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PubMed1998

Stress enhanced reduction in peripheral blood lymphocyte numbers in dairy cows during endotoxin-induced mastitis.

Two groups of Holstein dairy cows, which showed either high- (HC; n = 8) or low (LC; n = 10) plasma cortisol concentrations in response to a psychological stressor (novel-environment test) in their first lactation, were used 1 year later for studying the effects of psychological stress on various aspects of the host defence during endotoxin-induced mastitis. Social isolation was used as a stressor; endotoxin was used to activate the host defence. HC-cows appeared to be more stressed by the experimental procedure than LC-cows. One hour after having been isolated, rectal temperature increased (+0.59 degrees C) in HC- but not in LC-cows. Handling, related to the intra-mammary administration of endotoxin, induced a higher increase in cortisol concentration in HC- than in LC-cows 1 h after injection. In addition, HC-cows vocalised significantly more frequently (595 +/- 222) than LC-cows (81 +/- 24) between 1.5 and 9.5 h after isolation. Between 3 and 5.5 h after endotoxin-treatment, cortisol concentrations increased profoundly in both LC- and HC-cows and peaked at 24.6 +/- 3.8 and 22.8 +/- 3.1 ng ml(-1), respectively. The rise in plasma cortisol concentration was associated with a decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes between 0 and 8 h post injection (PI). Between 8 and 10 h PI, the number of circulating lymphocytes in HC-cows further decreased (40%) to 1.58x10(6) cells ml(-1) and remained so until 21 h PI. This was not the case with the LC-cows. The results show that a differing sensitivity of dairy cows to environmental stressors is associated with a significant difference in the number of circulating leukocytes following intra-mammary administration of endotoxin during a period of social isolation. The results further suggest that, apart from adrenocortical hormones, other factors related to general stress-responsiveness modulate the number of peripheral lymphocytes in dairy cows during endotoxin-induced mastitis. During environmental stress, these factors may enhance endotoxin-induced reduction in circulating lymphocyte numbers, particularly in cows that are sensitive to environmental stressors. As to the clinical relevance of these differences in stress responsiveness, no differences between LC- and HC-cows were found in disease incidence nor in duration of a disease episode during both the 1st and 2nd lactation. In the 2nd lactation. HC-cows tended to produce less milk than LC-cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Relationships between dairy cow mastitis and fertility management and farm performance.

A field study was carried out on 38 dairy farms in the Netherlands to determine the relationship between mastitis and fertility management with 305-day milk production and gross margin. Questionnaires were used to get insight into the farmers' management. Out of 150 variables related to mastitis and fertility management, and technical and economic results, 44 variables were selected based on correlation of > or = 0.25 or < or = -0.25 with milk production and/or gross margin. These variables were used in two separate partial least squares (PLS) analyses. PLS has the advantage that it can handle a large number of variables in relation to the number of cases. The PLS-model of 305-day milk production had R2 = 0.54 and showed a positive relation between 305-day milk production and awareness of the farmer regarding bulk somatic-cell count (BSCC), the goal level of the farmer for BSCC, and hygiene of the milking parlour. Fertility was negatively related to 305-day milk production, in spite of a relatively good fertility management on high-producing farms. R2 = 0.46 for gross margin. The aspiration level of fertility did not seem to affect gross margin, but awareness of BSCC and calving interval (CI) had positive effects. Such awareness seemed a general parameter for good economic results, because it was correlated with different aspects of gross margin.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1984

Coliform mastitis.

