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PubMed1976

A formative and summative evaluation model for special educational programs.

During the past two decades the problems of recruiting minority students into careers in the health fields have been addressed by many educators and various special study groups. Recent efforts by schools of medicine and allied health sciences to find viable solutions to the problem have facilitated implementation of career exploration and study-skills programs. Although the focus and sophistication of evaluation designs vary substantially among educational programs of this type, all share some common problems. The positions taken by the authors is that evaluation, both during and at the end of a program, is an essential aspect of the program and that the use of a systematic evaluation model is central to this effort. Data are presented which illustrate the utility of a systematic evaluation model when applied in a realistic test situation (an operational program for minority students). Several advantages of using this model are discussed.

Career Choice↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Family model and the educational role of parents in the formation of alcohol consumption pattern in adolescents].

BACKGROUND: This analysis is aimed at determining the relationships existing between alcoholic beverage consumption on the part of adolescents and two psychosocial variables: the consumption of alcohol on the part of other members of the family system and the paternal educational strategies. METHODS: A sample of 1100 adolescents of both sexes was taken, ranging 15 to 19 years of age in the city of Valencia. Three variables were evaluated using the pertinent tools: a) paternal family socializing strategies; b) the adolescent's feeling about the consumption of seven types of alcoholic beverages by the members of his/her family; and c) consumption of seven different types of alcoholic beverages on the part of the adolescents on weekends. RESULTS: Following the application of the variance analysis, it was found that the consumption of alcohol among adolescents is significantly related to the consumption thereof on the part of other members of his/her family, and to the use on the part of the parents of educational strategies based mainly on disapproval and on the lack of understanding and affection. CONCLUSIONS: The need is inferred of involving parents in the preventive processes for the purpose of creating a positive family environment and also of offering children a rational, controlled model with regard to the family use of alcoholic beverages. Prevention should include the parents as a central active figure of involvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Addressing a state's physician workforce priorities through the funding of graduate medical education: the TennCare model.

TennCare is Tennessee's innovative program that replaces the state's Medicaid program with a health care system based on managed care and designed to cover the vast majority of the state's poor and uninsured. The program provides health care benefits not only to those eligible for Medicaid, but also to the uninsured poor who do not qualify for Medicaid and those who are uninsurable because of existing medical conditions. This article describes the allocation of TennCare graduate medical education funding, which is designed to address the state's physician workforce priorities regarding specialty mix and practice location. Under the new TennCare graduate medical education funding design, funds flow to the state's 4 medical schools and then to the sites of the residents' training. Allocation to the medical schools is based primarily on the number of primary care residents in residency programs under sponsorship of each.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1993

Urogenital re-education by electrostimulation: modelling for minimum energy computation.

The analysis of the voltage curve V(t) picked up between the two electrodes of a vaginal plug used with a current source stimulation allowed us to suggest a simple electrical model for intravaginal tissue. It is made up of three cells in series: a resistor in parallel with a capacitor for the first two, and a simple resistor for the third. Measurements throughout the hormonal cycle exhibit large variations in resistance and capacitance, and justify the use of a current source device to keep reproducible conditions of stimulation. Subjective detection of sensitivity threshold currents shows results which are independent of the day in the cycle and thus confirms the use of current source stimulation. The curve representing dissipated energy as a function of the pulse duration tau exhibits a minimum value different from the chronaxie (here 800 microseconds). The minimum value is effectively obtained at lower values of tau between 450 and 500 microseconds, dependent on the day of the cycle and the electrical characteristics of vaginal tissue. Two values of tau (230 and 1000 microseconds) between which the energy dissipated is less than Emin + 10 per cent are determined. This gap of pulse duration seems to be a correct range according to the minimum energy criterion for electrostimulation applied to urogenital re-education.

Electric Impedance↗
PubMed2004

Education and role modelling for clinical decisions with female cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients vary widely in their preferences and capacity for participating in treatment decision-making. There are few interventions targeting patient understanding of how doctors make decisions and shared decision-making. This randomized trial investigates the effects of providing cancer patients with a package designed to facilitate shared decision-making prior to seeing their oncologist. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-five female cancer patients were randomized to receive either the package (booklet and 15-min video) or a booklet on living with cancer, before their initial consultation. Participants completed questionnaires prior to the intervention, immediately after the oncology consultation, and 2 weeks and 6 months later. The first consultation with the oncologist was audio-taped and transcribed. RESULTS: Patients receiving the package were more likely than controls to declare their information and treatment preferences in the consultation, and their perspectives on the costs, side-effects and benefits of treatment. Doctors introduced considerably more new themes in the consultations with intervention subjects than they did with controls; no other differences in doctor behaviour were noted. CONCLUSIONS: This short intervention successfully shifted patient and doctor behaviour closer to the shared decision-making model, although it did not alter patients' preferences for information or involvement.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Medical education in Norway. One common education, four different models].

