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PubMed2006

The relationship between watching professional wrestling on television and engaging in date fighting among high school students.

CONTEXT: Previous research has found that exposure to violence in the home, community, and electronic media are associated with children's and adolescents' normative expectations concerning the use of violence and with other indicators of the violent behaviors by youth. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose with this study was to examine the relationships between the frequency that high school students reported watching wrestling on television and engaging in date fighting, weapon carrying, and other fighting behaviors. DESIGN: The initial analysis consisted of a cross-sectional study of a simple random sample of high school students, which was followed by a longitudinal analysis of these students over a 6- to 7-month period. SETTING: The setting was all public high schools in 1 city/county system. PARTICIPANTS: We used a simple random sample (N = 2228) of students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome variables included the frequency of date fighting during the previous 12 months and alcohol or other drug involvement associated with the last date fight. RESULTS: There were significant correlations between frequency of watching wrestling on television during the previous 2 weeks and engaging in date fighting, fighting in general, and weapon carrying for both males and females, although the relationships were stronger among females than among males. The frequency of watching wrestling was highest among students reporting date fighting when either the victim or perpetrator had been drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs. When analyzed using logistic regression, the strongest relationships were observed between the frequency of watching wrestling and date-fight perpetration among females in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. These findings persisted after adjusting for multiple other factors. CONCLUSIONS: For males and females, the frequency of watching wrestling was highest among students who fought with their dates when alcohol or other drugs were involved. The association between watching wrestling and date fighting was stronger among females than males. The relationship between watching wrestling on television and being the perpetrator of dating violence was also stronger among females and remained consistent over a 6- to 7-month time period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Maintaining an adequate supply of RNs in California.

PURPOSE: Over the past 2 years, concerns have arisen about the adequacy of the supply of RNs in California and the rest of the United States. Nurse leaders have called upon the California State Legislature to respond to concerns by increasing funding for RN education at public colleges and universities. DESIGN: Descriptive--to ascertain whether California faces a shortage of RNs and whether greater state government funding of RN educational programs is necessary to alleviate such a shortage. Secondary data from several sources were analyzed. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of data from the 1996 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses concerning California RNs' demographic characteristics and employment patterns was conducted. Longitudinal analysis of data was examined for trends in California's population, utilization of RNs, and graduations from RN education programs. FINDINGS: Approximately 230,000 RNs lived in and were licensed to practice in California; 77% of California RNs were employed in nursing (70% working full-time; 30% part-time). Only a small number of California RNs were not currently working in nursing but were likely to enter the labor market. Most RNs who were not working were older retired women. CONCLUSIONS: A large increase in the RN workforce is needed to keep pace with the rapid growth of California's population. For California to maintain a stable ratio of RNs to population, we estimated an additional 43,000 RNs will be needed by 2010, and an additional 74,000 will be needed by 2020. Educators, employers, and state policymakers should implement concerted and coordinated efforts to avert a shortage. The magnitude of the impending shortage of RNs in California is too large for the RN labor market to resolve. State government should provide additional resources for basic RN education programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[A study of predictive factors of the operative risk in the surgery of aortic valve stenosis in aged patients].

Aortic stenosis, the most extensive form of valvular disease in elderly subjects, has become very common because of demographic reasons in industrialised countries. The operative risk in patients over 70 years of age is significantly higher. The progressive rise in age of patients referred for surgery justifies this analysis of predictive factors of operative mortality. Between 1976 and February 1993, out of 2871 aortic valve replacements, 675 (278 men and 397 women) patients were over 75 years of age and were included in this study. The average age was 78.5 +/- 3 years. Associated pathology was present in 226 patients. A bioprosthesis was chosen in 632 cases (93.6%). An associated surgical procedure was required in 133 cases. The operative mortality was 12.4 +/- 1.3% (84 deaths). Longitudinal analysis was performed for 4 successive periods to assess the outcome of the study population over the 17 years. A statistical study was made of 50 variables and multivariate analysis showed age (p < 0.0001), left ventricular failure (p < 0.0001), non sinus rhythm (p < 0.0005) and emergency procedures (p < 0.02) to be independent preoperative predictive factors of mortality. In order to reduce this risk, the authors recommend early surgical referral to avoid emergency procedures and cardiac failure, and increased efforts of myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass. Despite the risk, surgery is the only radical treatment of aortic stenosis, including elderly patients.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Risk factors for adolescent marijuana use across cultures and across time.

