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PubMed2003

Migration and health impact assessment.

Government policies, programmes and projects can have a significant impact on health. Health impact assessments (HIAs) seek to estimate this impact, but they often do so by measuring intermediate or proxy indicators and factors that act to determine health. These measures frequently assume a static population. However, regeneration policies can work hard for several years to no apparent effect. One explanation could be migration. Families who have benefited move from the area and other, perhaps more deprived, families move in. Conversely, healthy, prosperous families may move into an improved area, giving the impression that the health of the population has changed, when in fact it is the actual population that has changed. Census data in England and Wales show that a positive correlation exists between migration within wards and deprivation scores. This paper explores the possible implications of migration for HIA. The census, NHS central register, electoral register, labour force survey, central index of the Department of Social Security, council tax database and other data sources are examined to identify what migration data are available at a local level. Factors that determine rates of migration at a local level have been reviewed, with special reference to the differences between population subgroups. The paper concludes with recommendations to take account of residential mobility and changes in migration patterns when carrying out HIAs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

African urbanization in metropolitan South Africa--differential urbanization perspectives.

"As a potentially important urban development policy consideration, attention is focused in this paper on differential urbanization trends in South Africa at the metropolitan level. Recent informal urban settlement patterns of the African population within the major metropolitan areas are contrasted against these differential urbanization trends to determine the implications of both for residential development in the metropolitan areas during the post-apartheid era."

Africa↗
PubMed1995

Theories of international labor migration: an overview.

"Emigration pressures are primarily the result of increasing inequalities between countries which, in turn, are the result of factors internal to less developed countries and their relations with developed countries. Both micro (neoclassical) and macrostructural theories of migration are reviewed. It is argued that the neoclassical theory of migration is often unjustly criticized and is sufficiently robust to incorporate those structural considerations which are at the core of macrostructural theories. Moreover, the neoclassical theory, with slight modification, can incorporate the ¿new economics of migration.' The major empirical problem confronting models of international labor migration is that migration flows are constrained by immigration policy. This policy, in turn, is influenced by various special interest groups. The direction and form of migration flows is conditioned by contemporary and historical relationships between source and destination countries."

Demography↗
PubMed1989

Australia's population: a long-term view.

Some general issues concerning current and future population trends in Australia are considered. The author argues against the need for continued high levels of population growth. She concludes that "the least disruptive path to eventual equilibrium is to maintain fertility near replacement level and to reduce the migrant intake to about one-third of the current level, i.e. to a net intake of about 50,000 per year."

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Residency patterns and secondary migration of refugees.

"This paper synthesizes available research regarding the residency patterns of refugees in the United States." Consideration is given to the impact of policy on residency patterns and to the effect of secondary migration on the geographic distribution of refugees. "The first section of the paper presents an historical background to this issue, tracing the evolution of U.S. policy and outcomes from 1945 to the start of the Indochinese resettlement program in 1975. The second part focusses upon the residency patterns of the 1975 Indochinese arrivals, and the third section deals with refugees who have arrived since 1979."

Americas↗
PubMed2006

Managing health professional migration from sub-Saharan Africa to Canada: a stakeholder inquiry into policy options.

BACKGROUND: Canada is a major recipient of foreign-trained health professionals, notably physicians from South Africa and other sub-Saharan African countries. Nurse migration from these countries, while comparatively small, is rising. African countries, meanwhile, have a critical shortage of professionals and a disproportionate burden of disease. What policy options could Canada pursue that balanced the right to health of Africans losing their health workers with the right of these workers to seek migration to countries such as Canada? METHODS: We interviewed a small sample of émigré South African physicians (n = 7) and a larger purposive sample of representatives of Canadian federal, provincial, regional and health professional departments/organizations (n = 25); conducted a policy colloquium with stakeholder organizations (n = 21); and undertook new analyses of secondary data to determine recent trends in health human resource flows between sub-Saharan Africa and Canada. RESULTS: Flows from sub-Saharan Africa to Canada have increased since the early 1990s, although they may now have peaked for physicians from South Africa. Reasons given for this flow are consistent with other studies of push/pull factors. Of 8 different policy options presented to study participants, only one received unanimous strong support (increasing domestic self-sufficiency), one other received strong support (increased health system strengthening in source country), two others mixed support (voluntary codes on ethical recruitment, bilateral or multilateral agreements to manage flows) and four others little support or complete rejection (increased training of auxiliary health workers in Africa ineligible for licensing in Canada, bonding, reparation payments for training-cost losses and restrictions on immigration of health professionals from critically underserved countries). CONCLUSION: Reducing pull factors by improving domestic supply and reducing push factors by strengthening source country health systems have the greatest policy traction in Canada. The latter, however, is not perceived as presently high on Canadian stakeholder organizations' policy agendas, although support for it could grow if it is promoted. Canada is not seen as "actively' recruiting" ("poaching") health workers from developing countries. Recent changes in immigration policy, ongoing advertising in southern African journals and promotion of migration by private agencies, however, blurs the distinction between active and passive recruitment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

A contribution of the Asian female immigrants into the Canadian population.

"In Canada, the proportion of women among immigrants fluctuates around 50 percent, with a slight increase in recent years. Another important characteristic of immigration...is a radical change in the composition of origin of flows in the past three decades--European-dominated streams have been replaced by those originating mostly in Asia. This paper focuses on female Asian immigrants in Canada.... Major Asian source countries of female immigrants (Hong Kong, Philippines, India, China, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Lebanon and Iran) give evidence to the growing importance of political push factors and sending countries' policies-facilitation factors as crucial determinants of international migration."

Americas↗
PubMed1992

The future of international migration within Asia.

"Data on flows from Asia to the Middle East and developing countries as well as on flows within Asia are presented, followed by a discussion of the growing importance of intraregional labor migration. Demographic pressures and widely varying economic growth rates will stimulate this movement and bring greater private and government agency participation. Female and family migration and settlement will be encouraged by geographic and cultural proximity. As intraregional labor migration becomes more institutionalized, governments face major policy challenges for planning, regulating and monitoring overseas employment; for the protection of migrant workers; and for stronger regional cooperation." Projections are made to the year 2025.

Asia↗