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PubMedDate not supplied

[Verbal and nonverbal intelligence in children with language development disorders].

Difficulties in language acquisition seem to be serious, if there are additional problems like intellectual and/or emotional/social impairment, which are often reported [10]. These additional problems and the definition of specific language impairment as a developmental disorder, restricted to language acquisition seem to be contradictory [17]. Aim of that study is to look for specific language impaired children with similar cognitive abilities and though to investigate, if there are children without additional cognitive problems considering the definition of specific language impairment. 93 children, between 4;0 and 6;6 years old, were diagnostized as specific language impaired (ICD-10) and were assessed by the "Hannover Wechsler Intelligenztest für das Vorschulalter (HAWIVA)" [6] (german version of WPPSI). Cluster analysis showed, that 1/3 of the specific language impaired children presented no additional cognitive problems and 2/3 of them showed cognitive problems regarding nonverbal and verbal intelligence indeed. These additional cognitive problems indicate that there may be a more basic cognitive defect underlying specific language impairment [15]--at least for a group of specific language impaired children. Furthermore the nonverbal and verbal intellectual difficulties emphasize to general developmental support of specific language impaired children for optimal improvement in language acquisition.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Performances of multiple sclerosis patients in tasks requiring language and visuoconstruction. Assessment of outpatients in quiescent disease stages.

In a group of 39 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with at least average intelligence quotients (IQ), performances were examined in tests requiring language usage and figure copying. Numbers of correct, digressive and erroneous responses were analysed and compared with those obtained in 24 healthy volunteers, matched to the patients group for socio-economic status. The examined specific tasks yielded no additional contribution to the prevalence estimation of cognitive deterioration (18%), as based on an assessment of general intelligence. Linguistic or cognitive-constructional problems were no more severe or more frequent in MS patients than those in control subjects. Upon writing or copying figures, pencil stroke and pencil pressure were deficient. Speed of reading aloud and of colour naming was decreased in the MS group, the most probable explanation being impaired control of the phonatory apparatus, oculomotor problems or weakness of colour vision. Decreases in speed of performance are not necessarily of cognitive origin. Differences between the present and previous reports based on similar tasks, appear to be connected partly with differences in patient selection. Of the present group, all MS patients were in quiescent disease stages, depression was mild or absent and physical handicap was less than in most studies reporting definite specific deficits.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infants can learn decontextualized words before their first birthday.

Can infants below age 1 year learn words in one context and understand them in another? To investigate this question, two groups of parents trained infants from age 9 months on 8 categories of common objects. A control group received no training. At 12 months, infants in the experimental groups, but not in the control group, showed comprehension of the words in a new context. It appears that infants under 1 year old can learn words in a decontextualized, as distinct from a context-bound, fashion. Perceptual variability within the to-be-learned categories, and the perceptual similarity between training sets and the novel test items, did not appear to affect this learning.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Hemispheric language dominance in magnetoencephalography: sensitivity, specificity, and data reduction techniques.

Understanding the areas involved in language functions not only enables investigators to understand neuroanatomical structures, but may be a promising technique in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. The predictive power of various data reduction techniques was tested on language data obtained by magnetoencephalography (MEG) of 16 patients and 12 control subjects. Words were presented aurally in two phases: the study phase and the recognition phase. Subjects were asked to remember words from the study phase and indicate if they remembered those words during the recognition phase. Single equivalent-current dipoles were calculated to determine laterality indices and the neuroanatomical correlates of language function. For all patients, results indicated a concordance, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.75. After consideration of IQ scores and exclusion from the analysis of those patients with scores below the average range, the results indicated a concordance of 0.90, sensitivity of 0.86, and specificity of 1.00. These findings are consistent with previous MEG investigations of language function in comparison with the Wada technique and support the use of MEG language mapping in most patients with an IQ within or above the average range.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reading words with irregular decoding rules: a test of premorbid cognitive function?