There are four medical schools in Norway- in Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Tromsø. The curriculum at each faculty has undergone many changes during the last decade. The four curricula vary in both content and teaching methods. Two of the faculties base their curricula on problem-based learning and two have chosen other approaches. Terms with clerkships in local hospitals and in the primary health care system exist in each curriculum as periods which the students must spend on research work of their own choice. All faculties set the same standards in practical clinical skills with which the students must be familiar before graduation. We believe that having four different curricular is of benefit to the education of doctors. Only future evaluation and standard national examinations will determine whether there are any measurable differences in the practical and theoretical knowledge among graduates coming from these medical schools.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2006

Can virtual reality improve anatomy education? A randomised controlled study of a computer-generated three-dimensional anatomical ear model.

INTRODUCTION: The use of computer-generated 3-dimensional (3-D) anatomical models to teach anatomy has proliferated. However, there is little evidence that these models are educationally effective. The purpose of this study was to test the educational effectiveness of a computer-generated 3-D model of the middle and inner ear. METHODS: We reconstructed a fully interactive model of the middle and inner ear from a magnetic resonance imaging scan of a human cadaver ear. To test the model's educational usefulness, we conducted a randomised controlled study in which 28 medical students completed a Web-based tutorial on ear anatomy that included the interactive model, while a control group of 29 students took the tutorial without exposure to the model. At the end of the tutorials, both groups were asked a series of 15 quiz questions to evaluate their knowledge of 3-D relationships within the ear. RESULTS: The intervention group's mean score on the quiz was 83%, while that of the control group was 65%. This difference in means was highly significant (P < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Our findings stand in contrast to the handful of previous randomised controlled trials that evaluated the effects of computer-generated 3-D anatomical models on learning. The equivocal and negative results of these previous studies may be due to the limitations of these studies (such as small sample size) as well as the limitations of the models that were studied (such as a lack of full interactivity). Given our positive results, we believe that further research is warranted concerning the educational effectiveness of computer-generated anatomical models.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

Implementing a university-community-retail partnership model to facilitate community education on universal design.

PURPOSE: A collaborative partnership model was used to develop and implement a state-wide community education program on universal design. DESIGN AND METHODS: University faculty, extension professionals, older adult service agencies, service learning students, and a community retail chain made up the original partnership. RESULTS: This collaboration resulted in a five-stage partnership model. The model was used to develop and disseminate a consumer education program to promote aging in place. The five stages include (a) identifying partner strengths and shared learning, (b) program development, (c) implementing the universal design program, (d) facilitating collaborative outreach, and (e) shifting toward sustainable outreach. IMPLICATIONS: A lack of knowledge exists among consumers, builders, and health care professionals regarding strategies for aging in place. Collaborations between educators, outreach professionals, students, and a retail partner resulted in increased interest and awareness about universal design changes that enable seniors to age in place.

Commerce↗
PubMed1999

An academic-community partnership: a model of service and education.

To meet the challenge of preparing nurses for delivery of health care that is directed toward health promotion and focused on populations at the community level, it is critical that academicians develop new methods to educate their students. In this article, I describe an innovative clinical practice model in which an academic-community partnership was created between a college of nursing and a neighborhood grade school and parish. The purpose of the partnership is to provide needed health services to clients, at the same time giving students the opportunity to practice population-focused care in the community. The benefits of the partnership are numerous, including improved client health status, increased access to health promotion services, and enhanced student learning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Insights into medical students' career choices based on third- and fourth-year students' focus-group discussions.

