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PubMed1991

[Resistance of intestinal strains of Bacteroides to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents].

Antibacterial therapy of anaerobic infections usually involves chemotherapy. The basis of therapy is assessment of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agents needed to eliminate the suspected causal agents of infection. The authors assessed MIC of 9 selected antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents (metronidazole, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, azlocillin, mezlocillin, cephoxitin, oxytetracycline, lincomycin, erythromycin) by the dilution method in blood agar in 157 strains of the most important types of the genus Bacteroides which were isolated in 1985-1989 from different clinical materials in Bratislava and in Halle (GDR). All tested strains were sensitive to metronidazole and chloramphenicol. Resistance to clindamycin was very rare. Strains resistant to azlocillin, mezlocillin and cephotoxin were more frequent. A high resistance to lincomycin, oxytetracycline and erythromycin was found. Difference in sensitivity of strains from the CSSR and GDR were slight. Similarly results of the present work differed little from those of previous work.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1990

[Comparative analysis of antibiotic sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from patients and carriers].

The data on antibiotic sensitivity of 38 strains of S. pneumoniae isolated from children and 46 strains isolated from carriers are presented. The isolates from the carriers had significantly higher sensitivity to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, cefazolin, erythromycin, oleandomycin and lincomycin. Resistance to gentamicin was more frequent in the strains isolated from the carriers. Among the strains of S. pneumoniae isolated from the patients and carriers representatives of serovar K19 were more frequent. There were no statistically reliable difference in them by sensitivity to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, lincomycin and rifampicin. Still, the isolates from the carriers were much more sensitive to methicillin, oxacillin, oleandomycin and erythromycin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

[The sensitivity to 12 antibiotics of 125 strains of Streptococcus group B isolated in a maternity home].

Sensitivity of 125 strains of group B streptococci isolated from newborns, their mothers and personnel in a maternity home was studied with respect to 12 antibiotics: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, cephalotin, erythromycin, lincomycin, levomycetin (chloramphenicol), oxacillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin and ristomycin. The method of serial dilutions in a solid medium was applied. All the strains were sensitive to ristomycin and erythromycin. The predominating number of the strains were sensitive to lincomycin, levomycetin and the beta-lactam antibiotics. Strains resistant or moderately resistant to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, methicillin and cephalotin were detected. The majority of the strains were resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline and gentamicin. Multiple antibiotic resistance with 2-7 determinants was revealed in 11.2 per cent of the strains. The antibiotic sensitivity of the strains isolated from the newborns, their mothers and the personnel in the maternity home was on the whole similar or insignificantly differed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Simple serological tests for detecting classical heat labile enterotoxin (LT-I) of Escherichia coli.

Diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) remains a problem in Southeast Asia. At present, no routine laboratories as yet are available for ETEC detection. In this study, attempts were made to produce reagents for use in simple serological tests for detecting LT. The serological methods were the Biken, the staphylococcal coagglutination and the reverse passive hemagglutination tests. For the Biken test, medium was prepared locally by mixing constituents as described previously by Honda et al., (1981). Anti-CT-B subunit was prepared by immunizing a rabbit with commercial CT-B subunits (Sigma). Other chemical reagents e.g. colistin, lincomycin etc. were obtained from the local supplies. Using the locally made reagents to detect LT from 100 WHO reference strains of E. coli by the Biken test, it was found that the test had 100%, 92%, 96%, 100% and 92.5% of specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, respectively. Protein A rich Staphylococcus aureus from the stock culture of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University were grown in suitable medium i.e. blood agar containing lincomycin (BA-Lin). Suitable amount of the rabbit anti CT-B subunit (0.1 ml) was used to sensitize each ml of the formalinized, heat-fixed bacteria. The sensitized bacteria were used for detecting LT in the lysates of the 100 E. coli reference strains. The lysates were prepared by growing the E. coli strains on BA-Lin medium for 8 hours, then a loopful of each strain was inoculated into colistin solution (20,000 unit/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Production of thermolabile exotoxin by strains of Escherichia coli isolated in Argentina].