Many strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter can cause udder infection in dairy cows. Although some cases are severe, and occasionally fatal, most cases are self-limiting and would be resolved without therapy. Chronic coliform infections also occur; these may be subclinical but typically elicit recurrent clinical episodes. Therapy of acute coliform infections should be directed at removal of and neutralization of the effects of endotoxin. In cases of endotoxic shock, electrolyte and fluid therapy are indicated. Selection of antibacterial drugs is made difficult by the variable susceptibility of the organisms and by the inavailability of effective drugs approved for use in dairy cows. The coliform-infection rate is not reduced by conventional mastitis-control schemes that employ germicidal teat dips and antibiotic therapy of dry cows. Germicidal teat dips are generally ineffective because coliform bacteria can reach the teat end at any time between milkings when the germicidal activity is gone. A teat dip providing a barrier film over the teat orifice between milkings has given promising results in reducing coliform infection in lactating cows. Bedding materials appear to be a major reservoir of coliform bacteria. Sawdust bedding can support high populations of coliform bacteria, especially Klebsiella. Treatment of sawdust with slaked lime can reduce coliform populations in sawdust bedding, but its effect on infection has not been determined. Other methods of control of coliform mastitis believed effective are the following: Careful premilking hygiene, including sparing use of water and careful drying of teats and udder before applying the milking machine. Maintenance of clean conditions for dry and calving cows; sawdust should be avoided as bedding for springing and newly calved cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Mastitis in dairy cows.

No disease in dairy cattle is affected more by total management than is the level of mastitis. The maintenance of a sanitary, comfortable environment and the execution of proper milking procedures used with properly functioning milking machines are all important in reducing and maintaining a low level of new infection in a herd. When these items are executed properly, along with a successful dry-cow treatment program, mastitis can be maintained at a level that is no longer of economic importance.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[A tumor-like lymphocytis mastitis].

A 44-year-old woman presenting with an inflammatory and palpable firm breast lump underwent surgical excision. Intraoperative frozen section analysis showed an extensive lesion consisting of ducts with intraluminal "necrosis". In addition, a very dense stromal inflammation was observed around these ducts, suggesting an invasive ductal carcinoma with predominant intraductal proliferation. However, on paraffin sections, epithelial cells close to the lymphocytic infiltrate were rare, subatrophic, without any neoplastic feature. The density and architecture of the lymphocytic infiltrate mimicked a breast lymphoma. However, immunochemistry and molecular biology investigation favored the diagnosis of a tumor-like lymphocytic mastitis. Although extremely rare, this particular form of lymphocytic mastitis, a diagnostic pitfall particularly during peroperative examination, should be recognized by pathologists.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Granulomatous mastitis, erythema nodosa and oligoarthritis. Apropos of a case].

The authors report a case of granulomatous mastitis associated with erythema nodosum and oligoarthritis. The skin and joint symptoms improved with potassium iodide. The breast lesion clinically simulated a tumor of high malignant grade. Granulomatous mastitis is a benign and rare disease. Its interest lies in the possible association with systemic manifestations and in its steroid responsiveness. This condition has been recently described as a distinct entity. When associated with systemic manifestations, sarcoidosis should be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

"Diabetic mastopathy" in the male breast--a special type of gynecomastia. A comparative study of lymphocytic mastitis and gynecomastia.

Focal B-lymphocytic mastitis and focal fibrosis of the breast in young women have rarely been reported as a complication of longstanding insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type I. We present two cases of "diabetic mastopathy" in male diabetics suffering from gynecomastia. Furthermore, these two cases were examined in comparison to a selected group of 6 patients showing gynecomastia with a marked inflammatory reaction, as well as to 24 non-selected cases of common gynecomastia. The lesion is interpreted as a diabetes-induced autoimmune reaction of the breast and may be regarded as a lympho-epithelial lesion. Its histopathological characteristics are a marked chronic periductal and perivascular mastitis with a predominance of B-lymphocytes, a focal homogenous fibrosis and so called "epithelioid stromal fibroblasts" within the fibrotic matrix. Our findings support the existance of "diabetic mastopathy" in the male and point out to the potentially misleading pattern of this benign tumor-like lesion simulating gynecomastia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Determination of epidemiological relationships of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis.

