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PubMedDate not supplied

[Cognitive and mnemonic information processing in institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly patients].

Older subjects (institutionalized in a home for the aged and non-institutionalized) were compared in a test battery according to the recommendations of the NINCDS-ADRA. The institutionalized subjects were not distinguishable from the controls when only a small amount of information was to be processed or when the information had to be recalled with no distraction. Possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

A stochastic model and a functional central limit theorem for information processing in large systems of neurons.

The paper deals with information transmission in large systems of neurons. We model the membrane potential in a single neuron belonging to a cell tissue by a non time-homogeneous Cox-Ingersoll-Ross type diffusion; in terms of its time-varying expectation, this stochastic process can convey deterministic signals. We model the spike train emitted by this neuron as a Poisson point process compensated by the occupation time of the membrane potential process beyond the excitation threshold. In a large system of neurons 1 < or = i < or = N processing independently the same deterministic signal, we prove a functional central limit theorem for the pooled spike train collected from the N neurons. This pooled spike train allows to recover the deterministic signal, up to some shape transformation which is explicit.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Dipole blockade and quantum information processing in mesoscopic atomic ensembles.

We describe a technique for manipulating quantum information stored in collective states of mesoscopic ensembles. Quantum processing is accomplished by optical excitation into states with strong dipole-dipole interactions. The resulting "dipole blockade" can be used to inhibit transitions into all but singly excited collective states. This can be employed for a controlled generation of collective atomic spin states as well as nonclassical photonic states and for scalable quantum logic gates. An example involving a cold Rydberg gas is analyzed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Transition of nervous activity from signals to information processing.

The author starts from the fact that although the signals are the information bearers, they cannot be identified with the information they are carrying. Therefore, in order to achieve control as adequate as possible of human behaviour, the nervous system has to discover the information brought by different signals. The activity of information discovery is realized by means of superisation process, that is by means of transition from many lower order signals to a superior order signal. By means of the superisation process a gradual recognition of the respective signals emitting sources is realised. This recognition is made with the help of certain logical circuits representing the models of different sources written in the structure of the neuronal network. In this manner the nervous system passes step by step from control by means of signals to control by means of information by which the superior structures thereby exert much more subtle control, and supervise the inferior structures working by signals. But, because this control cannot remove all the errors of the inferior structures, different psychical and psychosomatic illnesses can occur.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1998

Physiological aspects of information processing in the basal ganglia of normal and parkinsonian primates.

There are two views as to the character of basal-ganglia processing - processing by segregated parallel circuits or by information sharing. To distinguish between these views, we studied the simultaneous activity of neurons in the output stage of the basal ganglia with cross-correlation techniques. The firing of neurons in the globus pallidus of normal monkeys is almost always uncorrelated. However, after dopamine depletion and induction of parkinsonism by treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), oscillatory activity appeared and the firing of many neurons became correlated. We conclude that the normal dopaminergic system supports segregation of the functional subcircuits of the basal ganglia, and that a breakdown of this independent processing is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Sex differences in visual information processing following right cerebrovascular accidents.

This study examined whether males and females who had sustained right CVA's but did not show gross asymmetries in processing left- and right-sided visual information would demonstrate visual hemiimperception when tested with more demanding evaluation procedures. Testing involved tasks of reaction time, oral reading and searching for embedded words and figures. Males and females differed in their response patterns for tasks involving searching for embedded target stimuli; specifically, males required greater lengths of time to locate stimuli in left hemispace, while females showed no such pattern of results. This suggests that closer attention must be paid to screening procedures used to detect hemispatial visual imperceptions, particularly among males.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The noradrenergic system of the amygdala and aversive information processing.

Water-deprived rats were trained to drink in a passive avoidance apparatus. After reaching a predetermined latency criterion, rats were given a single 3-sec, 3-mA footshock. Immediately or 12 hr after the footshock, rats were given intracranial injections of vehicular saline, norepinephrine (NE), propranolol, or dopamine (DA) into the amygdala, internal capsule, lateral ventricles, or caudate-putamen. Subjects were tested for passive avoidance at 30 min or 24 hr following footshock. No memory deficits were seen as a consequence of short-term retention or because of proactive or toxicity effects. Retention deficits were seen in the 24 hr test only in rats injected with NE in the amygdala, internal capsule, or lateral ventricles. However, qualitative differences in stress-indicative behaviors were noted in the NE groups and in the DA-amygdala animals. The results specifically suggest that the noradrenergic system of the amygdala is involved in the long-term processing of the emotional attributes of aversive information.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed2000

The role of single neurons in information processing.

Neurons carry out the many operations that extract meaningful information from sensory receptor arrays at the organism's periphery and translate these into action, imagery and memory. Within today's dominant computational paradigm, these operations, involving synapses, membrane ionic channels and changes in membrane potential, are thought of as steps in an algorithm or as computations. The role of neurons in these computations has evolved conceptually from that of a simple integrator of synaptic inputs until a threshold is reached and an output pulse is initiated, to a much more sophisticated processor with mixed analog-digital logic and highly adaptive synaptic elements.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Experimental realization of noiseless subsystems for quantum information processing.