The production of heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) by E. coli strains was studied. Four strains isolated from acute infant diarrhea cases in Argentina and one reference strain, all of them producers of different levels of LT, were employed. GM1-ELISA was used as titration method. The production was assayed in two culture media; Evans (Ev) and Trypticase Soy Broth (CTS) with or without glucose and with different concentrations of lincomycin (0; 30; 45 y 90/micrograms/ml). The effects of pH and inoculum concentration were also examined. Higher levels of LT were found to be produced in Ev (mean production value X = 233.1 ng/ml) than in CTS (X = 133.8 ng/ml), although the difference was statistically not significant (P = 0.22). Lincomycin addition stimulated toxin synthesis and release in both media, and these effects were found to increase with the concentration of the antibiotic (P less than 0.01). Glucose increased the LT levels of low-producing strains and also the growth rate, cellular yield and LT levels of 40T and CC2e strains. Levels of LT released were found to be independent of inoculum concentration. In CTS without pH control, the LT production was one half the levels attained with regulated pH. This was not an effect on the release of the toxin as the determination included both the extracellular LT and the intracellular toxin accumulated in the periplasmic space, which is released by polymyxin B treatment. A pH-dependent inactivation of the synthetized and release toxin was demonstrated.

Argentina↗
PubMed1987

[Antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococci representative of the normal skin flora of the breasts of healthy women].

Four hundred and forty seven staphylococcal strains isolated from various anatomical areas of the mammary gland skin of healthy women were studied with respect to their sensitivity to benzylpenicillin, methicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and lincomycin. It was shown that 87.5, 85 and 81.4 per cent of the isolates preserved their high sensitivity to lincomycin, methicillin and erythromycin respectively. Sensitivity to tetracycline and benzylpenicillin was observed in 49.9 and 57.7 per cent of the isolates respectively. No resistant forms were detected among S. intermedius and S. hyicus. The strains of S. aureus were resistant only to tetracycline. 56.52 and 39.61 per cent of the S. epidermidis strains amounting to 46.3 per cent in the species structure of Staphylococcus were resistant to tetracycline and benzylpenicillin respectively. No cultures of S. epidermidis resistant to methicillin were isolated. Among 263 strains resistant to separate antibiotics 42 (16 per cent) were polyresistant.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Clinical and bacteriological studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Yearly changes in isolation frequencies from clinical specimens, serotype distributions and drug susceptibilities, especially those of beta-lactam-resistant strains].

Although chemotherapeutics have markedly reduced the mortalities of infectious diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, it has recently been recognized that S. pneumoniae is still clinically significant for the infants, highly-aged and high-risk patients. This work was planned to examine the isolation frequency of S. pneumoniae from clinical specimens and its drug-susceptibilities, especially to beta-lactam antibiotics. The strains were obtained from in- and out-patients in Main and Branch Hospitals of Juntendo University from 1961 to 1985. Drug-susceptibility tests were carried out against 39 different drugs including 10 penicillins, 16 cephalosporins, 3 tetracyclines, 3 macrolides, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, vancomycin, 3 pyridone carboxylic acids and sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim using agar dilution method. The sero-typing of the isolates was made by the Quellung technique using Diagnostic Pneumococcal Anti-Sera (Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen). The following results were obtained: S. pneumoniae was isolated mostly from sputum and throat swabs, but rarely from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. S. pneumoniae was also isolated from the pus and discharges of ears, sinuses and eyes. The isolation frequency of S. pneumoniae was higher in Branch Hospital where subjects were mostly out-patients than in the Main Hospital. Frequent sero-types of S. pneumoniae were groups 23, 6, 19, and type 3, regardless of clinical specimens and years. Against tetracycline and chloramphenicol, approximately 40 to 70% of the strains were resistant, while against maclorides, resistant strains were few. Resistant strains were still fewer against beta-lactam antibiotics. Tetracycline- and chloramphenicol-resistant strains are recently decreasing, while macrolides- and beta-lactam-resistant strains are somewhat increasing. Nine beta-lactam-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae were isolated from sputum and throat swabs, with benzylpenicillin-MICs ranging from 0.39 to 3.13 micrograms/ml. Three (2 of 23F and 1 of 23A) out of the 9 strains were resistant to beta-lactams, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and lincomycin. Four strains (3 of 23F and 1 of group 23) were resistant to beta-lactams, tetracycline, erythromycin and lincomycin. One strain (type 45) was resistant to beta-lactams, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. One strain (23A) was resistant to beta-lactams only. Those 9 beta-lactam-resistant strains were isolated mostly from children. Most of the patients had been given beta-lactam antibiotics before those resistant strains were isolated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Resistance behavior of atypical mycobacteria to antibiotics and sulfonamides].