An integrated analysis of the data from 3 different studies was conducted to examine the early psychosocial predictors of later marijuana use among adolescents. Longitudinal analysis of interview data was performed. The data used in the analysis were derived from (a) a sample of 739 predominantly White adolescents representative of the northeastern United States, (b) a sample of 1,190 minority adolescents from the East Harlem section of New York City, and (c) a sample of 1,374 Colombian adolescents from two cities in Colombia, South America. In 2 of the samples, participants were interviewed in their homes, and in the 3rd study, participants were assessed in school. The predictors included a number of variables from (a) the personality domain, reflecting the adolescents' conventionality and intrapsychic functioning; (b) the family domain, representing the parent-child mutual attachment relationship and parental substance use; (c) the peer domain, reflecting the peer group's delinquency and substance use; and (d) the adolescents' own use of legal drugs. The dependent variable was adolescent marijuana use. The results of the analysis demonstrated remarkable consistency in the risk and protective factors for later marijuana use across the 3 samples, attesting to the robust nature of these predictors and their generalizability across gender, time, location, and ethnic/cultural background. These findings have important implications for designing intervention programs. Programs aimed at preventing adolescent marijuana use can be designed to incorporate universal features and still incorporate specific components that address the unique needs of adolescents from different groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Morphometric studies of the postnatal development of the articular system of the bulbus oculi in rabbits].

The postnatal development of oculo-motor reactions is probably caused partly by changes of the passive mechanical properties of the bulb joint system. The YOUNG's elasticity modulus seems to be a suitable parameter to describe these changes. For its calculation, the length and the cross section area of the extraocular muscles as well as the dimensions of the ocular bulb are necessary. Moreover, the bulb mass is needed to analyse the inertia of the bulb during each movement. The postnatal growth of these parameters was investigated and, by means of the linear regression analysis, we looked for the best fitted mathematical expression. By this, there is the possibility to estimate the morphological data for detailed longitudinal analysis of changes of the oculo-motor function if the age and the body mass, are known.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Extending the demand-control model to informal caregiving.

OBJECTIVE: Karasek's demand-control model of job strain was used in an attempt to extend previous work examining the psychological impact of informal caregiving in stroke. METHOD: Data were gathered from 138 informal caregivers/patient dyads at two time points. The dependent variables were the caregiver's anxiety and depression [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)]. The predictor variables were caregiver demand (stroke survivor's assessment of their physical and psychosocial functional limitations) and control (caregiver's perceived control over stroke survivor's recovery). RESULTS: In a cross-sectional analysis of Times 1 and 2 data, main effects for demand and/or control were detected for anxiety and depression. Contrary to prediction, in longitudinal analysis of change, it was found that decreasing control, along with increasing demand, was associated with reduced distress. CONCLUSION: The model was moderately successful in predicting emotional distress. The relative importance of caregiver demand and control in predicting outcomes changed over time in these data. Attempts to replicate these findings are recommended.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Longitudinal changes in craniofacial factors among snoring and nonsnoring Bolton-Brush study participants.

The extent to which craniofacial risk factors are manifested from childhood in habitual snorers and those with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in craniofacial factors between snorers and nonsnorers from childhood to adulthood. The sample consisted of 80 Bolton-Brush subjects (men, 52%; white, 100%) recalled at adult ages (53-78 years) who had existing prepubertal (age, 4-5 years) and pubertal (age, 12-13 years) records. Snoring was assessed at the adult age through subjective and spousal reports. Cephalometric radiographs were used to characterize 13 craniofacial hard and soft tissue measurements. The t tests revealed that there was a trend (P <.10) for longer hyoid-to-mandibular plane distance at prepubertal and pubertal ages and significant (P <.05) differences at adult recall for snorers. Posterior airway space was significantly smaller for snorers at adult recall. The longitudinal analysis did show a significant change in 9 craniofacial variables over time, but this change was not different between snorers and nonsnorers. We concluded that snorers exhibit a lowered hyoid position from childhood and that longitudinal changes must be explored further with a larger sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Difficulty and dependence: two components of the disability continuum among community-living older persons.