We demonstrate the protection of one bit of quantum information against all collective noise in three nuclear spins. Because no subspace of states offers this protection, the quantum bit was encoded in a proper noiseless subsystem. We therefore realize a general and efficient method for protecting quantum information. Robustness was verified for a full set of noise operators that do not distinguish the spins. Verification relied on the most complete exploration of engineered decoherence to date. The achieved fidelities show improved information storage for a large, noncommutative set of errors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Prospective and retrospective judgments of time as a function of amount of information processed.

The subjects, 120 college students, sorted cards for 42 sec with instructions to process 0, 1, or 2 bits of information per card (response uncertainty) and then were asked to make an absolute judgement of the interval's duration. Half of the subjects knew this judgement would be required before the interval (prospective paradigm); half did not (retrospective paradigm). Judged time was an inverse linear function of response uncertainty under the prospective paradigm, whereas no significant function was obtained under the retrospective paradigm.

Attention↗
PubMed2001

The capture and use of detailed process information in the Dialogix system for structured web-based interactions.

Information gathering tools, such as questionnaires, surveys, and structured interviews, are ubiquitously used in evaluating patients and systems. Despite their common use, there is a desperate need for better questionnaires in medical research and epidemiology, and an infrastructure that lets them be publicly scrutinized. Unfortunately, there has been no common platform that supports the deployment of arbitrary information gathering tools. Some psychiatric diagnostic interviews and epidemiological trials require sophisticated structured interviews containing complex branching logic, dynamic phrase composition, and multiple languages. The Dialogix system was developed to meet this need and facilitate the rapid definition and web-based deployment of structured human-computer interactions. This paper describes the content and process-related information captured by Dialogix, and how that information has been used in the development and deployment of two large epidemiological studies.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Electrophysiological correlates of temporal and spatial information processing.

In order to study the neurophysiological correlates of working memory for different types of information, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a visual spatial and visual as well as auditory duration memory tasks. From stimulus onset to 500 ms ERPs were distinguishable by allocation to visual or auditory modality. From 500 to 2000 ms after stimulus onset, the spatial task generated a parieto-occipital focused negative slow wave, while corresponding ERPs of the temporal task showed a negative slow wave with frontolateral focus. From 1200 to 5500 ms a large positivity was found for the auditory temporal task and for good performers of the visual temporal task. The data suggest a distinction of three processing phases: modality-specific encoding, information-specific encoding and retention in conjunction with modality-specific inhibition processes.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-concepts: Consequences for information processing.

Individuals with discrepancies among their explicit beliefs often engage in greater elaboration of discrepancy-related information in a presumed attempt to reduce the discrepancy. The authors predicted that individuals with discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-conceptions might similarly be motivated to engage in processing of discrepancy-related information, even though they might not be aware of the discrepancy. Four studies were conducted in which various self-dimensions were assessed with explicit and implicit measures. Across several different self-dimensions (e.g., need to evaluate, self-esteem), the authors found that as the discrepancy between the explicit and implicit measure increased (regardless of direction), people engaged in more thinking about information framed as related to the self-dimension on which the discrepancy existed. This research suggests that individuals might be motivated to examine relevant information as a strategy to minimize the implicit doubt that accompanies an inconsistency between explicit and implicit self-conceptions.

Awareness↗
PubMed2003

H as a measure of complexity of social information processing.

Many studies have used H (a measure of unpredictability derived from information theory) to quantify the complexity of descriptions of persons across multiple roles. Interpreting these studies is problematic, though, because H confounds unpredictability across roles (which is typically the construct of interest) and unpredictability within roles (which is simply a function of the proportion of traits endorsed). The need to control for unpredictability within roles was highlighted by 3 demonstration studies in which controlling for unpredictability within roles eliminated relations between well-being and H. I also show how, controlling for unpredictability due to the number of traits endorsed and number of roles described, H provides a unique measure of role dependence and independence. However, H does not measure the type of role overlaps that would predict "spillover effects" between roles; therefore, I recommend an alternative index of role similarity for future research on spillover effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Context-dependent information processing in patients with schizophrenia.

Thirty schizophrenic patients fulfilling the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV criteria for schizophrenia and 30 control participants were shown a set of incomplete sentences, and were asked to complete them with the first word(s) that came to mind. Target sentences included an ambiguous word, the ambiguity of which was not resolved within the clause. However, completion necessarily required participants to select one specific meaning. Each target sentence was preceded by another sentence playing the role of context, which was designed to prime the less frequent meaning of the ambiguous word. The results showed that schizophrenic patients, especially those with thought disorder [on the basis of their TLC scores (Thought, Language and Communication Scale; Andreasen, N.C., 1979. Thought, language and communication disorders. Clinical assessment, definition of terms and evaluation of their reliability. Diagnostic significance. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39, 778-782)], used the most common meaning of the ambiguous word more frequently than controls, thus revealing a specific deficit in context use. The deficit was observed whether or not the relation between context and target sentences was made explicit. These results are in line with the cognitive models of schizophrenia that postulate a decreased ability to use context information. However, when considered in the light of prior studies (e.g., Bazin, N., Perruchet, P., 1996. Implicit and explicit memory in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 22, 241-248), they suggest that the deficit in processing contextual information is limited to what Baddeley (Baddeley, A.D., 1982. Domains of recollection. Psychol. Rev. 98, 708-729) called the interactive context (which affects the meaning, or the interpretation, of the target event) in contrast to the independent context (which does not interfere with the meaning-based interpretation of the target event).

Adult↗