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PubMed1999

Pleasure, pursuit of health or negotiation of identity? Personality correlates of food choice motives among young and middle-aged women.

The clustering of four food choice motives (health, weight concern, pleasure and ideological reasons) and the relationship between personality and the food choice motives were analysed among young and middle-aged women in two studies. The personality variables included personal strivings, magical beliefs about food, awareness and internalization of thinness pressures, appearance and weight dissatisfaction, depression, self-esteem and symptoms of eating disorders. Study 1 was done with 171 young and middle-aged women. In Study 2, with data provided by 118 senior high-school girls, one cluster of girls who did not regard any of the food choice motives as important was found, otherwise the food choice clusters were fairly similar in both studies. They were labelled as health fosterers, gourmets, ideological eaters, health dieters and distressed dieters. Only the second dieter group, distressed dieters, showed low psychological well-being and symptoms of disordered eating. The results also indicated that ideological food choice motives (i.e. expression of one's identity via food) were best predicted by vegetarianism, magical beliefs about food and health, and personal strivings for ecological welfare and for understanding self and the world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Autonomy Support as an Interpersonal Motivating Style: Is It Teachable?

Students benefit when teachers support their autonomy. Recognizing this, the present study examined the motivating styles of beginning preservice teachers by asking two questions: (1) Do personality characteristics orient preservice teachers toward either an autonomy-supportive or controlling motivating style? and (2) Is the autonomy-supportive style teachable to preservice teachers? Study 1, which addressed the first question, relied on self-determination theory to identify and confirm causality orientation as one personality characteristic related to motivating style. Study 2, which addressed the second question, randomly assigned preservice teachers to receive training in either autonomy-supportive, controlling, or neutral instructional strategies. Results showed that the autonomy-supportive style was teachable. Autonomy-oriented preservice teachers (as measured by causality orientation) assimilated the information rather easily, while control-oriented preservice teachers accommodated the information only in proportion to the extent that they perceived it to be highly plausible and classroom applicable. The discussion relies on self-determination theory and the conceptual change literature to recommend how teacher certification programs can assist teachers-in-training develop an autonomy-supportive motivating style. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Effects of Informal Cooperative Learning and the Affiliation Motive on Achievement, Attitude, and Student Interactions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of informal cooperative learning and the affiliation motive on achievement, attitude, and student interactions. Participants classified as high or low need for affiliation used either an informal cooperative learning strategy or an individual strategy while receiving information, examples, practice and feedback from an instructional television lesson. Results indicated that participants who used the individual strategy acquired significantly more knowledge from the lesson and indicated significantly more continuing motivation for working alone than those who used the informal cooperative strategy. Instructional strategy did not influence performance on the application portion of the test. Results also revealed that high affiliation participants expressed significantly more continuing motivation than low affiliation participants for working with another person. Low affiliation participants expressed significantly more continuing motivation than high affiliation participants for working alone. Finally, results indicated that high affiliation dyads exhibited significantly more on-task group behaviors (taking turns, sharing materials, group discussion of content) and significantly more off-task behaviors than low affiliation dyads. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Predictors of Cheating among Early Adolescents: Academic and Social Motivations.

This study examined the relations between middle school students' self-reported cheating and several indicators of academic and social motivation. It was hypothesized that students' academic self-efficacy and personal and classroom goal orientations would predict cheating. Social motivations were presumed to predict cheating above and beyond achievement motivation. Four dimensions of relationships within schools were measured: participation structure, teacher commitment and competence, teacher respect, and sense of school belonging. Logistic regression analyses were used to predict classification as a cheater or noncheater. Although academic motivation variables predicted cheating, the addition of the relationship variables significantly improved the classification rates. The final model included grade in school, academic self-efficacy, extrinsic goal orientation, participation structure, teacher commitment, and teacher respect. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Proton-motive force and the motile behavior of Bacillus subtilis.

Changes in the proton-motive force cause a transient change in the motile behavior of Bacillus subtilis cells. Both an increase and a decrease in the proton-motive force caused transient tumbling. Simultaneous decrease of proton-motive force and increase of attractant concentration lessens the response toward the attractant. A simultaneous increase of proton-motive force and increase of attractant concentration prolonges the response toward attractant. A hypothesis explaining the various effects is given.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1992

Motives for parenthood and response to failed in vitro fertilization: implications for counseling.