BACKGROUND: Although most epidemiologic studies have defined disability in basic activities of daily living (BADLs) as dependence, some investigators have argued that BADL disability should be defined as degree of difficulty. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the responses to questions about difficulty and dependence provide complementary information that together can depict the continuum of disability more fully than the response to either question alone. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: 1065 persons 72 years of age and older. MEASUREMENTS: On the basis of self-reported information collected at baseline, participants were categorized into three BADL groups: independent without difficulty, independent with difficulty, and dependent. Additional baseline information was collected on several measures of higher-level function and physical performance. Follow-up information was collected on regular home care visits and BADL function at 1 and 3 years and on hospitalizations, admissions to skilled-nursing facilities, and deaths over a 4-year period. RESULTS: In a cross-sectional analysis, the proportion of participants with poor higher-level function and physical performance increased substantially across the three BADL groups. In a longitudinal analysis, the rates of hospitalization and regular home care visits for the independent without difficulty group, the independent with difficulty group, and the dependent group were 46%, 57%, and 72% (P < 0.001) and 17%, 30%, and 49% (P < 0.001), respectively; survival curves for admission to a skilled-nursing facility and death differed significantly for each pair-wise comparison. Among persons who were BADL independent, those with difficulty were significantly more likely to develop BADL dependence over a 3-year period than those without difficulty (31% compared with 18%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In the assessment of BADL function in older persons, questions about difficulty and dependence provide complementary information that together can depict the continuum of disability more fully than either question alone.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Gompertzian analysis of mortality due to lung cancer in Spain, 1968-1995].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse lung cancer mortality trend in Spain from 1968 to 1995, distinguishing effects due to environmental and competing factors. METHODS: Age-standardised mortality rates from lung cancer are estimated using a world standard population. A graphical analysis of age, period, and cohort effects is made. Environmental and competing factors influencing in lung cancer mortality are quantify mediant the Gompertzian longitudinal analysis. RESULTS: Lung cancer mortality increased from 1968 to 1995 in Spanish men; in women, it rests nearly constant to 1989 but a light increase is shown from 1989 on. A cohort effect in men is appreciated but no detectable effect in women is shown by the age, period, and cohort analysis. Lung cancer in Spain is a Gompertzian disease with intersection point in 66 years for men and 76 years for women. Competing factors remained constant and environmental factors increased in men throughout the studied period. However, competing factor decreased in women to 1992, causing a decrease in mortality rates under 76 years; environmental factors remain constant in women. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of environmental factors is responsible of the main part of changes in lung cancer mortality in men, and treatment improvements have had a little influence. In women, competing risks, probably the increase in breast cancer mortality, have prevent a increase in lung cancer mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Sources and magnitude of intralaboratory variability in a sequence-based genotypic assay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance.

We assessed the intralaboratory reproducibility of a system for sequencing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) by using replicate subanalyses of 46 plasma samples collected from HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-experienced patients in order to determine the relative contributions of the different procedural steps to final sequence variability. Complete sequence concordance between duplicates of each sample was 99.4%. Complete and partial mismatches occurred scattered throughout the PR-RT genome segment at >300 positions. Approximately 75% of the discordances involved mixtures, some of which appeared at key resistance sites. Most differences were the result of the first-round RT-PCR procedure. Inter-rater concordance for sequence analysis and assembly was >99.9%. There was no observed correlation between the number or frequency of mismatches and plasma viral loads. A separate longitudinal analysis of a single routine control sample sequenced 103 times over 9 months consistently gave highly reproducible sequences (median percentage of nucleotide discordances, 0.04%; range, 0 to 0.2%). Finally, sequence data from 168 sequential samples collected from 22 patients with long-term, predominantly wild type HIV showed that intrapatient nucleotide concordance with individual index sequences ranged from 96.5 to 100%. Together, these results confirm that sequence-based genotyping can be a precise and reliable tool for monitoring HIV drug resistance, and they suggest that efforts to reduce variability should focus on the first RT-PCR step. Consequently, the data suggest that the composition of external quality assessment panels should be based on clinical HIV isolates rather than DNA clones.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Work-health relationships in middle-aged and elderly residents of a Jerusalem community.

Work-health relationships were examined cross-sectionally in 1886 men and women aged greater than or equal to 50 years in Jerusalem in 1985-1987, in the third round of a multipurpose longitudinal community health study. The main occupational variables were employment status, reasons for not working, and satisfaction with work. Sex and age were controlled in all comparisons. Workers were clearly healthier than nonworkers with respect to general, physical and emotional health, and people who had given up work were less healthy than those still working, whether they had stopped for health reasons, only because of their age, or only for extrinsic reasons (retrenchment or dismissal). Workers who expressed satisfaction with their work were healthier than others, the odds ratio in favour of good general health being 2.4 at 50-64 and 2.5 at greater than or equal to 65 years of age. The associations between job satisfaction and health remained apparent when education and origin were controlled. Multivariate analyses suggested that the associations were not spurious ones attributable to proneness to report both dissatisfaction and ill-health. Job dissatisfaction was not significantly associated with angina pectoris, possible myocardial infarction, or hypertension. Taken at their face value, the findings support the impact of job satisfaction or its determinants on the health of middle-aged and elderly men and women. The associations will be re-appraised in the longitudinal analysis of the study data.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Pseudomonas infection, allergy, and cystic fibrosis.

