Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “LIGAMENTS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

[A study of the tensile strength of cruciate ligaments with regard to the possibilities of prosthetic replacement (author's transl)].

Recent clinical and experimental results in the prosthetic replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament are minimal and this fact has incited us to search for additional fundamental characteristics of natural and synthetic ligaments. The dissection of over 30 human knees (5 fresh and 27 embalmed specimens), of 50 dog knees and of 20 cat knees showed that the posterior cruciate ligament was longer and of bigger size than the anterior cruciate ligament. In dogs, the anatomo-radiological study showed a lenghtening of 14,4 p. 100 for the anterior cruciate and of 10,5 p. 1u0 for the posterior cruciate ligament in the various goniometric positions. Traction with the Instron apparatus using whole knee with preserved bony attachments revealed an elastic resistance (yield point) of the ligament of about 50 kg, 60 kg and 30 kg (for human, dog and cat respectively) with elastic elongation (at the yield stress) of 25 p. 100, 35 p. 100 and 45 p. 100 (respectively). Trials on the polyethylene prosthetic ligament used at the present time for replacement of cruciate ligaments in humans showed an elastic resistance of only 16 kg with an elasticity of only 1,4 p. 100. The major differences between the physical properties of the artificial and natural ligaments that we have studied in experimental conditions incite our serious doubt as to the value for the practical use of such a prosthesis and provoque strongly the necessity of search for alternative synthetic or other material more suitable for the task in question.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Our experience with repair of the scapholunate ligament using the MITEK bone anchor].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: A complete rupture of the scapholunate (SL) interosseal ligament results in palmar flexion of the scaphoid and dorsiflexion of the lunate that leads to disintegration of the carpal circle and the development of scapholunate dissociation with dorsal intercalary segment instability. If the injury is not treated properly or early, the abnormal position of the scaphoid and lunate results in degenerative changes of the wrist shown by X-ray and referred to as scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of our method used for reconstruction of the SL ligament by means of MITEK bone anchors in acute injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The group included 17 patients, 12 male and 5 female, aged 18 to 49 years, with complete SL ligament ruptures. The dominant hand was affected in 10 patients. After the diagnosis had been confirmed, we performed reconstructive surgery involving re-attachment of the SL ligament to the scaphoid by means of the MITEK Mini G2 anchor. The patients were examined by X-rays at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after the operation to assess the SL angle, capitolunate (CL) angle, SL distance and signs of SLAC. Hand function and pain were evaluated on the basis of the Wrightington Hospital Wrist Scoring (WHWS) system. RESULTS: The average preoperative value of the SL angle was 79 degrees and was corrected to 38 degrees by surgery. By subsequent physical therapy for 12 months, an SL angle of 51 degrees was achieved and increased to 52 degrees during the following year. The CL angle, showing a preoperative average value of 34 degrees, was corrected by surgery to 6 degrees, further increased to 9 degrees by exercising and then remained unchanged. The average SL distance of 5.25 mm preoperatively was reduced to 2.75 mm by surgery with no further change. At 24 months of follow-up, the results of pain evaluation were excellent, good and satisfactory in 41 %, 47 % and 12 % of the patients, respectively, with no poor outcome indicating restriction of the patient's daily activities. Functioning of the hand was excellent in 47 %, good also in 47 % and satisfactory in 6 % of the patients. The range of motion was excellent, good and satisfactory in 24 %, 64 % and 12 % of the patients, respectively. No stiff wrist was recorded after reconstruction of the SL ligament by our method. The hand grip was evaluated as excellent in 47 %, good in 35 % and satisfactory in 18 % of the patients. DISCUSSION: The results show that by reconstruction of the SL ligament with the use of MITEK anchors, radiographic values of the SL and CL angles and SL distance can reach the normal levels within 24 months of the operation. As assessed by the WHWS system, excellent and good results were achieved in 88 % of the wrists treated. Similarly, at 24 months of followup, excellent or good functional outcomes were reported by 94 % of the patients, and excellent or good results in relation to the range of motion and hand grip were experienced by 88 % and 82 % of the patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: When treating complete SL ligament ruptures within 4 weeks of injury, stabilization with Kirschner's wires, re-attachment of the SL ligament and suture of the articular capsule are adequate procedures leading to the best results. The ligament reconstruction with MITEK anchors, as presented here, is a relatively simple method giving good results. For treatment of chronic instability it is necessary to use other surgical procedures that, however, will reduce wrist mobility to a greater extent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[The effect of the plantar plate and the collateral ligaments on the flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joints].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of the collateral ligaments and the plantar plate on the flexion of the metatarsophalangeal (MP) joints. METHODS: Twenty-four preserved human No. 2-4 digits were obtained from embalmed cadaver feet, which were divided into 2 groups at random. In group A, the bilateral collateral ligaments were cut first, and then the plantar plate was sectioned. They were cut in opposite sequence in group B. Angle of the flexion of MP joint was observed in the same load after the bilateral collateral ligaments and the plantar plate were sectioned in different sequence. From 1994 to 2000, 11 cases were used with this technic, including plantar section in 2 cases and both plantar section and bilateral collateral ligaments cut in 9 cases. RESULTS: The angle of flexion of the MP joint before operation in group A is 37.30 +/- 5.42 degrees, it increased 11.29 +/- 2.36 degrees and to 48.60 +/- 2.98 degrees when the bilateral collateral ligaments were cut, and there was significant difference. Later the cut of the plantar plate increased another 5.30 +/- 1.59 degrees and to 53.35 +/- 2.76 degrees. Both have an increasing trend for the angle of flexion of the MP joint (P < 0.01). While in group B, the angle of flexion of the MP joint before operation is 34.59 +/- 5.32 degrees, it increased 6.29 +/- 2.98 degrees and to 40.89 +/- 2.36 degrees when the plantar plate were cut, later the cut of the bilateral collateral ligaments increased another 9.71 +/- 1.94 degrees and to 50.60 +/- 2.01 degrees. Both had an increasing trend for the angle of flexion of the MP joint (P < 0.01). The bilateral collateral ligaments had more influence than the plantar plate (P < 0.01). There was the same effect in different sequence (P > 0.05). In 2 cases with plantar section, the flexion angle of MP joint could achieve 15 degrees to 45 degrees in 2 months. The other 9 cases with both plantar section and bilateral collateral ligaments cut, the MP joint flexion achieved 10.3 degrees to 58.4 degrees in 26.3 months. CONCLUSION: The flexion angle of the MP joint can be increased by cutting the bilateral collateral ligaments and the plantar plate.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Further observations on the isometricity of the anterior cruciate ligament. An anatomical study using a 6-mm diameter replacement.