In the present study 79 streptococcal cultures isolated from subclinical mastitis of 54 cows from seven dairy farms (A-G) in Hesse, Germany, were comparatively investigated using conventional and molecular methods. The isolates could be identified as Streptococcus agalactiae, belonging to Lancefield's serological group B by determination of cultural, biochemical and serological properties and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated amplification of species-specific parts of the 16S ribosomal DNA, the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region and the CAMP factor gene cfb. The investigated group B streptococci were further characterized serologically for specific polysaccharide and protein antigens. Serotyping the isolates revealed a predominance of surface protein antigen X, either alone or in combination with polysaccharide antigen Ia. This could be observed for 39 isolates of farms A, B and C. Six group B streptococci from farm E displayed the serotype pattern III/Rib, two isolates from farm G showed the serotype pattern Ib/calpha. The remaining cultures from farms D and F (n=32) were non-typable. The occurrence of protein Rib could be confirmed by PCR amplification of the gene rib. The two isolates with serotype pattern Ib/calpha also reacted positively for the cbeta-encoding gene bag. Additional properties which allowed a phenotypic characterization of the S. agalactiae were the degree of pigmentation, growth properties in fluid media and soft agar, the surface hydrophobicity, the ability to hemagglutinate rabbit erythrocytes and their resistance reactions to tetracycline and minocycline. The isolates of the seven farms showed identical or almost identical characteristics. The 79 group B streptococci were additionally investigated by macrorestriction analysis of their chromosomal DNA using the restriction endonucleases SmaI, ApaI and SalI. The restriction patterns obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis displayed identical or closely related patterns for the cultures of the various farms. The pheno- and genotypic characteristics of the 79 group B streptococci of the present study revealed that a single S. agalactiae strain or at least closely related subtypes of this strain were responsible for the mastitis situation of the seven farms.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Genomic typing of Streptococcus uberis isolates from cases of mastitis, in New Zealand dairy cows, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Three hundred and forty-two Streptococcus uberis isolates were cultured from milk samples from subclinical and clinical cases of dairy cattle mastitis. The samples were collected from 15 different New Zealand farming regions, including eight specific farms, during field research trials and veterinary diagnostic investigations. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine and compare the degree of genetic dissimilarity between the restriction endonuclease fragment pattern of the 342 New Zealand and a single United States S. uberis isolate. The 343 isolates exhibited 330 different restriction endonuclease fragment patterns. The United States isolate had a pattern unlike any of the New Zealand isolates. Most of the isolates were genetically different strains (pattern deferred by at least 33%), but identical patterns were noted within the same or different quarters of an individual cow, different cows within the same farm, and from different cows from the same or different districts, farming regions or islands. Seven of the eight selected farms had at most only one pair of isolates with banding patterns, which differed by less than 33%. A high degree of dissimilarity was noted in individual herds in which all the samples were collected on the same day or over a 2-year period. The high degree of dissimilar isolates is an indication that S. uberis infections in New Zealand dairy cattle are largely due to the opportunistic nature of the organism in the cows' environment. Prevention and treatment of S. uberis mastitis will therefore need to be directed at a multitude of different strains present throughout the country as well as in individual herds.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis in north-east Switzerland.

Thirty-four strains of enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus obtained from milk samples of 34 dairy cows suffering from mastitis from 34 different farms in north-east Switzerland were identified and further characterized by pheno- and genotypic methods. This included the identification of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) types, an antibiotic resistance testing, the appraisal of hemolysis, the egg yolk reaction, the detection of the clumping factor and protein A by means of a latex agglutination, the PCR amplification of a S. aureus specific part of the gene encoding the 16S-23S rRNA "intergenic spacer" region and a species specific part of the 23S rRNA-gene, the PCR amplification of the clumping factor (clfA) gene, the X region and the IgG-binding region of the protein A (spa) gene, the coagulase (coa) gene and additionally a macrorestriction analysis of the chromosomal DNA. Within the 26 cultures which formed a single SE, there were 23 SEC- and three SED-formers. Eight cultures were SEAD formers. It was remarkable that 22 SEC formers were also positive for TSST-1. Eighteen of the 23 SEC-formers could be classified as being of the same phenotype. Most of the cultures of one enterotoxin type also showed a great uniformity in the size and number of repeats of the X region as well as in the size of the IgG-binding region of protein A gene and in the size of the coagulase gene. Macrorestriction analysis revealed 11 PFGE patterns. These were in part only different from each other in a few fragments and thus displayed close clonal relations. The results of the present investigation show that a broad distribution of identical or closely related enterotoxin-producing S. aureus clones seem to contribute to the bovine mastitis problem in north-east Switzerland.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The major bovine mastitis pathogens have different cell tropisms in cultures of bovine mammary gland cells.