The purpose of this investigation was to identify in vitro fertilization (IVF) candidates' motives for parenthood and hence for seeking treatment. The relationship among identified motives, pretreatment emotional adjustment, and reaction to treatment failure was then examined. Women as a group placed greatest emphasis on fulfilling gender-role requirements, and those strongly endorsing such motives showed the poorest adjustment before IVF and the most negative reaction to first-cycle failure. In contrast, men in general were more likely to stress a desire for marital completion, although this motive was not predictive of emotional status before or after IVF. However, men experiencing social pressures to have children were at greater risk when treatment failed. The results indicate that greater consideration of cognitive factors may enhance understanding of emotional reactions to IVF failure and provide important insights for therapeutic intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

RESEARCH: Motives as Predictors of the Public's Attitudes Toward Solid Waste Issues.

/ Surveys focusing on solid-waste-related issues, conducted over a period of several years, provided data from independent samples of residents of a Midwestern, USA, community. The collection of these data yielded useful information about the relationship between residents' recycling motives and their attitudes toward solid waste management in light of several changes in the solid waste infrastructure of the community over that time. The initial survey assessed baseline beliefs and attitudes, while later surveys were conducted after the implementation of a community educational program and a curbside recycling program. The findings indicated that for recyclers and nonrecyclers, different motives predicted endorsement of solid waste programs and policies. Although a similar percentage of recyclers and nonrecyclers were in support of various proposed programs and policies, concern for the environment was found to be positively related to nonrecyclers' support of proposed programs, particularly before these programs were implemented. Prior to program implementation, motives other than environmental altruism were found to be related to recyclers' support of the programs. Additional findings support the idea that educational programs and increased accessibility to recycling opportunities affect the relationship between people's attitudes toward solid waste management and their recycling motives.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Exogenous energy supply to the plasma membrane of dark anaerobic cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans: thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of the ATP synthesis effected by an artificial proton motive force.

The net synthesis of ATP in dark anaerobic cells of Anacystis nidulans subjected to acid jumps and/or valinomycin pulses was characterized thermodynamically and kinetically. Maximum initial rates of 75 nmol ATP/min per mg dry weight at an applied proton motive force of -350 mV were obtained, the flow-force relationship (rate of ATP synthesis vs applied proton motive force) being linear between -240 and -320 mV irrespective of the source of the proton motive force. The pulse-induced ATP synthesis was inhibited by uncouplers (H+ ionophores) and F0F1-ATPase inhibitors but not by KCN or CO. In order to obtain maximum rates of pulse-induced ATP synthesis both a favorable stationary delta psi (-100 mV at pHo 9, preceding the acid jumps) and a favorable stationary delta pH (+2 units at pHo 4.1, preceding the valinomycin pulse) of the plasma membrane were obligatory, the effects of delta psi and delta pH being strictly additive. Moreover, the pulse-induced ATP synthesis required a minimum total proton motive force of -200 to -250 mV across the plasma membrane; it also required low preexisting phosphorylation potentials corresponding to -400 mV in dark anaerobic, i.e., energy-depleted, cells. The results are discussed in terms of both a reversible H+-ATPase and a respiratory electron transport system occurring in the plasma membrane of intact Anacystis nidulans.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1990

Fear-motivated behavior induced by prior shock experience is mediated by corticotropin-releasing hormone systems.

In earlier studies, we established that in rats, antagonism of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors reduced the occurrence of fear-motivated behavior displayed immediately after administration of electric foot shock. Because exposure to stress is reported to have long-term behavioral and physiological effects, we examined whether central administration of the synthetic CRH receptor antagonist, alpha-helical CRH(9-41), would also alter fear-motivated behavioral and hormonal responses occurring 24 h after exposure to electric foot shock. Adult male rats were placed in a shock box and administered three, 1.0 mA foot shocks. Twenty-four hours later, rats received an intracerebroventricular infusion of 20 micrograms of alpha-helical CRH(9-41) or vehicle 20 min before re-exposure to the shock box. Antagonism of CRH receptors produced a significant reduction in fear-motivated freezing. However, stress-induced analgesia and plasma adrenocorticotropin concentrations did not differ significantly from vehicle-treated animals. In order to assess whether the reduction in freezing was due to intrinsic actions of the CRH receptor antagonist, non-shocked rats received central infusions of alpha-helical CRH(9-41) prior to re-exposure to the test box. Under these conditions, behavior exhibited by antagonist- and vehicle-treated rats did not differ significantly. Results suggest that the reduction in fear-motivated behavior is mediated by antagonism of endogenous CRH receptors and occurs independently of analgesic and hormonal reactions induced by prior exposure to stress.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1999

Increased motivation for beer in rats following administration of a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist.