Six anatomical specimens were used to evaluate the ligament length pattern and mean maximal ligament length change (MMLLC) of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using a ligament replacement with a 6-mm diameter. Three femoral and three tibial attachment sites were selected. Nine different combinations were studied in intact knees and also in knees whose posterior capsule and arcuate ligament complex were sequentially divided, whose menisci were resected, and whose capsule and arcuate complex were repaired. The smallest ligament length change (5.6 mm) was obtained in the intact knee with the anatomic femoral and tibial attachments. Moving the femoral origin either anteriorly or to the over-the-top position significantly increased the MMLLC. Moving the tibial insertion posteriorly had a negligible effect, but changing to an anterior attachment site increased (but not significantly) the MMLLC. Even for anatomically positioned ligaments, the instability caused by sectioning the posterior capsule and arcuate ligament complex increased the MMLLC by more than 80%. Resection of both menisci did not result in a further increase in the MMLLC, but repairing the posterior capsule and arcuate complex restored the length changes to those of the intact knee. These data confirm the importance of precise anatomic placement of the femoral and tibial tunnels when performing intraarticular ACL grafts for anterolateral rotatory instability. The adverse effect of certain other associated instabilities on the ligament length change, even with correct tunnel placement, has been demonstrated and may be one explanation for the variability in the clinical results of these procedures.

Biometry↗
PubMed1989

[Studies on preservation of the vesical branch of the cardinal ligament in total hysterectomy for malignant uterine tumors].