The clinical significance of the high prevalence of positive immediate skin tests in cystic fibrosis is unclear. Using analysis of variance, we have tested the hypothesis that patients with allergic cystic fibrosis have worse lung disease than non-allergic patients. Clinical data, skin prick tests, total or specific IgE antibody levels, chest radiographs, and pulmonary function tests were obtained in 104 cystic fibrosis patients. Patients with positive immediate skin reactions to at least one allergen were more likely to be persistently colonised by Pseudomonas aeruginosa than skin test negative patients. The skin test positive patients were also significantly older (mean difference 2.15 years). Analysis of variance showed that pseudomonas infection was the most significant factor contributing to lung damage and the effect of allergy was not significant. Similar longitudinal analysis of pulmonary function over 5 years and study of the hospital admission rate showed that the only statistically significant factor associated with deterioration was colonisation with P. aeruginosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

One-year age changes in MRI brain volumes in older adults.

Longitudinal studies indicate that declines in cognition and memory accelerate after age 70 years. The neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic underpinnings of cognitive change are unclear, as there is little information on longitudinal brain changes. We are conducting a longitudinal neuroimaging study of nondemented older participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. This report focuses on age and sex differences in brain structure measured by magnetic resonance imaging during the first two annual evaluations. Cross-sectional results from 116 participants aged 59-85 years reveal significantly larger ventricular volumes and smaller gray and white matter volumes in older compared with younger participants and in men compared with women. Regional brain volumes show that the effects of age and sex are not uniform across brain regions. Age differences are greatest for the parietal region. Sex differences tend to be larger for frontal and temporal than parietal and occipital regions. Longitudinal analysis demonstrates an increase of 1526 mm(3) in ventricular volume over 1 year, but no detectable change in total or regional brain volumes. Definition of the pattern and rate of longitudinal brain changes will facilitate the detection of pathological brain changes, which may be predictors of dementia.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Effect of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection on the T cell response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens.

Most cases of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) do not cause symptoms during the lifetime of the infected person. Longitudinal analysis of the immune response of healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected people might, therefore, give insight into the basis of protective immunity. In a longitudinal study, we documented the effect that treatment had on the T cell response to M. tuberculosis antigens in 33 healthy people with LTBI. Preventive treatment of LTBI resulted in a 1.8-fold average increase in the numbers of interferon (IFN)- gamma -producing T cells within 26 +/- 4 days (P = .006), followed by a decrease by the end of the treatment period (82 +/- 6 days; P = .004). There was no significant overall change in the T cell response to any antigen in a control group (n = 8) of patients who elected radiological follow-up. Using live M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv as a stimulant in an enzyme-linked immunospot assay in sensitized individuals, we showed that isoniazid, but not rifampin, led to an increase in the number of IFN- gamma -producing cells. These results suggest that the integrity of the bacterial cell wall is important for M. tuberculosis in avoiding immune recognition by T cells and favor a dynamic model of LTBI.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Classic or new monopsony? Searching for evidence in nursing labor markets.

The market for registered nurses (RNs) is often offered as an example of "classic" monopsony, while a "new" monopsony literature emphasizes that firm labor supply is upward sloping independent of market structure. Using data from multiple sources, we explore the relationship between nursing wages in hospitals and measures of classic and new monopsony. Wage level analysis fails to provide support for classic monopsony, the relative wages of RNs in 240 U.S. labor markets being largely uncorrelated with hospital system concentration. Longitudinal analysis shows nursing wages declining with increases in hospital concentration. We interpret these results as providing support for classic monopsony effects in the short run, but question whether wage effects are sustained in the long run. No relationship is found between nursing wages and a new monopsony measure of mobility, but support for new monopsony is found for women elsewhere in the labor market. RNs display greater inter-employer mobility than do women (or men) in general. Two conclusions follow. First, upward sloping labor supply need not imply monopsonistic outcomes. Second, absent more compelling evidence, nursing should not be held up as a prototypical example of monopsony-classic or new.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Predictors of recurrent stroke in African Americans.