A series of experiments examined the effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist CP 55,940 ((-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hyd roxypropyl)cyclohexanol) on the motivation to consume beer, near-beer (a beer-like beverage containing <0.5% ethanol) and sucrose solutions in rats. The experiments employed a 'lick-based progressive ratio paradigm' in which an ever increasing number of licks had to be emitted at a tube for each successive fixed unit of beverage delivered. Break point, the lick requirement at which responding ceased, was used as an index of motivation. In the first experiment, CP 55,940 (10, 30 or 50 microg/kg) caused a dose-dependent increase in break points for beer (containing 4.5% ethanol v/v) and for near-beer. The highest (50 microg/kg) dose of CP 55,940 also significantly decreased locomotor activity. In the second experiment, CP 55,940 (10 or 30 microg/kg) dose-dependently increased break points in rats licking for 'light' beer (containing 2.7% ethanol v/v) or for a sucrose solution (8.6% w/v) containing the same number of calories as the beer. In the third experiment, the facilitatory effects of CP 55,940 (30 microg/kg) on responding for beer and near-beer were reversed by both the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716 (N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-me thyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride) (1.5 mg/kg) and the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (2.5 mg/kg). Naloxone had a proportionally greater effect on rats licking for beer compared to near-beer, consistent with previous reports of opioid receptor mediation of alcohol craving. These results show that cannabinoids modulate the motivation for beer via both cannabinoid CB1 receptors and opioid receptors. The similar effect of CP 55,940 on the motivation for beer, near-beer and sucrose suggests that the drug effect may reflect a general stimulatory effect on appetite for palatable beverages, although a more specific effect on the desire for alcohol cannot be ruled out.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The vocal expression of feeding motivation and frustration in the domestic laying hen, Gallus gallus domesticus.

Thwarting of feeding behaviour in the laying hen results in an increase in stereotyped pacing, displacement preening, and the gakel-call. These behaviours therefore reflect the frustration arousal caused by the thwarting of feeding behaviour. This raises the question whether the level of frustration also varies with the intensity of the motivation to perform the thwarted behaviour. This study investigated the relationship between the intensity of the motivation and level of frustration on the one hand and the gakel-call on the other hand. In Experiment 1, the strength of the motivation to feed was varied by thwarting hens in their feeding behaviour in an operant procedure after different durations of food deprivation (0, 8, 23 and 47 h). Trend analysis showed that with increasing hunger state, an increasing number of gakel-calls was given. No effect of treatments on temporal characteristics of the gakel-call was found. In Experiment 2, the level of frustration was varied by reducing or increasing the duration of access to food for food-deprived hens compared to the duration of access during training. It was assumed that a shorter duration of access to food compared to training would elicit frustration, which in turn would affect the performance of behaviours indicative of thwarting. However, we found neither a relation between the number of gakel-calls nor the temporal features of the gakel-call and the duration of access to food. Possibly, the differences between treatments were not large enough to induce differences in frustration level. Also, other factors that might have influenced the motivation are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Alcohol expectancies and motives in a substance abusing male treatment sample.

Although prior research has demonstrated the utility of both alcohol expectancies and drinking motives in the prediction of alcohol use and problems, the specific relationship between these domains has not been examined in a clinical sample. One-hundred, forty-seven veterans on an inpatient substance abuse unit completed questionnaires measuring alcohol expectancies and alcohol motives and provided information on their alcohol consumption and related problems. Covariance structure modeling was used to test four theoretically competing models. Findings indicated that: (1) motives mediate the effects of expectancies on use and problems and expectancies do not exert an independent influence on consumption and alcohol problems and (2) contrary to past findings, alcohol use only partially mediates the relationship between enhancement motives and alcohol problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

[Sports activities of Swiss youths: practices, motivations and links to health].