A clinical study was conducted on the topographical anatomy of the cardinal ligament. It resulted in the discovery of findings given below, which were used as the basis for a new cardinal ligament procedure. This operative procedure was applied for the treatment of stage I endometrial carcinoma, for which a general consensus has never been reached as to the procedure of choice, and for the treatment of stage I b to III cervical carcinoma in older patients and those with various complications, type which in the past have received radiotherapy only. Conclusions reached as a result of this series of procedures are also presented. 1) The cardinal ligament bifurcates in Y-shape at about the mid point between the pelvic wall and the uterine cervix into the chordal tissues composed of nerve fibers and the veins returning from the post-lateral wall of the bladder (provisionally called vesical branch of the cardinal ligament), and into other chordal tissues composed of nerve fibers and the veins returning from the uterine cervix (provisionally called cervical branch of the cardinal ligament). Together with these two branches, the posterior part of the vesicouterine ligament forms a triangle, and the interior of which is filled with loose connective tissues. 2) The cervical branch of the cardinal ligament is severed at its base of bifurcation. In addition, the cardinal ligament between the bifurcation and the pelvic wall was cleaned by suction to preserve the profound uterine veins and pelvic nerves. In spite of this procedure, however, there was no postoperative trace of the radio-opaque medium that was dispersed preoperatively within the cardinal ligament. 3) The procedure was performed concurrently with pelvic lymphadenectomy during the period from October 1980 to June 1988 in 117 patient types as previous described. For the patients with stage I b to III of cervical carcinoma, radiotherapy with 40 Gy of whole pelvis was generally used concurrently. Loss of blood and time required for the described operation were significantly less (p less than 0.01) than those seen in radical hysterectomy. In addition, the number of days required to reduce the residual urine down to an acceptable level was significantly shorter (p less than 0.05) with this procedure. Although the number of days needed to resume spontaneous urination was shorter, it was not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epididymal ligaments: anatomy and function.

Three ligaments are described in relation to the epididymis: superior and inferior epididymal, and vasal ligaments. The study was conducted on 38 cadavers and included direct dissection and histologic examination. The superior and inferior epididymal ligaments are triangular folds of the visceral tunica vaginalis, and extend from epididymis to testicle. The superior ligament binds the epididymal head to the testicle, protecting the fine efferent ductules from damage. The inferior ligament fixes body and tail and mesoepididymis; further, it prevents epididymal convolutions from unraveling. The vasal ligament is a fibrous band, which binds the proximal end of the vas to the epididymal tail. It maintains an acute epididymovasal angle. In two cadavers, the inferior epididymal and vasal ligaments were absent. Convolutions of the lower body and tail of the epididymis were unraveled. The mesoepididymis was broad, and the epididymis was freely mobile from side to side; the epididymo-vasal angle was opened. The role of the epididymal and vasal ligaments in fixation of the epididymis, preservation of blood supply to both testicle and epididymis, and preventing unraveling of epididymal convolutions is stressed. Absent epididymal ligaments lead to "mobile epididymis," which may cause infertility.

Cadaver↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The free synovial graft as a shield for collagen ingrowth in cruciate ligament repair.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was excised bilaterally in the knee joint of three dogs and was replaced in a conventional manner with a composite polyglycolic acid (PGA) and Dacron braided ligament prosthesis. In one knee of each dog, the ligaments were wrapped with a free synovial graft taken from the suprapatellar pouch in an attempt to keep the prosthesis extrasynovial, while the ligaments in the opposite three knees were left uncovered and thus directly exposed to synovial fluid. The dogs were killed at approximately one year postoperation, and microscopic sections of all ligaments were taken. The three knees with the synovial sheath showed a significantly greater bulk of fibrous tissue along the ligament scaffold grossly and a greater abundance of collagen producing cells microscopically, compared to the unwrapped ligaments. The gross and microscopic findings were identical in each of the three knees with the covered ligaments and were equally consistent in the three that had been left unprotected from the synovial fluid. These findings suggest that a free synovial graft may simulate the normal protective role of the synovial membrane and allow and/or induce collagen ingrowth in synthetic or autogeneic tissue stints for the repair of acute cruciate ligament tears.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Intrinsic and extrinsic wrist ligaments: biomechanical and functional differences.

