Community capacity to prevent, manage and survive HIV / AIDS in rural Zambia.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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AIDS epidemic runs riot in South Africa.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
The changing value of children among the Kikuyu of Central Province, Kenya.
"This article describes and analyses recent changes in the social institutions and cultural practices which have traditionally supported high fertility among the Kikuyu of Central Province, Kenya, and assesses the extent to which such institutions and practices retain their significance in the context of the changing value of children. The material and symbolic value of children to the Kikuyu is analysed, using methods and concepts derived from social anthropology.... After briefly profiling each of the communities of study, the article is organised around three themes which correspond to the key social institutions that shape fertility motives: marriage, kinship and religion. A fourth theme which runs throughout the article is the changing strategic role played by these same institutions in regulating or enhancing fertility." (SUMMARY IN FRE)
Africa↗
Erap position on family planning cited.
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Administrative Personnel↗
Educating the community.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
One Mann against AIDS.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Sexual health, teenage responsibility.
The Planned Parenthood Association of South Africa in 1992, published a manual on ¿Responsible Teenage Sexuality¿. It deals comprehensively and frankly with issues of teenage sexuality in an easy-to-use module format. With increasing emphasis on the need for sex education at school and in the home, this manual provides essential information for teachers, youth leaders, and health professionals. The modules take cognizance of the sensitive issues that concern young people. The open approach enables counselors to provide the answers that young people seek in an honest and comfortable way. Compiled by the youth counselors of the Cape Town Planned Parenthood Association of South Africa, the manual is based on their knowledge and experience of providing sex education to young people from all communities over the past 10 years.
Adolescent↗
Controlling the vocabulary for anatomy.
When confronted with the representation of human anatomy, natural language processing (NLP) system designers are facing an unsolved and frequent problem: the lack of a suitable global reference. The available sources in electronic format are numerous, but none fits adequately all the constraints and needs of language analysis. These sources are usually incomplete, difficult to use or tailored to specific needs. The anatomist's or ontologist's view does not necessarily match that of the linguist. The purpose of this paper is to review most recognized sources of knowledge in anatomy usable for linguistic analysis. Their potential and limits are emphasized according to this point of view. Focus is given on the role of the consensus work of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) giving the Terminologia Anatomica.
Anatomy↗
Accessing genomic data through XML-based remote procedure calls.
As the amount of data in public genomic databases grows, interoperability among them is becoming an increasingly critical feature. The ability for automated systems to mine and integrate data will be crucial to extracting knowledge from sources of data whose volume far exceeds the capabilities of human researchers. The currently dominant paradigm of presenting information as Web pages and using hyperlinks to describe relationships between pieces of information favors usability, but makes interoperability and automated data exchange more difficult. In this paper we describe how SNPper, a web-based system for the retrieval and analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), was augmented with a Remote Procedure Call interface, allowing client applications to query our program for SNP data and to receive the response as an XML document. Data represented in this form can be easily parsed by the requesting program, and thus reused for other applications. In this paper we describe the implementation of the interface and we show examples of its usage in a number of existing applications.
Databases, Genetic↗
[Coronal leakage reconsidered].
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the quality of the coronal restoration and of the root filling on periapical health. In a sample of 937 root filled teeth which had not received restorative treatment in the previous year, the technical quality of the coronal restorations and of the root fillings was radiographically scored; in addition the technical quality of the coronal restorations was clinically scored as well. The data showed that the technical standard of both coronal restoration and root filling were essential to periapical health. The study also showed the relatively limited value of epidemiologic findings. Epidemiologic research is descriptive as well as analytical in approach. According to the present data, endodontic failure cannot be fully explained by radiographic analysis only. Nevertheless, epidemiologic data remain a valuable component to the source of knowledge regarding etiologic factors and proper treatment procedures in order to improve the results of endodontic practice.
Belgium↗
Reasons for not using family planning methods in Eastern Turkey.
OBJECTIVE: The reasons for not using family planning methods among women aged 15-45 years were investigated in the Eastern region of Turkey. METHODS: A total of 518 randomly selected women were interviewed with a questionnaire. Information was collected on women's fertility behavior and intentions, sources of knowledge and practice of contraception and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: The rate of women who were not using any form of family planning was 45.2%. The reasons for not using any form of family planning were: not having the approval of the husband or family leaders (38%); believing that it was a sin to use a family planning method (32.5%); believing that it could cause abnormal bleeding (14.1%); believing that it could cause infertility (7.3%); believing that it could cause cancer (4.7%); and believing that it could cause pelvic pain (3.4%). CONCLUSION: Efforts should be directed towards education of family members and religious leaders to increase the usage of family planning methods.
Adolescent↗
The human element of advanced technology.
Human beings are uniquely endowed with the power and desire to manipulate the world around them. Although this drive has been present throughout the ages, today vast sources of knowledge provide a means to create products of advanced technology unlike any before in recorded history. Humankind is driven to control the human condition ie, the inherent tragedies of life. Yet, from their inception, human technological creations have the potential to lead to tragic ends. Some contend this is because of the ever-present human element within the products of advanced technology. The human factor inherent in advanced technology is reviewed with attention to the risks and benefits therein. Current case studies are presented. The ethical principle of informed consent is presented within the context of risks and benefits of advanced technology.
Adolescent↗
An AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices survey among schoolchildren in Barbados.
A knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices (KABP) survey was performed among Barbadian secondary schoolchildren 11-16 years old in January 1990. The survey sought to assess the children's knowledge of AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission; their attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS; their sexual practices; and changes needed in education programs seeking to reduce childhood HIV transmission. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used. The survey sample was derived by selecting every eleventh student on the rosters of all the secondary schools in Barbados. All of the survey respondents completed the questionnaire on the same day, having been assembled examination-style for that purpose. The results showed high levels of correct knowledge about the principal routes of HIV transmission. However, a considerable proportion of the respondents harbored incorrect beliefs regarding mosquito transmission and dangers to blood donors, and many showed uncertainty or incorrect knowledge regarding possible HIV transmission by biting, spitting, or use of public toilets. About a third of the children (51.4% of the boys and 18.7% of the girls) said they had experienced sexual intercourse, though only 20% reported being sexually active in the year preceding the survey. Three-quarters of the sexually experienced group said they knew how to use condoms, but only a third said there was any time when they had used protection during sexual intercourse. Overall, the results indicate that education efforts prior to the survey had been effective, but that reinforcement of such efforts as well as their extension into the primary schools is warranted. Further research directed at helping these efforts to encourage more meaningful changes in sexual behavior is also needed.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
AIDS prevention for women: a community-based approach.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
[Telepsychiatry--psychiatric advice on the Internet].
UNLABELLED: Telepsychiatry is a medical service with a use of contemporary communication technologies. Internet and electronic mail are included. AIM: The aim of the study was to examine the use of electronic mail in psychiatric advices. METHOD: Anonymous electronic mail (327) sent to the author from June 2001 to May 2002 were selected. They were then processed according to the following criteria: patient age and gender, person who was a subject of consultation, reason and subject of a consultation and prevailing symptoms of a disease. Data frequencies were obtained. RESULTS: 75% of patients referred their own psychiatric problem. The most frequent reasons of consultation were: a cry for help (44%), question about a disease (27%), consultation of a diagnosis (16%) or a therapy (13%). The biggest groups of symptoms related to fear (38%), disturbances of mood (18%), schizophrenic symptoms (13.5%) and sexual dysfunctions (10.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatrists on the Internet may expect an increase of electronic mail applicability in psychiatric advising. There is a need of medical, legal and ethical regulations of by-Internet doctor-patient relationship. Electronic mail may be treated as a source of knowledge on psychopathological symptoms and epidemiology of mental disturbances amongst the internet users.
Adult↗
Qualitative research.
A well thought out and conducted qualitative study provides a rich source of knowledge that can be used to provide new information about a phenomenon, promote insight and awareness of human experience and support the development of formal frameworks and tools (Kearney, 2001). At the most basic level, qualitative findings can encourage insight and empathy by raising nurses' awareness of "what it feels like to be in a given situation" (Kearney, 2001, p. 150). The study by Nagle (1998), for instance, draws nurses' attention to the disembodiment patients feel as they undergo hemodialysis and their struggle to develop a meaningful relationship with the technology they encounter on a daily basis. More formally, qualitative findings can also serve as the basis for assessment tools that allow nurses to compare the status of their patients with knowledge of a particular experience or illness trajectory (Kearney, 2001). For example, the grounded theory developed by Gregory et al. (1998) has served as the foundation for a quantitative measure of patients' perceptions of hemodialysis (Way, O'Brien, Gregory, Barrett, & Parfrey, 1999). This overview was intended to provide a general introduction to the main qualitative methods used in nursing research, and to briefly highlight some differences between qualitative and quantitative research. We hope that this review stimulates interest in qualitative approaches for nephrology nursing research.
Anthropology, Cultural↗
Influences on adolescent sexuality in Nigeria and Kenya: findings from recent focus-group discussions.
Continuing high rates of adolescent childbearing in sub-Saharan Africa indicate a need for improved understanding of factors affecting adolescent sexuality. As traditional cultural influences on adolescent sexuality in Africa have diminished, peer interaction and modern influences have gained importance. To study peer interaction and societal factors and their impact on adolescent attitudes toward sexuality and contraception, the authors conducted a series of single-sex-focus-group discussions with in-school and out-of-school youth in urban and rural areas of Kenya and Nigeria in 1990. Out-of-school youth generally receive information on sexuality and family planning from peers (and the media), while in-school youth receive information in school, although not necessarily relevant information. Young women interviewed perceived unwanted early childbearing as something that affected them, an important precursor to family planning use. However, young people tended to have better information and more positive attitudes about induced abortion than about family planning.
Abortion, Induced↗
A comparative study on concept representation between the UMLS and the clinical terms in Korean medical records.
The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a rich source of knowledge in the biomedical domain. In this paper, we evaluated the coverage of UMLS as compared with Korean medical terms and identified differences in concept representation between two vocabulary sets. We measured the concept coverage by mapping clinical terms extracted from the discharge records of Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) and the UMLS "Sign or Symptom" and "Disease or Syndrome" concepts. Thirty-five percent of the complaints in the SNUH were conceptually matched with the UMLS "Sign or Symptom" concept. Fifty-eight percent were found to be matched with the UMLS "Disease or Syndrome" concept rather than the "Sign or Symptom" concept. The remaining seven percent were not found in the UMLS concepts mapped above or those terms that used to special circumstances of a tertiary hospital in Korea. We then analyzed some of different expression patterns used by the two vocabulary sets and addressed issues to be taken into consideration.
Humans↗