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PubMed1989

An endoscopic comparison of the gastroduodenal injury seen with salsalate and naproxen.

Forty endoscopically normal healthy subjects were randomized to receive either BID salsalate (3500 mg/day) or BID naproxen (750 mg/day) for 14 days followed by repeat endoscopic examination. Gastroduodenal lesions were found in 55% (11/20) of the subjects taking naproxen, and 10% (2/20) of those taking salsalate (p = 0.002). Twenty-five percent (5/20) of the subjects taking naproxen and none of the subjects taking salsalate were noted to have severe gastric injury (p = 0.003). There was no difference between the 2 groups in subjective gastrointestinal system adverse experiences. Overall, 95% (19/20) of subjects taking salsalate reported at least 1 adverse experience compared with 60% (12/20) of those taking naproxen (p = 0.02). This was due primarily to the higher number of subjects taking salsalate reporting reversible tinnitus or hearing loss. There was no significant treatment difference in adverse experiences reported for any other organ system. The results of our study support previous observations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis that salsalate produces less gastroduodenal mucosal toxicity than the widely used antiinflammatory agent, naproxen.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A miniature bidirectional RF communication system for micro gastrointestinal robots.

This paper reports a miniature, low power, two-channel, bidirectional wireless communication system that can be used in the first generation of micro gastrointestinal (GI) robots. The system consists of a miniature RF transceiver embedded in the GI robot and a control station outside the body. ISM band radio frequency (approx. 433 MHz) was used to achieve half duplex communication between the GI robot and the control station. The Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation scheme was adopted to ensure a reliable and high-speed digital RF link. Animal tests have been carried out to prove the performance of the communication system.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Significance of abnormal gastrointestinal gas in systemic amyloidosis.

Nine cases of amyloidosis involving the gastrointestinal tract were reviewed for the presence of abnormal gastrointestinal gas by taking plain roentgenograms of the abdomen (PRA) as a diagnostic adjunct. Findings were compared to data obtained by conventional barium study or endoscopic examination. PRA revealed marked gaseous dilatation of the gastrointestinal tract simulating intestinal obstruction in three cases and a moderate or mild increase of gas in two cases each. Abnormality was thus found in seven of the nine cases by PRA. Conventional barium study by means of upper gastrointestinal series, small bowel series and barium enema showed abnormal findings in five of seven cases. Endoscopic examination of the stomach and distal colon disclosed mucosal abnormality in three of seven cases. The rate of abnormal findings detected by the three methods cannot easily be compared to each other because of the differences in symptoms and treatment of individual patients. Nevertheless, PRA seem to be valuable in demonstrating a high rate of abnormalities in amyloidosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Ectopic prostatic tissue of the anal canal presenting with rectal bleeding: report of a case.

PURPOSE: Ectopic prostatic tissue at various sites within and outside the genitourinary system has been reported previously. A case of ectopic prostatic tissue located in the anal canal causing rectal bleeding is presented. METHOD: The patient was referred to our clinic with rectal bleeding. At rectal examination a bleeding sessile polypoid mass 2.5 cm in size was found in anal canal and removed surgically. RESULTS: Histopathologic and immunohistochemical staining of the specimen confirmed the prostatic nature of the tissue. CONCLUSION: Prostatic heterotopia is significant in several respects. Either it may be an important cause of hematuria or unusually, as in our case, it may cause rectal bleeding. In addition, ectopic tissue may be endoscopically confused with malignancy in either urinary or lower gastrointestinal system. This and other reports may disclose the genesis and significance of this peculiar tissue remnant.