BACKGROUND: Despite the relevance of this research topic from a public health perspective, there is currently a lack of objective data on the frequency and context of European adolescents' sport activity, their motivations to engage in sports, as well as the links between their sport habits and their health attitudes and behaviors. OBJECTIVES: 1) to describe the sport habits of adolescents in Switzerland and their motivations to get involved in a physical activity, 2) to define the sociodemographic profile of adolescents defined as athletic, 3) to determine the nature of the associations between the frequency of sport activity and health variables. METHOD: In the 1993 Swiss Multicentric Adolescent Survey on Health, anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed to a national representative sample of 10,000 in-school adolescents (15 to 20 years old). The answers were investigated by means of univariate analyses. RESULTS: Half of the sample do sports more than twice a week, boys more often as part of a sports club. Motivations depend on the gender, girls doing sports for self image and health motivations and boys for competition and relational reasons. Almost all the sociodemographic characteristics show statistically significant differences between "non athletic", "fairly athletic" and "athletic" adolescents, which suggests the influence of the sociocultural background on the perception of sport activity. These three groups also differ as regards their health behaviors, attitudes and perceptions; the most athletic adolescents generally give more positive answers in terms of prevention and perceived health. These findings have implications for health promotion, notably as regards the creation of the material conditions more likely to favor adolescents' involvement in physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sleep difficulties and alcohol use motives in female rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between sleep difficulties and drinking motives in female rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Seventy-four participants were assessed for PTSD symptoms, depression, sleep difficulties, and drinking motives. Results demonstrated that neither PTSD symptoms nor depression were related to any motives for using alcohol. On the other hand, after controlling for education, sleep difficulties were significantly related to drinking motives for coping with negative affect, but not pleasure enhancement or socialization. The findings suggest that sleep difficulties may be an important factor contributing to alcohol use in rape victims with PTSD.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use.

The present study proposed and tested a motivational model of alcohol use in which people are hypothesized to use alcohol to regulate both positive and negative emotions. Two central premises underpin this model: (a) that enhancement and coping motives for alcohol use are proximal determinants of alcohol use and abuse through which the influence of expectancies, emotions, and other individual differences are mediated and (b) that enhancement and coping motives represent phenomenologically distinct behaviors having both unique antecedents and consequences. This model was tested in 2 random samples (1 of adults, 1 of adolescents) using a combination of moderated regression and path analysis corrected for measurement error. Results revealed strong support for the hypothesized model in both samples and indicate the importance of distinguishing psychological motives for alcohol use.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Intentions to use alcohol among fifth and sixth graders: the roles of social and stress/coping motives.

This study of children in grades five and six assessed the relationship between social and stress/coping motives and students' intentions to drink in junior high school. Whereas the two motives were not seen as separate by fifth graders, they were differentiated by sixth graders, for whom they were associated--social motives more strongly than stress/coping motives--with intentions to use alcohol. Implications for the design and timing of prevention programs are considered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Proton-motive force stimulates the proteolytic activity of FtsH, a membrane-bound ATP-dependent protease in Escherichia coli.

FtsH is a membrane-bound, ATP-dependent metalloprotease in Escherichia coli that degrades some integral membrane proteins and cytoplasmic proteins. In this study, we show that FtsH-dependent degradation of both membrane-bound and soluble proteins is retarded when cells are treated with carbonyl cyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone or 2,4-dinitrophenol uncouplers, which dissipate the proton-motive force. In vitro casein degradation by membrane-integrated FtsH was stimulated by succinate, a respiratory substrate; this stimulation was counteracted by cyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone. Potassium thiocyanate, which specifically collapses Deltapsi, partially canceled the effect of succinate, but ammonium sulfate, which collapses DeltapH, showed little effect. These results indicate that the proton-motive force, in particular the Deltapsi component, plays a role in efficient degradation of substrates by FtsH in its native state. FtsH variants with altered transmembrane regions did not receive proton-motive force stimulation, suggesting that the proton-motive force activates FtsH, directly or indirectly, through the transmembrane region.

ATP-Dependent Proteases↗
PubMed2004

Disco clothing, female sexual motivation, and relationship status: is she dressed to impress?

The relationship between a female's clothing choice, sexual motivation, hormone levels, and partnership status (single or not single, partner present or not present) was analyzed in 351 females attending Austrian discotheques. We digitally analyzed clothing choice to determine the amount of skin display, sheerness, and clothing tightness. Participants self-reported sexual motivation, and we assessed estradiol and testosterone levels through saliva sampling. Results show that females are aware of the social signal function of their clothing and that they in some cases alter their clothing style to match their courtship motivation. In particular, sheer clothing -although rare in the study- positively correlated with the motivation for sex. Hormone levels influenced clothing choice in many groups, with testosterone levels correlating positively with physique display. In females who had a partner but were at the disco unaccompanied by the partner, estradiol levels correlated positively with skin display and clothing tightness. Significant differences were not found, however, for clothing choice across the partnership-status groups.

Adult↗