We previously showed that Staphylococcus aureus cells adhered mainly to an elongated cell type, present in cultures of bovine mammary gland cells. Moreover, we showed that this adhesion was mediated by binding to fibronectin. The same in vitro model was used here, to study adhesion of other important mastitis pathogens. Like the S. aureus strains, the Streptococcus dysgalactiae strains adhered mainly to elongated cells, which seemed to be mediated by fibronectin binding. In contrast, Streptococcus uberis strains adhered mainly to cubic cells. Since the cubic cells did not express fibronectin and S. uberis cells bound fibronectin less efficiently, the adhesion of S. uberis cells was independent of fibronectin binding. Streptococcus agalactiae strains adhered poorly to both cell types. The specificity and efficiency of adhesion of Escherichia coli strains was strongly strain dependent. None of the S. agalactiae and E. coli strains tested was able to bind fibronectin efficiently. The results suggest that the different mastitis pathogens have different target cell specificities and use different mechanisms to adhere to cells of the bovine mammary gland.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

In vitro growth of mastitis-inducing Escherichia coli in milk and milk fractions of dairy cows.

The outcome of E. coli mastitis in cows ranges from mild to severe in individual animals. This study explored the hypothesis that milk from individual cows differs in its growth medium properties for E. coli, and whether possible variation could be related to specific milk constituents. To mimic the early phase of intramammary E. coli infection, a low inoculum size and a short incubation period were used. Cell-reduced, cell- and fat-free (skim) and cell- and fat-free and protein-reduced (whey) fractions were prepared from whole milk samples (n=18). Ten ml of whole milk, milk fractions and brain heart infusion broth (BHI) were inoculated with approximately 100cfu E. coli. After 6h of incubation, bacterial counts were assessed by dilution plating in triplicate. Bacterial counts in whole milk differed up to a 100-fold between cows, which was not associated with SCC. Bacterial counts were significantly higher in whey fractions than in whole milk, cell-reduced and skim fractions and variation in whey was smaller, indicating that the acid-precipitable protein fraction contains the milk constituents of major relevance for inhibition of and variation in bacterial growth. The presence of fat and cells added to bacterial growth inhibition to a lesser extent. In conclusion, in vitro growth of E. coli in milk differs substantially between individual cows within an incubation period comparable with the early phase of intramammary infection. This suggests that the growth medium properties of milk could be of importance in the pathogenesis of E. coli mastitis and subsequent outcome of disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Characterization of Staphylococcus simulans strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis.

This study was conducted to characterize Staphylococcus simulans isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. A total of 134 isolates of S. simulans selected from 80 quarters from 61 cows or heifers in 37 different herds were characterized by EcoRI ribotyping. From 22 quarters two to seven consecutive isolates taken at weekly intervals were selected. Furthermore, three isolates from clinical infections in humans and two reference strains were included. A total of 16 different ribotypes were found, however, two types predominated. In most herds more than one type was found. From the 22 different quarters, where 76 paired or multiple isolates were at disposal, the same ribotype was constantly found in the same quarter. This study showed that S. simulans causing bovine mastitis could be divided into relatively large number of different types, but that two types predominated. More than one type could be found in the same herd and within different quarters of the same cow, but ribotyping confirmed that S. simulans could be the cause of persistent and stable infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis.