Anus Diseases↗
PubMed2007

A web-based patient education system and self-help group in Persian language for inflammatory bowel disease patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To study the use patterns of a Persian web-based patient education system for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in Iran. METHODS: A web-based patient education system was developed with Persian content in three sections: general, ulcerative colitis (UC), and Crohn's disease (CD). The website included a forum for patients to communicate as a self-help group. A customized web tracking system recorded web use statistics. Polls at the bottom of each page collected the visitors' opinion on the extent of helpfulness and readability of page contents. Web use data were analyzed for an 18-month period from October 2004 to April 2006. RESULTS: Having excluded page visits from search engine robots, the website's homepage was visited 4452 times (mean of monthly visits: 234, range: 102-330). The web pages titled Anatomy of gastrointestinal system, Nutrition in IBD, Diagnostic tests, How to cope with IBD, and IBD in women were the most favorite in general section. The web page titled IBD treatment was the most visited in both CD and UC sections followed by the web pages on cause of disease, diagnostic procedures and complications in CD section; and those titled symptoms, cause of disease and risk factors in the UC section. Overall, the content evaluation polls received 294 hits (from 186 unique visitors) of which, 196 (67%) were from patients, 30 (10%) from patients' relatives/friends, 21 (7%) from doctors, and 47 (16%) from other groups. During the 18-month period, 47 patients registered in the self-help forum, 24 threads were opened, and 97 posts (33 in CD and 64 in UC section) were sent. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the increasing trend of Internet use in developing countries like Iran, and the consequent increase in the proportion of Internet-using patients, and finally the time constraints gastroenterologists face answering patients' questions; similar websites seem to be effective ways of patient education in close future.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intestinal obstruction in asplenia syndrome: report of three cases.

Congenital absence of spleen is rare. When it does occur, it may be associated with a characteristic group of anomalies of the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system. Fifteen neonates of asplenia syndrome were seen in our hospital from April 1989 to November 1992, three of these fifteen cases were associated with intestinal obstruction and malrotation. All of the three neonates were noted to have cyanosis, heart murmur and abdominal distention soon after birth. Absence of spleen, heterotaxia and complex cardiac malformations were detected by sonography. Howell-Jolly bodies were found in their peripheral blood smear. The barium examinations of gastrointestinal tract showed intestinal obstruction and malrotation. All of them died in the first month of life. One of them received an autopsy.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1995

[Disorders of autonomic regulation in Parkinson syndrome].

Ever since the first description of Parkinson's disease, it has not only been associated with the classical triad of akinesia, rigor and tremor but also with autonomic regulation disorders. However, the studies published on this subject show differing and partly contradictory results. A large number of studies demonstrate a distinct autonomic disorder. On the other hand there are authors who question an affliction of the autonomic nervous system and others who attribute the autonomic disorder to Parkinson specific medication. To make matters worse, the various pathogeneses of Parkinson's syndrome within the patients collectives have not been sufficiently differentiated and nomenclature of the multisystem degeneration was handled in different ways. Taking our examinations of the various autonomic functions and the underlying literature into critical consideration, we come to the conclusion that regulation disorders of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal and urinary tract, as well as sweat and thermoregulation are often seen in the idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In our opinion the idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome must be attributed to the multisystem degenerations. Autonomic dysfunction occurs in different intensities in the disease.

Antiparkinson Agents↗
PubMed2002

Globular amyloid deposits in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract: report of six cases.

Amyloid deposition in the gastrointestinal tract basement membrane, lamina propria, and blood vessel walls has been well documented This article describes six cases that exhibited the unusual globular pattern of deposition on light microscopy, yet exhibited the classic histochemical and immunohistochemical properties of deposited amyloid This deposition pattern is a novel finding in the gastrointestinal system. Endoscopic examination of five patients revealed mild nodularity of the gastric mucosa and diffuse gastritis. In the other case, macroscopic examination of resected small intestine showed focal mucosal depressions. In all six cases, light microscopy study revealed round to oval-shaped globules in the lamina propria, with globule diameters of 3 to 40 microm. When stained with Congo red, the deposited material refracted polarised light, and immunohistochemical testing showed a positive reaction to AA antibody. The deposits did not react with antibodies to beta2 microglobulin, transthyretin, or lambda and kappa light-chain immunoglobulins. None of the laboratory or clinical findings in the six cases was compatible with monoclonal gammopathy or multiple myeloma. The literature contains a few case reports of globular amyloid deposition in the liver, but this is the first description of a globular pattern in the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis and significance of this finding are not clear, and will require further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Gastrointestinal tract function and malnutrition in HIV-infected children.

