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A sesquiterpene lactone, tomentosin, has been isolated and identified form Inula viscosá Ait (Asteraceae) flowers. The molecule, at 1 mg/ml concentration, showed to be active in vitro against Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
We describe an outbreak of tinea capitis in a kindergarten. Individuals with relation to the institution were examined clinically and mycologically (n-98), Microsporum audouinii was cultured from 12 people, out of whom eight patients had tinea capitis, four patients had tinea corporis, and three patients had both. The problems with spread of anthropophilic infections and the difficulties with treatment of Microsporum dermatophytes are discussed.
Zoophlic dermatophytes are common cause of tinea infections in Europe, especially in Mediterranean area. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of zoophilic dermatophytes in Sarajevo area, during a five-year period (1998-2002). Samples (skin scrapings or nail fragments) were taken from 2,142 patients who presented with suspected dermatophytoses and cultured on Sabouraud agar. After three weeks of incubations 465 (21.7%) dermatophytes were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Zoophilic dermatophytes were found in 421 (90.5%) patients. The most common zoophilic species was Microsporum canis (80.0%), whereas Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton verrucosum were less frequently isolated, in 9.7% and 0.9%, respectively. Lesions of tinea capitis were the most prevalent clinical type of Microsporum canis infections (28.8%), followed by tinea corporis (27.4%), tinea faciei (14.8%), tinea pedum (10.2%), tinea unguium (7.8%), tinea manuum (7.5%) and tinea cruris (3.5%). The findings in our study indicate a constant increase in frequency of the zoophilic microsporiasis in recent years in Sarajevo area.
Over the years 1996-1997 mycological examination were performed in 367 persons with cutaneous lesions, returning from the tropics. Fungal infection was diagnosed in 141 patients. Twenty nine (42.65%) of the cases were of single-focal, 32 (47.06%) of bifocal and 7 (10.29%) of multifocal nature. One hundred forty one isolates included 50 (35.6%) moulds 23 (16.3%) yeast - like fangi and 68 (48.1%) dermatophytes. Genus classification of the dermatophytes was as follows: Microsporum - 16 (23.5%), Epidermophyton - 15 (22.1%), Trichophyton - 37 (54.4%). Over the years 1996-1997 the following dermatophyte species were isolated: M. audouini, M. ferrugineum, M. canis, T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, E. floccosum. Microsporum genus was isolated from persons returning from East, West and Central Africa, and from South Europe, Trichophyton genus was isolated from persons returning from Asia and South America.
517 isolations of dermatophytes collected in Mali are reported. The various species are described and the main findings are: --Trichophyton species are more common (85.5% isolated from scalp lesions and 77.5% from skin scrapings) than Microsporum species. --Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum canis have been found found for the first time in Mali. --Ill-defined clinical forms of scalp lesions caused by either T. schonleinii or T. soudanense occur in the subsaharian areas of the country.
20 amino acids were assayed at 1% concentration for their toxicity against the mycelial growth of two dermatophytes viz., Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. L-Cysteine hydrochloride exhibited absolute toxicity against both the test pathogens while DL-aspartic acid was found active against Microsporum gypseum only. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of L-cysteine hydrochloride was found to be 0.5 and 0.4% against M. gypseum and T. mentagrophytes, respectively, at which it showed mycostatic nature. However, the amino acid exhibited mycocidal activity at 0.9 and 0.8% against M. gypseum T. mentagrophytes, respectively. The spectrum of L-cysteine hydrochloride was studied at 1 and 0.5% concentrations against 24 human and animal pathogenic fungi and it was found to possess broad range of activity. The mycotoxicity of amino acid remained unaltered at high temperature, on autoclaving and against high inoculum density. Besides, it showed stronger activity in comparison to four antimycotic drugs viz., griseofulvin, 5-bromosalicyl-4-chloranilidine, acidum undecylenicum and nystatin.
Trichophyton tonsurans is now a major cause of tinea capitis, affecting both children and adults. The characteristic lesions are pruritic, scaling patches with black dots; Wood's light examination is negative. Microsporum canis and Microsporum audouini, formerly the most frequent causes of tinea capitis, predominantly affect children and are Wood's light positive. Lesions caused by M. canis are inflammatory, while those of M. audouini are scaly. All three organisms respond to griseofulvin.
