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PubMed1990

[Treatment of sex identity disorders in children: first results].

The main character of the disorders of self identification of the sex during the growing ages, is the discrepancy between the sex stated at the birth and the sex self identity of the child. These disorders have in fact a continuity with the transsexualism of the adult. From 1983 15 subjects (11 M, 4 F) aged between 11 and 14 years had been controlled in our Institution for a psychodiagnostic evaluation. All the patients demonstrated psychopathological disorders of different grade: disorders of emotion, familiar or social misfit. The aim of the treatment, when the diagnosis is made early, is to restore both the self role of the sex and the intrinsic sex identity. When the diagnosis is late, the treatment is performed exclusively on the role of the sex. In some cases the treatment is carried out on the parents too. The best results are achieved as early as both the diagnosis and the treatment are made and when the familiar dynamics are mild. However the final results of the treatment can be verified only in the adult, by controlling both the stability of sex identity and the sexual role.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breastfeeders versus bottlefeeders: differences in femininity perceptions.

Fifty-eight primiparous women were studied to explore perceived differences in femininity between women who chose to breastfeed and women who chose to bottlefeed. A demographic questionnaire and a sex role inventory were administered to the sample. Although breast and bottlefeeders did not differ significantly in their perceived levels of femininity, analysis of the data revealed that women who had no clear cut sense of identity were more likely to bottlefeed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The relative importance of identity status interview components: replication and extension.

The present study partially replicates and extends the work of Rogow et al. (1983) in probing the relative importance of Ego Identity Status Interview components for both sexes. Eighty female and sixty male students attending a New Zealand university were given the Ego Identity Status Interview with identity components of occupation, religion, politics, and sex role beliefs presented in counterbalanced order. Subjects were then asked to rank components in order of importance to their sense of identity and additional identity contents were explored through open-ended questions. This investigation revealed few sex differences in terms of number of content areas having a common rating, hit rates between single or paired content areas and overall identity ratings, rank order for importance of identity contents, or reported areas of additional identity concerns. In support of Rogow findings, this study suggests that identity not be viewed as a unitary structure and encourages the reporting of both component and overall identity status ratings to allow a more comprehensive means of researching the identity formation process. In general, the identity status approach provides a useful model for clinical research of ego synthesis in late adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mister in-between: a case study of masculine identity and health-related behaviour.

The study of young men's health-related behaviour offers an opportunity to examine the links between masculine identity and social behaviour. This article presents a case study of a 19-year-old man living in London, who describes himself as different to his peers on several important dimensions, including his engagement in health-related behaviours. The case study demonstrates the importance of health-related social behaviours such as drinking, drug use, physical activity, sport and sexual behaviour in the construction of a masculine identity. This case study also reveals that the way in which men position themselves in relation to different discourses of masculinity can have important implications not only for their masculine identities, but also for their health-related behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The Gay Identity Questionnaire: a brief measure of Homosexual Identity Formation.

This article describes the development of the Gay Identity Questionnaire (GIQ) which was derived from tenets of the Homosexual Identity Formation (HIF) model proposed by Cass in 1979. The GIQ is a brief measure that may be used by clinicians and researchers for identifying gay males in the various stages of homosexual identity formation. The test construction procedures included the selection of questionnaire items based upon constructs of the Homosexual Identity Formation Model, establishment of interrater and interitem reliability for those items, and refinement of the GIQ through two pilot tests. The final version of the GIQ was administered to two hundred twenty-five males who reported having same-sex fantasies or engaging in homosexual behavior. In addition, demographic and psychosocial data were collected and used to describe the sample and examine the relationship of these variables to subject stage of HIF. Results support the use of the Gay Identity Questionnaire as a brief measure for identifying subject stage of homosexual identity formation. The data also suggest that homosexual identity acquisition may be a two-stage process rather than the six-stage process proposed by Cass (1979). The differentiation between these stages includes whether or not a subject had resolved a coherent self-identity as gay and had a significant relationship to some aspect of the gay culture.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual intercourse, abuse and pregnancy among adolescent women: does sexual orientation make a difference?

CONTEXT: Although a limited amount of research has retrospectively explored the childhood and adolescent heterosexual experiences of lesbians, little is known about the prevalence of heterosexual behavior and related risk factors or about pregnancy histories among lesbian and bisexual teenagers. METHODS: A secondary analysis was conducted using responses from a subsample of 3,816 students who completed the 1987 Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey. Behaviors, risk factors and pregnancy histories were compared among adolescents who identified themselves as lesbian or bisexual, as unsure of their sexual orientation and as heterosexual. RESULTS: Overall, bisexual or lesbian respondents were about as likely as heterosexual women ever to have had intercourse (33% and 29%, respectively), but they had a significantly higher prevalence of pregnancy (12%) and physical or sexual abuse (19-22%) than heterosexual or unsure adolescents. Among sexually experienced respondents, bisexual or lesbian and heterosexual women reported greater use of ineffective contraceptives (12-15% of those who used a method) than unsure adolescents (9%); bisexual or lesbian respondents were the most likely to have frequent intercourse (22%, compared with 15-17% of the other groups). In the sample overall, among those who were sexually experienced and among those who had ever been pregnant, bisexual or lesbian women were the most likely to have engaged in prostitution during the previous year. CONCLUSIONS: Providers of reproductive health care and family planning services should not assume that pregnant teenagers are heterosexual or that adolescents who say they are bisexual, lesbian or unsure of their sexual orientation are not in need of family planning counseling. Further research should explore the interactions between adolescent sexual identity development and sexual risk behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The concept of identity: research and theory.