The human wrist is a complex arrangement of bones and ligaments and functions to position the hand and transfer forces between the hand and forearm. The carpal ligaments (extrinsic - connect carpal bones and forearm; and intrinsic - interconnect carpals) are vitally important for wrist function and still incompletely understood biomechanically. Our previous investigations have described the rate-dependent viscoelastic behavior of the scapholunate (intrinsic) ligament. This study demonstrates significant differences in the biomechanical behavior between the intrinsic and extrinsic classes of ligaments. Bone-ligament-bone preparations were obtained by dissecting fresh and fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens. Two intrinsic (IL) [scapholunate (SL, 7) and lunotriquetral (LT, 9)] and two extrinsic (EL) [radiolunate (RL, 2) and radioscaphocapitate (RC, 3)] ligaments were extensively tested on a Monsanto Tensometer testing apparatus in axial loading at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mm/min. Significant differences in behavior were noted between the intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments in (1) maximum stress at ultimate yield (IL greater than EL), (2) maximum strain at ultimate yield (IL greater than EL), (3) strain level for onset of plasticity (IL greater than EL), and (4) rate and amount of stress relaxation (IL greater than EL). These results indicate that the intrinsic ligaments are biomechanically quite different than the extrinsic ligaments. These distinctions have important implications for wrist function and pathomechanics.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1987

The biomechanical and morphological changes in the medial collateral ligament of the rabbit after immobilization and remobilization.

The effects of immobilization and remobilization on the biomechanical and morphological properties of the femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia complex and each of its components were investigated in the rabbit. Specimens that had been obtained after periods of unilateral immobilization of the knee and remobilization were evaluated for structural properties. In addition, the mechanical properties of the substance of the medial collateral ligament and the histological characteristics of both the substance of the ligament and its sites of insertion were evaluated. After immobilization, there were significant reductions in the ultimate load and energy-absorbing capabilities of the bone-ligament complex, and an increased number of failures occurred by tibial avulsion. The tissue of the medial collateral ligament also became less stiff as a result of immobilization. Histologically, the femoral and tibial insertion sites showed increased osteoclastic activity, resorption of bone, and disruption of the normal attachment of the bone to the ligament. With remobilization, the ultimate load and energy-absorbing capabilities of the bone-ligament complex improved but did not return to normal. Failure by tibial avulsion became less frequent, and the stress-strain characteristics of the medial collateral ligament returned to normal. Histologically, the sites of insertion of the ligament also showed evidence of recovery.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Biomechanical studies of the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle using amputated limbs].

In order to study the biomechanical behavior of the lateral ligaments around the ankle joint, strains on the anterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular ligaments were measured under adduction and supination loads. The amount of anterior shift of the talus was also examined under anterior "drawer" force. Specially designed omega-shaped transducers and jig sets to hold a leg and to give various loads to the foot were used for the experiments. Twenty human cadaver specimens of various ages were subjected for the study. The results showed the importance of not only the anterior talofibular ligament but also the calcaneofibular ligament as the stabilizer of the ankle joint and that the calcaneofibular ligament plays an important role in adduction, and the anterior talofibular ligament in both adduction and supination. Transection studies of the ligaments revealed that the calcaneofibular ligament is responsible to some extent for producing positive anterior drawer sign for which, as hitherto considered, the anterior talofibular ligament is the main factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Mechanical and biological properties of the GORE-TEX expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthetic ligament.

Data from these studies have resulted in a modified implant technique which has taken into consideration the salient points from this and previous studies. Ongoing animal studies will provide a better understanding of the long-term performance of the material in the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament positions. Additional studies will be implemented as new techniques and applications evolve. The key conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. This prosthetic ligament system is not intended to match the mechanical properties of the normal anterior cruciate ligament in dogs. However, in the dog at one to four months the GORE-TEX Prosthetic Ligament system is at least comparable in tensile strength to the repaired anterior cruciate ligament utilizing autogenous tissue at eight months. 2. One square knot with wire augmentation, appears to be an adequate method of fixation; however, since proximal placement of the knot will result in a mild bursitis formation, the implant technique has been modified so that the knot is placed more distally under the cranial tibial muscle. 3. The porosity of the material is adequate to allow for the tissue ingrowth, which is essential for fixation augmentation. 4. The recommended method of implantation appears to be crucial to satisfactory long-term performance of the device. Of particular importance, all edges of drill holes must be thoroughly radiused in order to minimize stress concentrations. 5. The GORE-TEX Prosthetic Ligament implanted in the anterior cruciate ligament position was effective in maintaining joint stability in the dog for up to four months. Ongoing studies have demonstrated maintenance of joint stability for up to ten months. 6. The limb need not be immobilized in order to assure healing and adequate fixation of the device. The immediate relative stability produced by the GORE-TEX Prosthetic Ligament system is adequate to encourage early mobilization. The only protection required is to allow soft tissue healing and initial tissue attachment to the graft material.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ligament injuries associated with physeal fractures about the knee.

