15 were markedly enhanced; NEP 24.11 was not detected in this tissue. Immunoblotting for DPP IV and MEP 24.15 showed increased expression in aortic tissue. Neither L-NAME (1-100microM) nor the NO donors sodium nitroprusside and 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1; 1-100microM) had any consistent effect on the activity of recombinant MEP 24.15 or renal DPP IV. The importance of MEP 24.15 in peptide metabolism was confirmed in pentobartibal-anesthetized rats pretreated with the MEP 24.15 inhibitor N-[1-(R,S)-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-Ala-Aib-Tyr-p-aminobenzoate (JA2), which significantly potentiated the hypotensive response to bradykinin. The altered peptidase activities seen in aorta may contribute to modulating vascular responses in this model of hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Processing new and repeated names: effects of coreference on repetition priming with speech and fast RSVP.

Previous research has shown that the process of establishing coreference with a repeated name can affect basic repetition priming. Specifically, repetition priming on some measures can be eliminated for repeated names that corefer with an entity that is prominent in the discourse model. However, the exact nature and timing of this modulating effect of discourse are not yet understood. Here, we present two ERP studies that further probe the nature of repeated name coreference by using naturally produced connected speech and fast-rate RSVP methods of presentation. With speech we found that repetition priming was eliminated for repeated names that coreferred with a prominent antecedent. In contrast, with fast-rate RSVP, we found a main effect of repetition that did not interact with sentence context. This indicates that the creation of a discourse model during comprehension can affect repetition priming, but the nature of this effect may depend on input speed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Normative data on 372 stimuli for descriptive naming.

Naming problems are common in patients with dominant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). Descriptive naming may be an especially useful procedure for the presurgical workup of candidates for ATL, given its sensitivity for detecting subtle naming problems in TLE and its localization to anterior temporal regions that are commonly targeted for resection in ATL. This study provides normative data pertaining to difficulty level (accuracy and reaction time) on 372 descriptive naming items in four conceptual categories: common non-living, common living, unique non-living, and unique living things. These data will be useful to investigators who wish to develop protocols for clinical assessment or stimuli for functional imaging paradigms aimed at assessing the function of the anterior temporal lobes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Recognizing names in biomedical texts using mutual information independence model and SVM plus sigmoid.

In this paper, we present a biomedical name recognition system, called PowerBioNE. In order to deal with the special phenomena in the biomedical domain, various evidential features are proposed and integrated through a mutual information independence model (MIIM). In addition, a support vector machine (SVM) plus sigmoid is proposed to resolve the data sparseness problem in the MIIM. In this way, the data sparseness problem in MIIM-based biomedical name recognition can be resolved effectively and a biomedical name recognition system with better performance and better portability can be achieved. Finally, we present two post-processing modules to deal with the nested entity name and abbreviation phenomena in the biomedical domain to further improve the performance. Evaluation shows that our system achieves F-measures of 69.1 and 71.2 on the 23 classes of GENIA V1.1 and V3.0, respectively. In particular, our system achieves an F-measure of 77.8 on the "protein" class of GENIA V3.0. It also shows that our system outperforms the best-reported system on GENIA V1.1 and V3.0.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

Biomedical named entity recognition using two-phase model based on SVMs.

Named entity (NE) recognition has become one of the most fundamental tasks in biomedical knowledge acquisition. In this paper, we present a two-phase named entity recognizer based on SVMs, which consists of a boundary identification phase and a semantic classification phase of named entities. When adapting SVMs to named entity recognition, the multi-class problem and the unbalanced class distribution problem become very serious in terms of training cost and performance. We try to solve these problems by separating the NE recognition task into two subtasks, where we use appropriate SVM classifiers and relevant features for each subtask. In addition, by employing a hierarchical classification method based on ontology, we effectively solve the multi-class problem concerning semantic classification. The experimental results on the GENIA corpus show that the proposed method is effective not only in reducing computational cost but also in improving performance. The F-score (beta=1) for the boundary identification is 74.8 and the F-score for the semantic classification is 66.7.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2006

L-NAME-induced neutrophil accumulation in rat lung is not entirely because of interactions with L- and P-selectins or CD18.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Nitric oxide (NO) is a known selective dilator of the pulmonary vascular tree. There is evidence that it also plays a role in diminishing neutrophil adherence to vascular endothelial cells. Close examination of these effects of NO on the pulmonary microcirculation is essential to our understanding of its mechanisms of action as well as its potential as a therapeutic agent to reduce neutrophil sequestration, and its subsequent damage, in a variety of conditions that cause lung injury and inflammation. This study explores the mechanism by which endogenous NO influences neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions by examining the effects of the adhesion molecule blockers, fucoidin, and anti-CD18 antibody. METHODS: Lung samples from 10 sets of rats (n = 4 for each study group) were studied. Each rat received an intravenous bolus of normal saline, fucoidin, or anti-CD18 antibody, followed by a 1-hour infusion of normal saline or N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) at 2 mg kg(-1) min(-1). The accumulation of neutrophils within the lungs was assessed quantitatively by myeloperoxidase assay. RESULTS: Fucoidin application decreased some neutrophil activity, but this may have been independent of the effects on L-NAME activity. The anti-CD18 pretreatment did not have a significant effect on any of the groups in the presence or absence of L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that L-NAME does not conclusively produce its associated increase in neutrophil activity in the baseline state of the lungs via an interaction with L-selectin, P-selectin, or CD18. Rather, the inhibition of NO may lead to the expression of a different adhesion molecule or factor that is normally not expressed in the presence of NO. Endogenous NO may also possibly influence neutrophil-endothelial interaction by affecting hemodynamics rather than actions of adhesion molecules.

Animals↗