A mixed infection induced by Microsporum canis and Trichophyton tonsurans has been observed on the scalp of a 10-year-old girl. Microscopy has shown microsporum-type endo-ectothrix parasitism on some hairs, whereas others exhibited a strictly trichophyton-type endothrix parasitism. This double parasitism was confirmed histologically (PAS coloration), and M. canis and T. tonsurans could be cultured. The infection was eradicated after 5 weeks of treatment with griseofulvin (750 mg/day per os) and local application of 1% Econazol spray solution twice a day.
A total of 178 cats and 59 dogs in Palmerston North, New Zealand were sampled for the presence of keratinophilic fungi on their pelage; 57.8% had fungi. The fungi were classified in 20 genera with the predominant species being members of the genera; Chrysosporium, Microsporum and Trichophyton. Cats were the major carriers of keratinolytic fungi. 18.5% of the cats and 5.1% of the dogs were either carriers or infected with M. canis. Microsporum canis was a frequent isolate and its distribution had a seasonal variation, with a peak appearing in May-June.
Skin infections are common diseases in developing countries, of which dermatophytoses are of particular concern in the tropics, especially in infants. Through ethnobotanical surveys and literature review 100 plants were detected as being used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytoses. Of these, 44 plants were screened for in vitro activity against the most common dermatophytes (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum). Results showed that aqueous extracts from 22 of the plants tested inhibit one or more of the dermatophytes. The most commonly inhibited dermatophytes were E. floccosum (43.2%), T. rubrum (36.0%), and T. mentagrophytes (31.8%); the less inhibited were M. canis (22.7%) and M. gypseum (24.0%). Plants of American origin which exhibited anti-dermatophyte activity were: Byrsonima crassifolia, Cassia grandis, Cassia occidentalis, Diphysa carthagenensis, Gliricidia sepium, Piscidia piscipula, Sambucus mexicana, Smilax regelii, Solanum americanum and Solanum nigrescens. Fungicidal and fungistatic activities as well as the minimal inhibitory concentration were demonstrated. These results provide a scientific basis for the use of these plants for the treatment of dermatophyte infections in man.
An enzymatically active pigment-producing clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to produce a diffusible antifungal product that was shown to be inhibitory to the growth of several dermatophytes, specifically, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum, and Microsporum audouini. In this study, Trichophyton rubrum was used as the test organism. The antifungal product was partially purified by Sephadex column chromatography and was found to be stable at 5 degrees, 25 degrees, and 37 degrees C. Several investigators have alluded to the fact that as asymptomatic cases of dermatophytosis simplex progress to symptomatic dermatophytosis complex, the bacterial profile changes from a gram-positive bacterial ecosystem to a gram-negative bacterial over-growth. The primary event in the pathogenesis of interdigital athlete's foot is the invasion of the horny layer by dermatophytes. This presents as a mild to moderate scaly lesion and is asymptomatic. As a result of predisposing factors, such as hyperhidrosis, occlusion by tight shoes, minute abrasions due to friction, and fungal-infected skin surfaces, dynamic overgrowth of opportunistic gram-negative bacilli prevails. As the gram-negative population increases, the recovery of dermatophytes dramatically diminishes, until a point is reached when no dermatophytes can be recovered from clinically symptomatic tinea pedis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is inhibiting its fungal competitor Trichophyton rubrum by producing a diffusible antifungal agent into the infectious environment of the intertriginous foot lesion. Clinically, the patient is diagnosed as having tinea pedis; laboratory culture for fungus and KOH are negative, and what was a paradox just a few years ago can currently be identified and treated appropriately as gram-negative athlete's foot.
The sensitivity of Microsporum gypseum to five antifungal agents was carried out by the disk diffusion method. The influence of the culture medium composition and physiological state of the microorganism was studied. The differed setting of antifungal disks enabled a comparative study of their action on spores and mycelium. Best results were obtained on a complex medium (Casitone) using spores as inoculum. The sensitivity of Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and Trichophyton interdigital to the five antifungal agents indicated the efficacy of imidazole compounds as compared to amphotericin B and nystatin .
A serial microplate dilution method developed for bacteria was modified slightly and gave good results with several fungi. The antifungal activity of acetone, hexane, dichloromethane and methanol leaf extracts of six Terminalia species (Terminalia prunioides, Terminalia brachystemma, Terminalia sericea, Terminalia gazensis, Terminalia mollis and Terminalia sambesiaca) were tested against five fungal animal pathogens (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Microsporum canis and Sporothrix schenkii). Methanol extracted the highest quantity, but the acetone extracts had the highest antifungal activity. Some of the extracts had antioxidant activity. Most of the antifungal extracts had MIC values of c. 0.08 mg/ml, some were with MIC values as low as 0.02 mg/ml. Microsporum canis was the most susceptible microorganism and Terminalia sericea extracts were the most active against nearly all microorganisms tested.