A retrospective study of 29 cases of epiphyseal plate fractures about the knee revealed 14 patients with ligament instability at follow-up evaluation an average of 66 months after injury. Distal femoral physeal fractures had occurred in 16 of the 29 patients. Six of these patients had ligament insufficiency, which was recognized by positive anterior drawer and Lachman tests in all six and laxity to valgus stress in one. Proximal tibial physeal fractures were noted in 13 of the 29 patients. Eight of these patients had ligament laxity; anterior drawer and Lachman tests were positive in five, and laxity with valgus stress was present in four patients. It is concluded that because 14 of 29 patients (48%) had ligament insufficiency at follow-up evaluation, physeal fracture about the knee does not exclude ligament damage and, in fact, is associated with a high incidence of ligament injury. Furthermore, a complex proximal tibial physeal fracture associated with medial collateral ligament rupture is described for the first time. This resulted in medial collateral ligament insufficiency, genu valgus, and early degenerative changes. A treatment plan of primary ligament repair, fracture reduction, and follow-up evaluation to skeletal maturity is suggested for this unique fracture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Clinical and experimental experience in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Various methods for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament have been described in the literature. In 1968 Broström et al. described a reconstruction using the medial third of the patellar ligament as a substitute for the cruciate ligament. (The operative procedure is described elsewhere in this book by Eriksson and has also been described by Alm and Gillquist.) The aim of the present investigation was to study the long term clinical results after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using the medial third of the patellar ligament. The clinical and morphological findings were correlated at various intervals after reconstruction of the ligament. The influence of the rotatory movement of the tibia on the tensile strength and on the elongation of the anterior cruciate ligament was studied experimentally. To clarify the vascular anatomy and morphology of the cruciate ligaments and to study the vascularization and fate of the transposed part of the patellar ligament, experimental surgery was performed in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunohistochemical studies on tenascin in human yellow ligament.

The expression of tenascin in yellow ligaments of 67 males and 26 females was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Positive tenascin staining was observed in matrices around fibroblasts of entheses, particularly in transitional regions between the cartilage and ligament in yellow ligaments, in 38 (57%) of 67 males and in 13 (50%) of 26 females examined. The incidence of positive tenascin staining was 62.5, 60.0 and 50.0% of yellow ligaments obtained from cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines, respectively. There were no significant differences in sex or regions examined. The incidence of positive tenascin staining in yellow ligaments of patients between the ages of 10-29 years, 30-49 years, 50-69 years, 70-80 years was 29, 55, 69 and 40%, respectively. The incidence of positive tenascin staining in yellow ligaments obtained from patients with ossification in posterior longitudinal ligaments and yellow ligaments and from patients with other diseases such as lumbar disc hernition, cervical spondylosis or spinal tumors was 80.0 and 47.9%, respectively. These results show that the appearance of tenascin in ligaments varies with aging and is frequent in spinal diseases with ossification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Acute torn meniscus combined with acute cruciate ligament injury. Second look arthroscopy after 3-month conservative treatment.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate arthroscopically the natural healing of an acute torn meniscus combined with an acute cruciate ligament injury treated nonoperatively. There were 30 lateral and 10 medial meniscus tears associated with 25 acute anterior cruciate ligament and 7 posterior cruciate ligament injuries in 32 patients. There was more than 1 tear on some menisci for a total of 51 tear sites. Injuries to the menisci and ligaments were allowed to heal without surgery, but were given protective mobilization immediately in order to stimulate stress oriented healing of injured collagen fibers and promote circulation of synovial fluid to the meniscus and ligament. A Kyuro knee brace with a coil spring traction system was used to add adequate but not excessive stress to the associated injured cruciate ligament. All knees were examined and arthroscoped before and after a 3-month treatment period. Results indicated that 69% of the lateral menisci healed completely and 18% healed partially, whereas 58% of the medial menisci healed completely and none healed partially. Twenty of 25 anterior cruciate ligaments and 3 of 7 posterior cruciate ligaments healed satisfactorily. This study indicated that acute tears of the meniscus, even when they occur in association with a cruciate ligament injury, can heal morphologically with nonsurgical treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow--a case report and anatomical study of the lateral collateral ligament].