Poor growth and/or weight gain was identified in the initial reports of children with AIDS (Oleske et al. 1983, Rubinstein et al. 1983). However, in the past 12 years little progress has been made to understand the mechanisms for these observations. Data from the NIAID/NICHD multicenter Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITS) demonstrated that a decline in weight occurred in the first four months of life followed by decreased linear growth (Rich et al. 1993). In older children weight and height seem to decline in parallel (McKinney et al. 1993), but loss of lean body mass may occur prior to a decline in weight (Miller et al. 1993). Adequate caloric intake can improve weight gain, but has little effect on height velocity and lean body mass (Henderson et al. 1994, Miller et al. 1992). Long-term survivors with HIV infection are shorter than anticipated, and these changes cannot be explained solely by inadequate nutrition or by endocrine abnormalities. The immune system, gastrointestinal tract function, malnutrition, and chronic or recurrent infection interact and contribute to the nutritional deficiencies and problems with growth observed in the HIV-infected child.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Physiological effects of emotion: assessment via hypnosis.

Assessment of the physiological effects of physical and emotional stress has been hampered by a lack of suitable laboratory techniques. Since hypnosis can be used safely to induce specific emotional states of considerable intensity, we studied the effect on distal colonic motility of three hypnotically induced emotions (excitement, anger, and happiness) in 18 patients aged 20-48 years with irritable bowel syndrome. Colonic motility index was reduced by hypnosis on its own (mean change 19.1; 95% CI 0.8, 37.3; p less than 0.05) and this change was accompanied by decreases in both pulse (12; 8, 15) and respiration (6; 4, 8) rates (p less than 0.001 for both). Anger and excitement increased the colonic motility index (50.8; 29.4, 72.2; and 30.4; 8.9, 51.9, respectively; p less than 0.01 for both), pulse rate (26; 22, 30; and 28; 24, 32; p less than 0.001 for both), and respiration rate (14; 12, 16; and 12; 10, 14; p less than 0.001 for both). Happiness further reduced colonic motility although not significantly from that observed during hypnosis alone. Changes in motility were mainly due to alterations in rate than in amplitude of contractions. Our results indicate that hypnosis may help in the investigation of the effects of emotion on physiological functions; this approach could be useful outside the gastrointestinal system. Our observation that hypnosis strikingly reduces fasting colonic motility may partly explain the beneficial effects of this form of therapy in functional bowel disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Bacteriocins as oral and gastrointestinal antibiotics: theoretical considerations, applied research, and practical applications.

Bacteriocins, specific and highly potent protein antibiotics, have been long been expected to enter the working pharmacopeia. Despite laboratory experiments demonstrating their effectiveness against a wide range of gastrointestinal pathogens, attempts to reproduce such killing activity by using live bacteriocin-producing bacteria in animal gastrointestinal systems repeatedly failed. This raised doubts about the potential of the bacteriocins as in vivo antibiotics. Thus, though some bacteriocins have been employed in food preservation and processing, none have been applied directly as medicine. Recent experiments, based on an improved theoretical understanding of microbial ecology, demonstrate the in vivo activity of bacteriocins, the potential importance of bacteriocins as antibiotics, and the role that bacteriocins play in antibiotic resistance. Meanwhile, several kinds of bacteriocins have been proposed for applications in gastrointestinal microbiology, as well as for the use of probiotics to reduce dental caries and improve oral hygiene. Unfortunately, much of the probiotic-oriented research appears to be pursued without reference to resistance and the role of the bacteriocins in a community of bacteria. This leads to continued confusion regarding the interpretation of experimental results and mistaken assessments, positive and negative, of bacteriocins' therapeutic potential. A study of microbial ecology should be incorporated in the drug development process in order to apply bacteriocins most effectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Genomic organization, expression, and function of bitter taste receptors (T2R) in mouse and rat.