The present study investigated the relation between level of general cognitive function and the oral reading of irregular words in Swedish. Swedish is an orthographically regular language, so many irregular words are loan words from other languages. A test comprising such words (irregularly spelled words (ISW)) was designed, and tested on a sample of 48 healthy Swedish adults, stratified according to age, gender, and level of education. The results confirmed that the ability to read words that do not follow the regular rules for decoding in Swedish was positively related to general cognitive level. ISW in combination with demographic variables gave a good estimate of general cognitive function and a better estimate than demographic variables alone. Exposure to written and spoken vocabulary during the lifespan may be indexed by ISW performance, for factor analysis suggested that this may constitute a discrete factor contributing to cognitive function.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Linking neurophysiological and neuropsychological measures for aphasia assessment.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to find the event-related brain potential (ERP) waveform features and parameters that maximize the correlation between the ERP components and behavioral performance on a neuropsychological test of language comprehension (PPVT-R) in order to develop an electrophysiological diagnostic technique that can be used in the assessment of aphasic patients. METHODS: ERPs were recorded during a computerized version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R, Form M). In the computerized version, a picture is presented followed by a congruent or incongruent spoken word. A derived measure was calculated from the ERP differentiation between congruent and incongruent words. The traditional PPVT-R (Form L) was also administered for comparison purposes. The participants included 10 left-sided stroke patients. RESULTS: The N400 was the primary component elicited to incongruent spoken words. Following optimization procedures, a statistical correlation (Pearson r=0.86) was found between the derived N400 measures and the neuropsychological test scores. Examination of the scatter plot confirmed that the relationship was linear. The derived N400 measure was defined primarily as the mean of the t-scores obtained from the incongruent and congruent waveform comparison, within the temporal interval that encompasses the N400. CONCLUSIONS: This novel quantification technique links ERPs with neuropsychological data at an unprecedented level. Given the high correlation, a regression line could reasonably be used to estimate a patient's language ability using only ERPs. However, before these findings can be accepted fully, these results need to be replicated in larger samples and across other paradigms.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Word rhyming as a probe of hemispheric language dominance with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to create a probe of hemispheric dominance for language using functional magnetic resonance imaging. BACKGROUND: Surgical candidates for anterior temporal lobectomy often undergo the Wada test to determine language laterality. The Wada test is invasive and cannot localize intrahemispheric language areas when surgical resection encroaches on eloquent cortex. We report the results of a stimulation paradigm that activates regions involved in motor language, language phonology, and visual word form perception. METHOD: Five right-handed healthy subjects underwent blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects alternately viewed consecutive word pairs, indicating when the words rhymed, and consecutive pairs of line arrays, indicating when the arrays matched by responding "Yes" or "No" using a button box. RESULTS: Subjects performed both tasks with equivalent accuracy. Compared with the nonverbal control task, word rhyming produced greater left-hemisphere activation than right-hemisphere activation. Foci of rhyme-related activation were found in the left Brodmann's area (BA) 44 (Broca's area), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 9/46 and BA 8/9), left middle temporal gyrus (BA 22), and left fusiform gyrus (BA 37) in the posterior basal temporal lobe. Activation associated with the control task was present in the right parietal area and in right temporal and left parietal regions. CONCLUSIONS: Subvocal word rhyming activates dominant perisylvian cortical regions and may be useful for determining hemispheric language dominance and for functional mapping of language cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Do long tests yield a more accurate diagnosis of dementia than short tests? A comparison of 5 neuropsychological tests.

OBJECTIVE: To provide comparative evidence for a valid and practical measure of mental-status functioning that could be used in dementia clinics. DESIGN: Five mental-status neuropsychological tools for dementia screening were administered to patients in a memory disorder clinic. These included the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Dementia Rating Scale, the 6-item derivative of the Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test, a short Mental Status Questionnaire, and a composite tool we labeled the Ottawa Mental Status Examination, which assessed orientation, memory, attention, language, and visual-constructive functioning. The tools were compared using various criteria, including the statistical factors of sensitivity and reliability; effects of gender, native language, and language of testing; the utility of these tests for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer-type and vascular dementia; and sensitivity to cognitive decline in the entire sample and among patients with severe dementia. RESULTS: All of the tests were highly intercorrelated, suggesting that they are interchangeable. CONCLUSION: The comparisons along the various criteria indicate that if the objective is to have a general index of dementia of the Alzheimer type, short tests are at least as good and sometimes better than the longer tests.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Neuropsychological characterization of cognitively-impaired-not-demented (CIND) individuals: clinical comparison data.

The primary objective of the present investigation was to characterize the neuropsychological test performance of a large sample of clinic-referred individuals diagnosed as Cognitively-Impaired-Not-Demented (CIND). Participants classified as Not-Cognitively-Impaired (NCI; n = 68) differed from CIND individuals (n = 205) on a number of demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological measures. A backward stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that measures of learning and memory, visuoconstruction abilities, and cognitive flexibility provided the best discrimination between NCI and CIND participants. Clinical comparison data for CIND participants were generated for various demographically defined groups. The amount of inter-test scatter (highest minus lowest sample-based z-score) and the overall number of cognitive impairments (impairment being defined as performance equal to or greater than 1 standard deviation below the sample mean) in CIND individuals are reported. The results support the impression that CIND is a cognitively heterogeneous condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cognitive impairment in early, untreated Parkinson's disease and its relationship to motor disability.

Current knowledge of cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) has largely been obtained from studies of chronically treated patients in whom effects of disease chronicity, treatment, depression and dementia are confounding factors. Studies of untreated patients have examined few cognitive domains and relationships between cognition, depression and motor disability have been incompletely explored. Accordingly, we studied 60 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed, untreated, idiopathic PD and 37 matched, healthy control subjects; no subject had clinical dementia or depression. All subjects received tests of specific processes of memory and cognition, including working memory, verbal and non-verbal short- and long-term memory, language, visuospatial capacity, set-formation and shifting and sequencing. Patients also received quantitative global clinical measures of severity of dementia, depression and motor disability. The PD group as a whole showed deficits in immediate recall of verbal material, language production and semantic fluency, set-formation, cognitive sequencing and working memory and visuomotor construction. However, this group was unimpaired in immediate memory span, long-term forgetting, naming, comprehension and visual perception. Language deficits and more severe frontal lobe impairments were confined to those PD patients scoring abnormally on a Mini Mental State examination. Motor disability correlated strongly with severity of depression but weakly with cognitive impairment. Cognitive sequencing, set-formation and set-shifting deficits tended to associate with depression, but otherwise there was no association between cognition and depression. The results indicate dissociation of cognition and motor control in early PD which suggests that cognitive dysfunction is largely independent of frontostriatal dopamine deficiency underlying motor disability. Some, but not all, of the frontal lobe deficits of chronic disease are detectable in early, untreated PD. The pathogenesis of the cognitive deficits shown here appears to involve extrastriatal dopamine systems or non-dopaminergic pathology. Longitudinal study is necessary to determine whether increasing disease duration exacerbates the early cognitive deficits and affects new cognitive domains, in addition to producing increasing motor disability.

Adult↗