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PubMed1987

Helminth parasites of beef cattle in the cerrado region of Brazil.

The results are presented of a ten-year research programme on the helminth parasites of beef cattle raised in the extensive cerrado region of central-east Brazil. The most important helminths are Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp. (80% H. similis), Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Both production and infection are dominated by the alternation of rainy and dry seasons. Attempts to develop and implement control measures and their limitations are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Influence of regular tick and helminth control on productivity of small ruminants in the Lolgorien area, Narok district, Kenya.

Forty-five indigenous goats (one to two years old) and 45 indigenous sheep (six to eight months old) were exposed to natural tick and gastro-intestinal parasite challenge. All animals were born and reared in a pastoral husbandry system. Throughout the study they were housed at night under improved hygienic conditions and grazed during daytime with the flock from which they originated. Improvement of hygienic conditions reduced mortality. Control of intestinal parasites increased liveweight gain (LWG) in both species and reduced mortality most noticeably in sheep. Regular tick control had a negative influence on LWG in goats over one year old but a positive influence on LWG on young sheep. This, however, was of marginal economic benefit compared to a substantial benefit of helminth control.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1991

Epidemiological observations on helminth infections of calves in southern Ghana.

This paper describes helminth infections in three groups of calves of different ages grazing naturally infested pastures from March 1987 to May 1988. Calves in which the faecal egg output was followed from birth showed Toxocara vitulorum eggs as early as two days after birth and maximum patency occurred after two months. The fall in Toxocara egg output coincided with a rise in that of the strongylates; Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostumum spp. The influence of rainfall in dictating strongylate nematode infection was clear with high egg output during high rainfall and low egg counts when the rainfall was lower. There was an indication that calves carry the infection from the end of the minor rainy season in November to the beginning of the next rains in March and then contribute to pasture contamination. However, calves born in December may remain uninfected until the onset of the rains.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of parasitic infestation on the productivity of alpacas (Lama pacos).

A trial was carried out in alpacas (Lama pacos) to determine the economic benefit of controlling both external and internal parasites using ivermectin (Ivomec, Merck, Sharpe and Dohme). After four months the treated male alpacas had gained on average 3.1 kg more than the untreated males and their fleece weighed 0.36 kg more. Treated females gained 1.9 kg more than the controls but their fleece weighed 0.03 kg less. This resulted in a net financial benefit to the farmer of US$3.54 for each male alpaca and US$1.36 for each female.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1992

Effects of an anthelmintic treatment programme on sheep productivity in the Middle Atlas, Morocco.

This study evaluated the production advantages of the strategic anthelmintic treatment of both lambs and ewes in an area endemic for gastro-intestinal nematodes, lungworms and liver flukes. The liver fluke infections were generally chronic. The lambs were treated with albendazole (SmithKline Beecham), fenbendazole (Hoechst Roussel) or a vitamin supplement and their weight gains were followed over the next 7 months. The control group, which received a vitamin supplement only, gained 6.67 kg from July to January. The group that received fenbendazole, an anthelmintic with no activity against liver flukes, gained 10.42 kg over the study period. The third group which received albendazole, an anthelmintic with efficacy against liver flukes, gained 13.07 kg over the same period. Lamb deaths apparently due to liver flukes were 12, 4, and zero for the control, fenbendazole and albendazole groups, respectively. Similar advantages were observed in the ewes. Deaths were 16, 8, and zero in the control, fenbendazole and albendazole groups, respectively. The lambing rate in the control group was significantly lower than that in either of the 2 treated groups. The number of services per conception was significantly lower in the albendazole treated group than that in either of the other groups. These studies demonstrated the advantages of anthelmintic treatment in sheep in a helminth endemic area. While removing gastro-intestinal nematodes and lungworms improved production, the additional removal of liver flukes enhanced production gains as well as reducing deaths.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of three strategic anthelmintic programmes for the prophylaxis of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle in Nigeria.

Three strategic anthelmintic programmes were evaluated for use in the prophylaxis of parasitic gastroenteritis in naturally infected N'Dama cattle aged 12 to 21 months at Nsukka, eastern Nigeria. Four groups A, B, C and D were used which grazed together and each consisted of seven animals. Group A was treated in April, July, August and December. Group B was dosed in April, August and December and Group C in July, August and September. Group D received no treatments. All three treatment programmes substantially reduced pasture contamination while programmes A and B also resulted in significantly improved weight gains. The potential net profit from the three programmes was 38 X 0 Naira, 33 X 10 Naira and 24 X 74 Naira per head respectively. The early dry season (December) treatment in Groups A and B contributed relatively little to their overall performance but would have minimised the carryover of infection to the following wet season.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The biology and genomics of Strongyloides.

Parasitic nematodes are widespread and important pathogens of humans and other animals. The parasitic nematodes Strongyloides have an unusual life cycle in which there is a facultative free-living generation in addition to the obligate parasitic generation. The genomes of many species of parasitic nematodes, including Strongyloides ratti and Strongyloides stercoralis, have been investigated, principally by expressed sequence tag (EST) analyses. These have discovered very many genes from these parasites but, in so doing, have also revealed how different these species are from each other and from other organisms. Understanding the role and function of these newly discovered genes is now the challenge, made more difficult by the parasitic lifestyle. The genomic information available for parasitic nematodes is allowing new approaches for the control of parasitic nematodes to be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Repeatability of measurements of packed cell volume and egg count as indicators of endoparasite load and their relationship with sheep productivity.

Monthly measurements of packed cell volume (PCV) and nematode and trematode eggs per gram (EPG) were made in Ethiopian highland sheep at Debre Berhan, Dejen, Deneba, Tulu Meko and Wereilu from June 1988 to December 1989. High frequencies of low PCV, high nematode EPG and high trematode EPG were found at Tulu Meko. Among the productivity traits examined, body condition scores and live-weights were significantly (P less than 0.05) associated with differences in PCV and nematode and trematode EPG levels at most sites. The lambing interval was, however, not significantly (P greater than 0.05) affected by these variables. Monthly repeatabilities of PCV, body weight and body condition scores were 0.44 +/- 0.01, 0.71 +/- 0.01 and 0.35 +/- 0.01, respectively, while those of nematode (0.09 +/- 0.01) and trematode EPGs (0.20 +/- 0.02) were much lower. The high repeatability for PCV indicates that it was less affected by the variable factors influencing egg output, and hence it could be utilized in conjunction with nematode and trematode EPG levels for endoparasite monitoring. Repeatability of the lambing interval across parities was 0.43 +/- 0.14.

Abomasum↗