Mammalian type 2 taste receptors (T2R) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that mediate bitter signals in taste cells. In the present study, we compared the genomic organization of rodent T2R genes based on the recently completed mouse and rat genomes and examined tissue- and cell-specific expression of T2Rs. Both mouse and rat T2R families consist of 36 intact genes and at least 7 pseudogenes that are mapped to mouse chromosomes 15, 2, and 6 and to rat chromosomes 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All but two T2R genes are clustered on mouse chromosome 6 and rat chromosome 4 with virtually identical genomic organization. The orthologs of the first human T2R gene identified, mT2R119 and rT2R1, are located on mouse chromosome 15 and rat chromosome 2, whereas the novel rodent-specific T2R genes, mT2R134 and rT2R34, are located on mouse chromosome 2 and rat chromosome 3, respectively. Our results, using RT-PCR, demonstrate the presence of transcripts corresponding to the putative denatonium benzoate (DB) and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) receptors in the antrum, fundus, and duodenum as well as in STC-1 and AR42J cells. The novel rodent-specific T2R gene (mT2R134 and rT2R34) was also expressed in these tissues and cell lines. The addition of DB, PTC, or cycloheximide to AR42J cells induced a rapid increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. The specificity of these effects is shown by the fact that these bitter stimuli did not induce any detectable Ca(2+) signaling in many other rodent or human cells that do not express receptors or G proteins implicated in bitter taste signaling. These results demonstrate that mouse and rat T2R genes are highly conserved in terms of genomic organization and tissue expression, suggesting that rodent T2Rs are evolved under similar dietary pressure and share bitter sensing functions in the lingual and gastrointestinal systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The endocannabinoid system and the treatment of obesity.

The endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids capable of binding to both cannabinoid receptors (CB) CB1 and CB2. These receptors belong to the G protein-coupled family receptors and they were discovered while investigating the mode of action of ?(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, a component of Cannabis sativa, to which they bind with high affinity. Among many other brain sites, CB1 is present in the hypothalamic nuclei involved in the control of energy balance and body weight, as well as in neurons of the mesolimbic system which is believed to mediate the incentive value of food. At central nervous system level, CB1 activation is necessary to induce food intake after a short period of food deprivation, and when CB1 is activated by endocannabinoids produced in situ, a stimulation of the ingestion of palatable food has been described. CB1 stimulation leads to modulation of the release of some hypothalamic anorexigenic and orexigenic mediators, as well as of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell. Recent evidence has proved that CB1 is also present in the peripheral organs, such as the adipose tissue and gastrointestinal system, key organs in the regulation of energy metabolism. Animal models have provided solid evidence that genetically induced obesity leads to long-lasting overstimulation of endocannabinoid system synthesis resulting in permanent overactivation of CB1, which may then contribute to the maintenance of this disease. Importantly, at peripheral level, CB1 activation has been shown to stimulate lipogenesis in adipocytes. CB1 blockers increase adiponectin production in adipocytes, which leads to increased fatty acid oxidation and free fatty acid clearance. Moreover, CB1 has been shown to be up-regulated in adipocytes derived from obese rodents. These results support the role of endocannabinoids in the development and maintenance of obesity, paving the way for the development of a new class of drugs such as the CB1 blockers as a therapy for tackling obesity and the associated major cardiovascular risk factors.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed2002

[Visceral neuroses: clinical approaches to the problem].

Visceral neuroses are regarded as psychosomatic pathology represented by functional symptom complexes common for both psychic (personality, psychopathologic disorders of anxietyphobic, affective, hypochondriac spectrum) and somatic pathology. Two hundreds fourteen patients: 67 with hyperventilation syndrome (HVS), 77 with Da Costa syndrome (DCS), 70 with irritable bowl syndrome (IBS) have been studied. The study suggest that visceral neuroses represent a group of independent diseases. In contrast to converse neuroses, a topical projection (respiratory, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, etc.) of visceral neuroses reflects not only a psychosomatic disorder's specificity but also the course and prognosis regularities inherent to them. HVS course is wavy with periodic exacerbations and incomplete remissions, DCS one is phased (remissive), IBS is chronic without distinct phases and intervals. HVS and DCS are comorbid to milder psychic (personality and anxiety phobic disorders) and somatic pathology. IBS is associated with not only more severe mental disorders (overvalued, hypochondriac, affective) but also with chronic somatic diseases (alimentary system).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A modified Mitrofanoff procedure using the rectus abdominis muscle flap technique: a preliminary report in a rabbit model.