In the work presented here a simple method is described for sensitivity testing of atypical mycobacteria against antibiotics and sulphamerazin. The sensibility is tested with susceptibility discs in the liquid medium (culture medium 66 without agar) against Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Lincomycin, Sisomicin and Sulphamerazin. Following strains of atypical mycobacteria were examined: M. kansasii, M. xenopi, M. avium-complex, M. fortuitum. The aminoglycosides, Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin show a wide spectrum of effects. We state a good sensibility of M. kansasii and M. fortuitum towards lincomycin and of M. kansasii and M. xenopi towards Sulphamerazin. The heterogeneity in sensibility of the single strains of some species already described is confirmed. This fact makes it necessary to carry out a sensitivity test of each strain of atypical mycobacteria before therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1977

[Sensitivity of the wound microflora of oncological patients to some new antibiotics].

Sensitivity of the microflora of the oncological patients' wounds to the new antibiotics, such as gentamicin, kanamycin, oxacillin, ampicillin and lincomycin was studied with the help of the disc method. The discs with the above antibiotics were prepared under laboratory conditions in accordance with the respective instructions in the WHO. Sensitivity of 429 bacterial cultures, including 98 cultures of pathogenic staphylocci, 45 cultures of Enterococci, 43 hemolytic streptococci, 143 cultures of Escherichia, 50 cultures of Ps. aeruginosa and 50 cultures of Proteus was determined. The studies showed that gentamicin was the most active antibiotic aganist all the microbial species isolated from the surgical and other wounds of oncological patients. It may be used in treatment of the infections caused by association of the microbes belonging to different species, as well as in treatment of purulent processes before elucidating their etiology, 16.7 per cent of the Enterococcal isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Monomycin, kanamycin, oxacillin, lincomycin and macrolide antibiotics at present are sufficiently active against pathogenic staphylococci and hemolytic streptococci.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1985

Campylobacter strains isolated from slaughtered chickens: their sensitivity to antibiotics and resistance to erythromycin.

Antibiograms for 304 Campylobacter strains isolated in Csongrád county from slaughtered chickens in the years 1981 to 1983 were determined with the disk-agar diffusion method. The isolates, originating from two poultry-processing plants and two canteen kitchens proved to be sensitive to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin and resistant to penicillin. The antibiogram depended on the source of samples and, to a higher degree, on the year of sampling. The frequency of strains resistant to erythromycin was 5.7% in 1981 and 39.8% in 1983; for the resistant strains the minimum inhibiting concentration was greater than 250 micrograms erythromycin per ml. In the same periods 25.0% and 32.8% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and 23.3% and 49.2% to lincomycin, respectively. Simultaneous resistance to tetracycline, lincomycin and erythromycin occurred in 16.4% of the isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Inhibition of superoxide-dependent processes by aminoglycoside antibiotics].

The ability of various antibiotics to inhibit superoxide anion(O-2)-mediated formation of adrenochrome from adrenaline and recovery of cytochrome c by xanthine oxidase was studied. In the adrenaline system (pH 10.2), aminoglycosides might be arranged, according to the inhibitory effect, in the following order: monomycin greater than gentamicin greater than kanamycin greater than lincomycin greater than streptomycin. In the xanthine oxidase system (pH 7.8), that order was the following: monomycin greater than gentamicin greater than lincomycin greater than greater than kanamycin. It was suggested that the antibiotic inhibition of the O-2-dependent processes at the essential sites of metabolism and/or the antibiotic involvement into the process of free radical oxidation initiated by O-2 in the cells might be one of the mechanisms of the drug action and toxicity with respect to the host.

Adrenochrome↗
PubMed1984

[Sensitivity of 56 strains of Streptococcus group B to 12 antibiotics: its determination by dilution and diffusion in agar].

