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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The program of gene transcription for a single differentiating cell type during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.

Asymmetric division during sporulation by Bacillus subtilis generates a mother cell that undergoes a 5-h program of differentiation. The program is governed by a hierarchical cascade consisting of the transcription factors: sigma(E), sigma(K), GerE, GerR, and SpoIIID. The program consists of the activation and repression of 383 genes. The sigma(E) factor turns on 262 genes, including those for GerR and SpoIIID. These DNA-binding proteins downregulate almost half of the genes in the sigma(E) regulon. In addition, SpoIIID turns on ten genes, including genes involved in the appearance of sigma(K). Next, sigma(K) activates 75 additional genes, including that for GerE. This DNA-binding protein, in turn, represses half of the genes that had been activated by sigma(K) while switching on a final set of 36 genes. Evidence is presented that repression and activation contribute to proper morphogenesis. The program of gene expression is driven forward by its hierarchical organization and by the repressive effects of the DNA-binding proteins. The logic of the program is that of a linked series of feed-forward loops, which generate successive pulses of gene transcription. Similar regulatory circuits could be a common feature of other systems of cellular differentiation.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2002

A framework for gauging the comprehensiveness of governmental HIV prevention programs.

This article presents a brief, logical framework that can be used in conducting a review of the comprehensiveness of any governmental human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention program at the local, state, or national level. The framework, presented as a checklist of questions, could be used by external evaluators of an HIV prevention program, used internally for continuous quality improvement, or a combination of the two. The checklist can be used to select components of HIV prevention programs in need of particular, critical improvements.

Comprehensive Health Care↗
PubMed2005

Methodological challenges in performing targeting: assessing dietary risk for WIC participation and education.

This paper summarizes recent evaluations of indicators of dietary risk used to determine eligibility and nutrition education and counseling within the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The concept of dietary risk relates to an inadequate dietary pattern or a failure to adhere to the food guide pyramid and, within WIC, is typically assessed based on an individual's intake from a 24-h recall or FFQ. Available evidence suggests, however, that even with a high-quality technique, substantial error exists in these data at the level of the individual, making the likelihood of misclassification high. Such data, with appropriate statistical procedures, can provide valid information at the group or the population level, and this is a future area for indicator development and incorporation into the management of WIC and other nutrition education programs addressing dietary risk.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Medicare and state health care programs; fraud and abuse: OIG civil money penalties under the Medicare prescription drug discount card program. Interim final rule with comment period.

In accordance with section 1860D-31 of the Social Security Act, this rule sets forth the OIG's new authority for imposing civil money penalties (CMPs) against endorsed sponsors under the Medicare prescription drug discount card program that knowingly engage in false or misleading marketing practices; overcharge program enrollees; or misuse transitional assistance funds.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed2006

Medicare and Medicaid programs; programs of all-inclusive care for the elderly (PACE); program revisions. Final rule.

This rule finalizes the interim final rule with comment period published in the Federal Register November 24, 1999 (64 FR 66234) and the interim final rule with comment period published in the Federal Register on October 1, 2002 (67 FR 61496). The November 1999 interim final rule implemented sections 4801 through 4803 of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (Pub. L. 105-33) and established requirements for Programs of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) under the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The interim final rule with comment period published on October 1, 2002 (67 FR 61496) implemented section 903 of the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 (BIPA) (Pub. L. 106-554).

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A disease-specific Medicaid expansion for women. The Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000.

The Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000 (BCCPTA) allows states the option of extending Medicaid eligibility to women diagnosed with breast or cervical cancer through a large federal screening program that does not include resources for treatment. Using qualitative data from interviews with 22 key informants and other sources, we present an analysis of the history and passage of the BCCPTA as a policy response to a perceived "treatment gap" in a national screening program. The results suggest that organizational policy entrepreneurs-primarily the National Breast Cancer Coalition-constructed an effective problem definition (that the government screening program was "unethical" and "broken") with a viable policy solution (an optional disease-specific Medicaid expansion), and pushed this proposal through a policy window opened by a budget surplus and an election year in which women's health issues had broad bipartisan appeal.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Models of masculinity: sex education, the United States Public Health Service, and the YMCA, 1919-1924.

In 1918, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) told American parents that "it is no longer possible for you to choose whether your child will learn about sex or not." According to the PHS, most American boys learned about sex from "improper sources" by the age of nine. The "unfortunate effect of these early impressions" had, PHS warned, not only resulted in a gross misunderstanding of sex, but also been a major factor in the spread of venereal disease (The Parents' Part [the U.S. Public Health Service, 1918], p. 5). To counter and correct this miseducation, PHS joined with the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) to create a sex education program aimed at adolescent boys. Officially launched in the spring of 1919, the "Keeping Fit" campaign provides a unique insight into the federal government's attempt to medicalize and regulate American sexuality through the forum of public health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Preparing neuropsychologists for the future: The need for additional training guidelines.

New guidelines for training in neuropsychology are needed for several reasons: increased diagnostic accuracy of neuroradiologic techniques: an increasing need for functional neuropsychological evaluations; emergence of other psychological specialties; and managed care/economic factors. Current INS-Division 40 guidelines emphasize neurological and diagnostic areas with minimal suggestions for training in rehabilitation and functional issues. The recent publication of training guidelines for Rehabilitation Psychology (APA Division 22) illustrates weaknesses in Division 40 training. It is proposed that neuropsychological training guidelines (formal guidelines and informal training experiences) incorporate another content area for training and demonstration of competency, defined as Functional Outcomes. Specific training is suggested in: (a) issues in disability; (b) ecological validity of tests; (c) vocational evaluation/training; (d) academic programs for students with disabilities; (e) independent living resources; (f) specific cognitive-behavioral interventions; (g) resources for individuals with disabilities; and (h) government assistance programs for individuals with disabilities.

Journal Article↗