PURPOSE: To identify previously unrecognized factors influencing medical students' career choices and to better characterize the effects of educational experiences, role models, and educational debt on career decisions. METHOD: Fifty-two third- and fourth-year students were recruited from three California medical schools to participate in focus-group discussions. The students were assembled into 12 groups of about four classmates from the same school, each facilitated by a medical student from another school. Focus-group discussions were audiotaped and qualitatively analyzed using content analysis. RESULTS: The students' perceptions of their abilities to influence patients' outcomes and to cope with a large knowledge base differentiated those interested in primary care fields from those attracted to procedure-oriented specialties. Negative role models, based on the students' assessments of interpersonal interactions and career satisfaction, were particularly influential in closing doors to certain fields. Many of the women reported an absence of role models. Most of the students denied any effect of debt or potential income on career choice; while many cited their small debts, some of the women alluded to the anticipation of being in dual-income families. CONCLUSION: Students' career decisions are complex, dynamic, and individualized processes. The use of qualitative measures helps bolster understanding of these processes by identifying new factors (such as mastery of knowledge) and by further characterizing known factors (such as role models and financial considerations). A comprehensive and valid understanding of students' career-decision making is necessary to develop successful strategies to sustain and encourage the choice of primary care careers.

California↗
PubMed2000

[Current status of the interdisciplinary model project "Neurodermatitis Education for Children and Adolescents"].

With the help of the German Ministry of Health and the health insurance companies a national interdisciplinary project for children and adolescents with atopic eczema will be developed. The aim of the project is to generate standardized teaching concepts for parents and children covering medical, psychological and social aspect of the disease. 800 children and adolescents of different age groups will be enrolled in this project. Furthermore, during the three years of the study the efficacy of the teaching concept will be evaluated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Training the work force--models for effective education in infection control.

The education of hospital staff for infection control is really a form of adult education in which there are two important priorities: to teach what the student wants to know and to deliver knowledge that the student can use. Techniques developed in the industrial and commercial fields can be adapted to deal with these issues in the hospital. A 'total quality management' customer survey for infection control was conducted to identify services that are considered helpful by hospital staff and to identify topics that they want to know about. A 'task analysis' was carried out to determine the tasks performed by different categories of staff, because an education programme that focuses on tasks the staff performed, will be delivering knowledge that they can use. Finally, a scheme for identifying strategic areas for education, when a guideline is implemented, is described.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Case study: development and evaluation of a model of patient education in surgical wards.

In this contribution we offer a description of a research project in which an attempt is undertaken to improve patient education by nurses at surgical wards in hospitals. In a pilot study it was found that the current practice of patient education is inconsistent and often does not meet patients' demands. Based on this pilot, measures are developed to (a) standardise the information supplied to patients and (b) promote patients' opportunities to collect information by themselves, in order to meet individual demands. The effectiveness of the measures is evaluated by collecting data on physical recovery and emotional well-being among patients undergoing cholecystectomy or herniorraphy.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed2004

Mandate for creation of a national peripheral arterial disease public awareness program: an opportunity to improve cardiovascular health.

BACKGROUND: There has been increasing recognition of the detrimental effect of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) on the health of Americans, and yet there is no common national program of public PAD education designed to diminish this effect. FORMAT: To heighten awareness of this problem, a 2-day PAD Public Education Strategy Meeting was recently attended by representatives of 17 professional societies and public health associations whose missions support the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of vascular diseases. This Public Education Strategy Meeting was intended to provide the rationale and structure to create a national PAD public awareness campaign to diminish the health effect of PAD and to improve cardiovascular outcomes in the United States. This document (1). provides the rationale for creation of a national PAD public education program; (2). reviews the development and success of national hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and Women's Heart Health public education programs as models of educational efficacy; (3). elucidates how the work of many vascular professionals has led to a national consensus for creation of a national PAD public educational program; (4). provides an overview of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PAD education meeting; and (5). outlines the "next steps" required to accomplish these goals. OUTCOME: This meeting achieved consensus that we share responsibility for developing accurate, unified messages to promote PAD awareness and improved care. Participants agreed that the creation of such messages should be linked to plans to disseminate them to all Americans at risk. A consensus was reached that such messages, when commonly created and offered to the public, are most likely to achieve the rewards in better health that all Americans deserve. The Vascular Disease Foundation, a not-for-profit foundation whose mission includes public education about the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of PAD, will devote its resources to guide a new coalition in this process and to create a national PAD awareness campaign. During 2003 and 2004, the coalition will create the organizational underpinnings and time line for what will undoubtedly be a multiyear effort. CONCLUSION: Participants of the Public Education Strategy Meeting agreed to create a broad coalition to develop a National PAD Public Awareness Program, with the objectives to develop and disseminate public education massages on PAD. A successful national PAD education program will contribute to creation of a broader mandate to improve global cardiovascular health in the United States.

Awareness↗