The present study was designed to comparatively investigate 25 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis. The S. aureus strains, obtained from six different farms at five locations in one region of Germany, were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods. The S. aureus could be identified and further characterized by their cultural, biochemical and hemolytic properties. To analyze the epidemiological relationship the isolates were subjected to DNA fingerprinting by macrorestriction analysis of their chromosomal DNA, by PCR amplification of the gene encoding the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, by PCR amplification of the gene encoding the IgG binding region and the X region of protein A and by amplifying, and subsequent, digestion of the gene encoding staphylococcal coagulase. The macrorestriction analysis revealed five DNA restriction patterns with DNA patterns I, III and IV occurring in three, four, and three different farms, respectively. In addition, clones with different DNA patterns could be found within one herd. The PCR products for the spacer DNA, the spa gene encoding the X region of protein A and the coa gene encoding coagulase corresponded mostly to the pattern observed by DNA fingerprinting. Amplification of the gene encoding the IgG binding region revealed sizes of 620 bp for 20 of the isolates and 280 bp for four isolates indicating, for the latter, a deletion of segments in this region. These findings show, that single, widely distributed clones seemed to be responsible for cases of bovine subclinical mastitis found in one region of Germany.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitrite/nitrate responses during acute mastitis induced by Escherichia coli infection and endotoxin in dairy cows.

Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and of NO(x) (sum of nitrite and nitrate as indicators of endogenous nitric oxide production) in milk and blood plasma were measured in three mastitis models in dairy cows in early lactation. Escherichia coli P4:O37 bacteria or endotoxin O111:B4 were administered into both left quarters of 12 and 6 cows, respectively. Six of the E. coli-infected cows were treated with a bactericidal antibiotic (Enrofloxacin; Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) i.v. at 10 hr and subcutaneously (sc) at 30 hr after infection. NO(x) concentrations transiently increased maximally 10- to 11-fold in milk of E. coli-infected quarters with or without antibiotic treatment at 24 hr and after endotoxin administration. NO(x) concentrations did not change in milk of unchallenged quarters and in blood plasma. Increases of NO(x) were proceeded by a transient (96- to 149-fold) rise of milk TNF-alpha concentrations, which in endotoxin-administered quarters was maximal at 6 hr and in infected quarters without or with Enrofloxacin treatment at 10 and 14 hr. In blood plasma TNF-alpha concentrations only moderately increased to peaks in endotoxin-administered cows at 6 hr and in E. coli-infected cows at 14 hr postchallenge. In one severely sick, nontreated E. coli-infected cow milk, TNF-alpha response at 14 hr was excessive and followed by a spectacular rise of NO(x) concentration in milk between 48 and 72 hr. In conclusion, a possible clinical relevance of nitric oxide production associated with a rise of intramammary and systemic TNF-alpha during acute mastitis by E. coli infection and endotoxin in lactating dairy cows is indicated, but could not be inhibited by antibiotic treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Management and treatment of staphylococcal mastitis.

This article deals with two kinds of staphylococci that cause mastitis: Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. The source of infection, the ease of laboratory identification, and the practices used to manage clinical and subclinical mastitis for these two staphylococcal categories makes this a convenient separation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Epidemiologic methods in mastitis treatment and control.

Methods and concepts of epidemiology offer means whereby udder health can be monitored and evaluated. Prerequisite to a sound epidemiologic approach is development of measures of mastitis that minimize biases and that account for sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests. Mastitis surveillance offers an ongoing and passive system for evaluation of udder health, whereas clinical and observational trials offer a more proactive and developmental approach to improving udder health.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Contagious mastitis.

Contagious mastitis is defined. The major mastitis pathogens are Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium bovis, Mycoplasma sp, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. These pathogens are discussed relative to prevalence, virulence factors, pathology, and control. These control measures include milking time hygiene, segregation, culling, vaccination, and treatment.

Animals↗