BACKGROUND: Stroke incidence and mortality are disproportionately higher among African Americans than among whites. OBJECTIVE: To describe the recurrent stroke characteristics and determine the predictability of known vascular risk factors for stroke recurrence in African Americans. METHODS: The authors followed 1,809 African Americans in the African-American Antiplatelet Stroke Prevention Study with recent noncardioembolic ischemic stroke for recurrent stroke, recurrent stroke subtype, and disability. RESULTS: Of the subjects, 10.6% experienced a recurrent stroke during follow-up. The mean interval between eligibility and recurrent stroke was 325 days (median 287 days, SD = 224 days). Stroke recurrence resulted in an average 1.5-point increase in the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (p < 0.001) and a 3.5-point decrease in modified Barthel Index (p < 0.001). Of previously nondisabled subjects, 48% became disabled or died after stroke recurrence (p < 0.0001). Longitudinal analysis resulted in a hazard for recurrent stroke for each 10-mm Hg increase in systolic blood pressure of 1.103 (95% CI: 1.031 to 1.179, p = 0.004), pulse pressure 1.123 (95% CI: 1.041 to 1.213, p = 0.003), and mean arterial pressure 1.123 (95% CI: 1.001 to 1.260, p = 0.048). Multivariate analysis revealed increases in the recurrent stroke hazard for increases in baseline Glasgow Outcome Score (1.449, 95% CI: 1.071 to 1.961, p = 0.016) and increases in longitudinal pulse pressure (1.009, 95% CI: 1.001 to 1.017, p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Recurrent stroke leads to disability and disability predicts recurrent stroke. Hypertension is the most predictive modifiable stroke risk factor.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Persistence of functional atrioventricular accessory pathways in postseptated embryonic avian hearts: implications for morphogenesis and functional maturation of the cardiac conduction system.

BACKGROUND: During heart development, the ventricular activation sequence changes from a base-to-apex to an apex-to-base pattern. We investigated the possibility of impulse propagation through remnants of atrioventricular (AV) connections in quail hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 86 hearts (group A, HH30-34, n=15; group B, HH35-44, n=65; group C, 5 to 6 months, n=6) electrodes were positioned at the left atrium, right ventricular base, left ventricular (LV) base, and LV apex. In group A, LV base activation preceded LV apex activation in the majority of cases (60%; 9 of 15), whereas hearts in group B primarily demonstrated an LV apex-to-base activation pattern (72%; 47 of 65). Interestingly, in group B, the right ventricular base (17%; 11 of 65) or LV base (8%; 5 of 65) exhibited premature activation in 25% (16 of 65) of cases, whereas in 26% (17 of 65), the right ventricular base or LV base was activated simultaneously with the LV apex. Morphological analysis confirmed functional data by showing persistent muscular AV connections in embryonic hearts. Interestingly, all myocardial AV connections stained positive for periostin, a nonmyocardial marker. Longitudinal analysis (HH35-44) demonstrated a decrease in both the number of hearts that exhibited premature base activation (P=0.015) and the number (P=0.004) and width (P=0.179) of accessory AV pathways with developmental stage in a similar time course. In the adult quail hearts, accessory myocardial AV pathways were functionally and morphologically absent. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, impulse propagation through persistent accessory AV connections remains possible at near-hatching stages (HH44) of development, which may provide a substrate for AV reentrant arrhythmias in perinatal life. Periostin positivity and absence of AV pathways in the adult heart suggest that these connections eventually lose their myocardial phenotype, which implicates ongoing AV ring isolation perinatally and postnatally.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Weight and behavioral and psychosocial factors among ethnically diverse, low-income women after childbirth: II. Trends and correlates.

OBJECTIVE: This paper presents a longitudinal analysis of behavioral and psychosocial correlates of weight trends during the first postpartum year. Data are derived from the Austin New Mothers Study (ANMS), a longitudinal study of a low-income, tri-ethnic sample of postpartum women that incorporated serial assessment of weight and behavioral and psychosocial variables. METHOD: Postpartum body mass index (BMI) was measured prospectively (post-delivery, 6 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum). The analytic sample consisted of 382 White, African American, and Hispanic women receiving maternity care funded by Medicaid who had at least three measured postpartum weights. Behavioral and psychosocial variables included energy intakes, fat intakes, physical activity, health related lifestyle, smoking, breastfeeding, contraception, depressive symptoms, emotional eating, body image, and weight-related distress. RESULTS: Using hierarchical linear modeling to incorporate baseline only and time-varying effects, significant associations with postpartum BMI were found for the following variables: ethnicity (p = .001), time of weight measurement (p < .001), the interaction of ethnicity and time (p = .005), pre-pregnant BMI (p < .001), gestational weight gain (p < .001), weight-related distress (p < .001), and energy intakes (p = .005). After adjusting for covariates, ethnic groups displayed differing trends in postpartum BMI resulting in White women having significantly lower BMIs at 12 months postpartum compared to ethnic minority women (p's < .01). CONCLUSION: Behavioral and psychosocial variables contribute to a fuller understanding of BMI status of low-income women during the first postpartum year.

Adult↗