A 20-year-old woman was referred to our clinic complaining of recurrent subluxation of her right elbow. A posterolateral rotatory instability test revealed that she had insufficiency of the lateral collateral ligament. She was surgically treated; the ligament was reconstructed by using the palmaris longus tendon. A year after operation, she had no pain in her elbow, and regained full range of elbow motion. The function of the lateral collateral ligament is often overlooked. We, therefore, dissected 24 elbow joints and studied anatomically in order to confirm the origin and insertion of the lateral collateral ligament. The ligament originates from the lateral epicondyle, and runs distally in fan shape. It further inserts partly to the annular ligament and partly to the supinator crest. After complete sectioning of the ligament, the forearm was fixed in supination, then flexed with valgus moment. This maneuver elicited subluxation of the radio-humeral joint, which was similar to what we observed in the clinical case. From these observations, we have concluded that the ligament is important for stability of elbow joint as well as the medial collateral ligament.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Gross and histologic evaluation of hepatogastric ligaments in clinically normal dogs and dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus.

OBJECTIVE--To investigate any potential structural differences in hepatogastric ligaments between clinically normal dogs and dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). DESIGN--Case-control study. ANIMALS--Hepatogastric ligaments were examined in 13 large-breed control dogs and in 13 large-breed dogs referred for surgical treatment of GDV. PROCEDURE--Measurements and biopsies of hepatogastric ligaments were performed at the time of surgery, circumcostal gastropexy, for correction of GDV. Serial sections from each ligament were stained with H&E, Masson's trichrome, and elastin stains to assess morphology, including smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic fiber contents. RESULTS--There were no differences observed by light microscopy in incidence or degree of histopathologic alterations between the 2 groups of dogs. The lengths of hepatogastric ligaments in GDV-affected dogs, however, were significantly longer than those of control dogs (GDV-affected dogs, 7.0 [5.0 to 9.5] cm median [range]; control dogs, 5.0 [3.0 to 7.5] cm median [range]; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS--Causality can not be inferred from this study. It is not known whether the ligaments were lengthened as a result of GDV or whether the lengthened ligaments predisposed dogs to GDV. CLINICAL RELEVANCE--This finding may reflect increased laxity of the supporting hepatogastric ligament in the right quadrant of the abdomen. An elongated ligament may permit increased stomach mobility and predispose dogs to partial or complete gastric volvulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Proprioception after arthroplasty: role of the posterior cruciate ligament.

To test the hypothesis that retaining the posterior cruciate ligament during total knee arthroplasty helps preserve the threshold of proprioceptive sensation, a machine was designed that permitted direct measurement of passive angular deflection from a resting point to the threshold of patient perception. Sixty patients with unilateral primary total knee arthroplasties were evaluated; 30 with posterior cruciate ligament retaining prostheses and 30 with posterior cruciate ligament substituting prostheses. All patients had a minimum postoperative followup of 1 year, a good or excellent result as defined by the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score, and no evidence of peripheral neuropathy. The gender and age distributions were equivalent between groups. The average threshold of perception for the posterior cruciate ligament retention group was 2.4 degrees. The average threshold of perception for the posterior cruciate ligament substitution group was also 2.4 degrees. Substitution or retention of the posterior cruciate ligament makes no clinical difference in proprioception as measured by threshold testing. This study provides new information for surgeons performing total knee arthroplasty to aid in the decision to retain or substitute the posterior cruciate ligament. Previous proprioception evaluation in patients with posterior cruciate ligament retaining versus posterior cruciate ligament substituting arthroplasties, using different testing methods, has revealed different results.

Adult↗