Sensitivity of 56 streptococcal strains of group B to 12 antibiotics was studied with the method of dilution in a special solid medium for cultivation of streptococci and with the method of agar diffusion in the same medium. All the strains were found to be sensitive to chloramphenicol, ristomycin and erythromycin. The predominating majority of the strains were sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics and lincomycin. All the strains were resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as streptomycin and gentamicin. More than 85 per cent of the strains were resistant to tetracycline. Strains with multiple resistance to 2-7 antibiotics were detected. Satisfactory correlation between the two methods was observed. It was shown to be clinically advisable to determine the sensitivity of streptococci of group B to beta-lactam antibiotics, erythromycin and lincomycin.

Agar↗
PubMed1984

[Resistance to pristinamycin (or virginiamycin) of strains of Staphylococcus aureus].

Resistance to pristinamycin (or virginiamycin) was first encountered in Staphylococcus aureus strains in 1975. These strains are usually multiresistant, in particular to streptogramin A components (SgA), macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B components (ML SgB ). Results of molecular analysis of 16 such strains, recently isolated, suggests that SgA resistance is not encoded by plasmid genes. Curing and mixed culture experiments allowed us to dissociate SgA from SgB resistance genes. Conversely, in a previous study on other strains, the same two resistance genes were shown to be carried by a single plasmid and could not be dissociated. Since 1981, a new type of pristinamycin -resistant S. aureus strains has been isolated. These strains are resistant to SgA and lincosamides but susceptible to macrolides and SgB . Eight such strains from 3 parisian hospitals have been studied. In mixed culture experiments, SgA resistance and penicillinase genes always transferred jointly. In some instances, these two determinants also cotransferred with genes encoding lincomycin, lincomycin and clindamycin, and/or aminoglycosides resistance.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1983

Therapy of staphylococcal septicaemia in compromised hosts.

Despite advances in antibiotic therapy, infection remains one of the major causes of death in compromised patients, and the severity of the underlying disease often determines the outcome of the infectious disease. During a 5-year period (July 1, 1974--June 30, 1979), septicaemia was diagnosed in 604 patients admitted to Haukeland Hospital, and 175 (29%) of these patients died. 640 septic episodes occurred in the 604 patients, and 684 bacterial strains were isolated from the blood. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis accounted for 96 (14%) and 45 (6.6%) of the causative strains, respectively. 85 patients had septicaemia caused by S. aureus and 40 by S. epidermidis. 19 (22.4%) patients with S. aureus septicaemia and 9 (22.5%) with S. epidermidis septicaemia died. 12 of 21 (57%) patients with S. aureus or S. epidermidis septicaemia and underlying malignant disease died and only 16 of 104 (15%) patients with staphylococcal septicaemia and non-malignant disease. More than 96% of the S. aureus strains were susceptible to isoxazolylpenicillins, cephalothin, lincomycin or gentamicin, but only 18% to benzylpenicillin. The S. epidermidis strains were less susceptible to lincomycin and gentamicin. Single antibiotic treatment (a penicillin, cephalosporin or vancomycin) seemed as effective in staphylococcal septicaemia as combined penicillin/aminoglycoside therapy or other combinations. In compromised patients staphylococcal septicaemia is often fulminant, and antimicrobial therapy must be started as soon as specimens for microbiological cultures are obtained. So far, there is no clinical proof that antibiotic combination therapy is superior to single drug treatment. However, if penicillins can not be used or the response to single drug therapy is poor, combination therapy should be considered.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

[Bacteriological and clinical evaluation of cefoxitin in the treatment of infections in 39 obstetric and gynecological patients].