A total of 23 soil samples of potted plants was collected from hospitals in Sari, Iran. Each sample contained approximately 200 g soil, taken from a depth of 0-10 cm of the pots. Samples were analysed by two different methods. (1) Culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar medium containing chloramphenicol (SC); cultured fungi were identified by macroscopic and microscopic characterization. (2) The hair-baiting technique (HBT) was used to isolate the keratinophilic fungi. After culture on SC medium, 100% of plates were positive for fungal growth, and in total 1150 colonies with 13 different types of fungi were isolated. Penicillium spp. (52%), Acremonium spp. (20%), Paecilomyces spp. (11.9%), Cladsporium spp. (3.7%) and Aspergillus spp. (3.1%) were the predominant fungal species. Rhizopus spp. (0.1%) were less frequent. Keratinophilic fungi such as Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum cookei and Chrysosporium spp. were isolated using HBT. The presence of pathogenic fungi such as Cladosporium spp, Aspergillus spp, M. gypseum, and M. cookei in potted plants in hospitals represents a potential source of nosocomial infection.
The methanolic extract and total alkaloids of the aerial parts of Glaucium oxylobum exhibited good activity against Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum. Four alkaloids, dicentrine, glaucine, protopine, and alpha-allocryptopine, were identified as the compounds responsible for the antifungal activity of this plant.
The benzoquinone embelin and four alkyl phenols were isolated from an Argentinean collection of Oxalis erythrorhiza. 3-Heptadecyl-5-methoxy-phenol is reported for the first time. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. Embelin presented inhibitory effect on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and the dermatophytic fungi Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum with MICs ranging between 50 and 100 microg/ml. Furthermore, embelin was active against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes with 100% lysis at 100 microg/ml and cytotoxicity below the trypanocidal concentration. The new alkyl phenol 3-heptadecyl-5-methoxy-phenol was active towards Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania donovani promastigotes with 100% lysis at 100 microg/ml. The cytotoxicity (IC50) of embelin and the new alkyl phenol on human lung fibroblasts were 739 and 366 microM, respectively. The plant is used to treat heart complains, a symptomatology related to Chagas' disease which is endemic in the San Juan Province, Argentine.
The resinous exudate of Baccharis grisebachii which is used to treat ulcers, burns, and skin sores in Argentina showed activity towards dermatophytes and bacteria. Two diterpenes, eight p-coumaric acid derivatives, and two flavones were isolated from the exudate and the structures elucidated by spectroscopic methods. 3-Prenyl-p-coumaric acid and 3,5-diprenyl-p-coumaric acid were active towards Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton rubrum with MICs of 50 and 100-125 microg/ml, respectively. The diterpene labda-7,13E-dien-2beta,15-diol was active towards Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton rubrum with MICs of 12.5 microg/ml while the MIC against Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was 25 microg/ml. The diterpene was also active towards Microsporum gypseum with a MIC of 50 microg/ml, and showed inhibition in both Staphylococcus aureus (methicilline resistant and sensible strains) with MICs of 125 microg/ml. The results support the use of Baccharis grisebachii in Argentinian traditional medicine.
Thirty-four arylpropanoids and related compounds were evaluated in vitro for antifungal properties. Among them, 22 phenyl-, 4 naphthyl-, and 4 phenanthrylpropanoids; naphthalene; phenanthrene; and 2-chloro-1-hexyl-1-propanone were tested against dermatophytes by the agar dilution method. alpha-Halopropiophenones exhibited a broad spectrum of activities against Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Epidermophyton floccosum, with MIC values between 0.5 and >50 microg/mL. Keto, alcohol, and alpha-haloketo propyl derivatives of naphthalene and phenanthrene also showed very good activity against all dermatophytes tested, clearly showing that in these series, a halogen atom is not necessary for activity. Phenanthryl derivatives were more active (MICs, 3-20 microg/mL) than naphthyl ones (MICs, 3-50 microg/mL). A structure-activity relationship study was carried out and aided in establishing the structural requirements of arylpropanoids for antifungal activities. Because dermatophytes are a group of fungi that characteristically infect the keratinized areas of the body, these new series of antifungal compounds open the possibility of discovering new topical antifungal drugs for the treatment of dermatomycoses, which are frequently very difficult to eradicate.