The concept of identity is one of the few themes of psychosocial theory that has been researched directly. The dichotomy between identity achievement and role diffusion can be more accurately understood as two potential statuses among a number of resolutions to the identity crisis. Identity status appears to be related to significant childrearing experiences, particularly to dimensions of warmth, limit setting, values of autonomy, and achievement orientation. The pattern of identity achievement is different for males and females. Successful achievement of identity reflects different parental child-rearing practices for males and females.

Achievement↗
PubMed1985

Transition from adolescence to adulthood: perspectives of mentally retarded individuals and their families.

From ethnographic fieldnotes and life history interviews, basic descriptive data were presented that depict the adolescent life stage as it was recounted by 25 mildly retarded individuals and their parents. Patterns of adolescent adjustment are described in terms of the issues and concerns that preoccupied the retarded adolescents, the problem behavior exhibited by these young persons, and what parents did about their children's problems. Comparison of adolescent adjustment patterns and current adult status revealed that the central concerns of adolescence remain problems for only some mildly retarded adults. The majority regard normative achievements as most salient to their self-identity and well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Homosexual identity formation as a developmental process.

Homosexual identity is conceptualized as a life-spanning developmental process that eventually leads to personal acceptance of a positive gay self-image and a coherent personal identity. Habermas' theory of ego development is utilized to provide a synthesis and understanding of the literature on the construction and maintenance of the homosexual identity. It is concluded that the homosexual identity generally emerges in a three-stage process in which the person progresses from: (1) an egocentric interpretation of homoerotic feelings to (2) an internalization of the normative, conventional assumptions about homosexuality to (3) a post-conventional phase in which societal norms are critically evaluated and the positive gay identity is achieved and managed. Developmental tasks associated with each stage are outlined in terms of their ego-integrative functions. Although the stages in the process of homosexual identity formation are theoretically the same for females and males, because of the paucity of research on the homosexual identity in females, this paper deals chiefly with males.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ecological transition: using Bronfenbrenner's model to study sexual identity change.

Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological transition model provides a framework to study coming out in lesbians. The model takes into account activities such as sexual behavior, perceptions of the behavior, and social context in which behavior takes place. The importance of context makes this model useful in identifying possible connections between sexual identity alterations and larger social forces. Interventions based on this framework can reduce stress and promote health during coming out.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Growing up gay or lesbian in a multicultural context.

This study is an investigation of the influence of ethnicity on the relationships of gay and lesbian young people and their families. A framework for conceptualizing the influence of culture is presented. Modes of family responses are described and the conflicts involved in maintaining an ethnic identity, and a gay or lesbian identity, are discussed. Implications for researchers and practitioners are identified.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Coming out to parents: perceptions of family relations, perceived resources, and identity expression as predictors of identity disclosure for gay and lesbian adolescents.

This paper examines perceptions of family relations, identity expression, and pro-lesbian/gay resources as factors influencing coming out to parents. One hundred seventy-two adolescents responded to a survey originating from a clinical support group for lesbian and gay youth. Findings indicate that weak family relations significantly detract from coming out to parents indirectly through identity expression and perceived resources. Excluding the effects of family relations, adolescents perceiving supportive resources and expressing their lesbian/gay identity were more likely to come out to parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The emergence of lesbian sexuality and identity cross-culturally: Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, and the United States.

Questionnaire data were collected from 205 lesbians and 224 heterosexual women in Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, and the United States between 1981 and 1988. Items include direction of childhood sexual interests, age of first awareness of sexual attraction, cross-attractions, age of first sexual contact, sex of partner in first sexual contact, age of awareness that sexual attractions were serious, and age of realization of adult sexual orientation. In general, similarities in the development of lesbian sexuality and differences between lesbians and heterosexual women were found, regardless of culture. Findings include: Lesbians were more sexually active as children and displayed more sexual interest in girls than heterosexuals did in boys; lesbians tended to become aware of their attractions to women later than heterosexuals realized attractions to men; lesbians reported considerably more early attraction to men than heterosexuals did to women; lesbians reported earlier sexual contact than did heterosexual women; the sex of the partner of first sexual contact for lesbians was split roughly equally between males and females whereas heterosexuals reported contact with males almost exclusively; childhood awareness that sexual attractions were serious were similar in lesbians and heterosexuals; lesbians defined themselves as homosexual later than heterosexuals defined themselves as heterosexual. We conclude that norms for heterosexual behavior impact the development of lesbian sexuality and identity, impeding, but not obliterating, their development. Lesbian sexuality and identity eventually emerge regardless of culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Sexual identity development among ethnic sexual-minority male youths.

The current research explores how ethnicity influences sexual identity development. Among 139 sexual-minority male youths, measures of sexual identity development assessed the timing and sequencing of developmental milestones, disclosure of sexual identity to others, internalized homophobia, and same- and opposite-sex relationship histories. Findings demonstrated that participants, regardless of ethnicity, experienced most identity milestones at developmentally appropriate ages, had moderately low levels of internalized homophobia, and became romantically and sexually involved with other males during adolescence. Differences across ethnic groups were found in the timing and sequencing of certain milestones, disclosure of sexual identity to family members, and romantic and sexual involvement with females.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Does psychoanalysis really mean oppression? Harnessing psychodynamic approaches to affirmative therapy with gay men.

Freud's attitude toward homosexuals was overwhelmingly progressive for his time. In contrast, during the early forties, psychoanalysis began to adopt a more pessimistic view about the mental health of homosexuals. This article describes a psychodynamic model of affirmative psychotherapy for gay men. Special note is made of the clinical issues, which arise from antihomosexual attitudes that influence the psychological development of the homosexual male. In particular, the way in which identity formation is affected by heterosexual socialization is discussed. The psychotherapeutic implications associated with these developmental complications are pointed out as well.

Adult↗