A total of 39 patients was admitted to the obstetric and gynecological wards of Nagoya University Hospital and the University's 5 related hospitals during the period from July 1981 to March 1982. The efficacy of cefoxitin sodium was evaluated in the 39 patients with a wide variety of obstetric and gynecological infections. The findings are the follows: Of the 39 patients, the responses in 7 were judged "excellent", 28 "good" and 4 "poor" with the clinical efficacy rate of 89.7%. The causative pathogens in 23 of the cases were isolated from clinical materials submitted to the Institute of Anaerobic Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Gifu University. In these 23 cases, it was found that 8 were due to aerobic bacteria only (34.8%), 8 mixed aerobic-anaerobic bacteria (34.8%) and the remaining 6 anaerobic bacteria only (26.1%), i.e. a substantial percentage (60.9%) was due to anaerobic bacteria or mixed aerobic-anaerobic bacteria. Cefoxitin was active against most strains of Bacteroides spp. and was not affected by the inoculum size. On the other hand, most strains of Bacteroides spp. were resistant to cefazolin when the inoculum size was increased from 10(6)/ml to 10(8)/ml. Lincomycin was also found to be active against many fo the strains of Bacteroides spp. Cefoxitin and cefazolin were fairly active against anaerobic bacteria other than Bacteroides spp., while these same bacteria were resistant to sulbenicillin and many of them showed resistance to lincomycin. Cefoxitin was well tolerated and no untoward side effects were observed. The clinical and bacteriological results indicate that cefoxitin is a very effective antibiotic in the treatment of a wide variety of obstetric and gynecological infections and is a suitable choice as initial antibiotic therapy in these conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Enterotoxin production and resistance to antimicrobial agents in porcine and bovine Escherichia coli strains.

A select group of porcine and bovine Escherichia coli strains capable of causing diarrheal disease in neonatal pigs and calves, respectively, were tested for enterotoxin production and resistance to 23 different antimicrobial agents. Thirty-four of the 39 porcine strains tested were enterotoxigenic; that is, they synthesized heat-stable (ST), together with heat-labile (LT), enterotoxin; ST toxin alone, or LT toxin alone. Fourteen of the 15 bovine strains tested produced ST toxin only, whereas 1 strain elaborated LT toxin only. All of the strains were multiple drug resistant. Among the porcine strains, 2 were resistant to 6 of the antimicrobial agents, and 1 was resistant to 18 of the drugs. All of these strains were resistant to cloxacillin, lincomycin, and penicillin G. None of them was resistant to chloramphenicol, colistin, gentamicin, polymyxin B, or nalidixic acid. One of the bovine strains was resistant to 7 of the drugs, and 1 strain was resistant to 17 of these antimicrobial agents. All of the bovine strains exhibited resistance to cloxacillin, lincomycin, novobiocin, pencillin G, sulfathiazole, sulfamethizole, and triple sulfa (sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine). None of these strains showed resistance to gentamicin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurazone, or nitrofurantoin.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Antibiotic sensitivity of strains of the plague microbe isolated from foci in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia].

Antibiotic sensitivity of 91 strains of the plague microbe isolated in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Daghestan, Georgia, Kabardino-Balkaria and the Stavropol region in 1977-1979 from the rodents and their ectoparasites was studied with the method of serial dilutions in the Hottinger agar. The following antibiotics were tested: streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, methicillin, gentamicin, levomycetin, monomycin, lincomycin, ristomycin, rifampicin, kanamycin, doxycyclin and polymyxin M. All of the strains irrespective of their nature were resistant to methicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, ristomycin and polymyxin M. The sensitivity levels of the strains to other antibiotics were different. The studies showed that with respect to the effect on the plague microbe streptomycin may be replaced by tetracycline, gentamicin, kanamycin or monomycin. The blood levels of these antibiotics in humans treated with their average therapeutic doses were several times higher than the minimum inhibitor concentration determined in the experiments.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

[Susceptibility to roxithromycin of gram-positive cocci isolated from patients with lowered immunity].

The study involved 412 strains of Gram-positive cocci isolated from throat, sputum, urine and stool of patients prepared for bone marrow transplantation at Department of Hematology. Determination of drug susceptibility was performed by disc diffusion method applying discs with roxithromycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin and augmentin. Among strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and Micrococcus susceptible strains comprised respectively 48, 48 and 45%; among group A, B, C and G streptococci respectively 92 and 52%. Among 108 strains of group D Streptococci only 24% were susceptible to roxithromycin. Comparison of susceptibility of tested strains to roxithromycin and other antibiotics revealed similar susceptibility of staphylococci and streptococci to roxithromycin and erythromycin, while among staphylococci higher percentage of strains and among streptococci lower percentage was susceptible to lincomycin than to roxithromycin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