OBJECTIVE: To create a modified Mitrofanoff continent stoma in a rabbit model, using a rectus abdominis muscle flap (RAMF) with its intact vascular supply. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen New Zealand White male rabbits underwent an operation to create a 6 cm long tube using a RAMF with its vascular pedicle from the inferior epigastric vessels. The internal orifice of the tube was anastomosed to the anterior bladder wall with 5/0 polyglactin sutures. The external orifice was directly sutured to the skin to fashion a catheterizable Mitrofanoff stoma. A 6 F catheter was left in the tube as a stent for 2 weeks. Radiography and histopathological investigations were carried out for 8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Intravenous pyelography and voiding cystourethrography showed a normal looking urinary system; contrast studies showed an intact RAMF tube with no signs of stricture. Catheterization of the stoma was possible in each animal. Histopathologically, there was no evidence of severe fibrosis or inflammatory changes; the inner surface of the tube (proximal bladder side) was covered by transitional urinary epithelium in most of the animals. CONCLUSION: It is possible to create a Mitrofanoff tube using a vascularized RAMF in a rabbit model. Using this technique there is no need to perform a major operation in the gastrointestinal system. The technique may provide a good alternative treatment in those patients who need a combination of Mitrofanoff and antegrade continence enema surgery, and in patients with previous appendectomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Somatostatin and octreotide: literature review and description of therapeutic activity in pancreatic neoplasia.

The somatostatins represent endogenous substances that serve a diversity of functions in the body. These activities are just beginning to be understood and could have major implications in the treatment of human disease. Their chief pharmacologic activities lie in the modification or modulation of protein hormone synthesis of the gastrointestinal system; a great many other systems may be involved as well. Since the discovery of the therapeutic potentials of naturally isolated somatostatins, attempts have been made to design newer analogs more conducive to practical use. Such an example is long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide. Literature has recently begun to appear describing the therapeutic activities of this and other similar compounds and the first steps to understanding their clinical pharmacology are being taken. Surprising activity has been found in the palliative treatment of a wide variety of formerly resistant gastrointestinal syndromes and endocrine tumors. These activities may have considerable future impact on the treatment of disease involving hormonal imbalance or inappropriate secretion.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Nonmolecular treatment for muscular dystrophies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review highlights emerging evidence on the management of patients with muscular dystrophies. RECENT FINDINGS: New diagnostic modalities based on muscle biopsy and DNA analysis mean that diagnoses within the heterogeneous group of muscular dystrophies can be much more precise; also, as the phenotypes associated with these different disorders are clarified, new management implications can be recognized. At the same time, the spread of evidence based medicine into this area has led to an increase in clinical trial activity and the development of evidence based guidelines. Because many if not all muscular dystrophies are multisystem disorders, these guidelines relate not only to the limited number of interventions aimed at improving strength but also to the management of potentially life threatening complications. SUMMARY: Because specific diagnoses carry specific management implications in many areas for these hitherto rather neglected disorders, a more proactive approach to patients with muscular dystrophies is needed. Complications involving, for example, the cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems may need to be sought and actively managed, whereas caution for complications of anaesthesia and other interventions may also be necessary. However, areas remain where there is little evidence from which practice guidelines can be developed and these will need to be addressed with well planned clinical trials.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2003

Hemobilia in a patient with multiple intrahepatic, hepatic artery aneurysms.

Hemobilia is a rare form of upper gastrointestinal system (GIS) bleeding. Rupture of the hepatic artery aneurysm into the biliary tract is also an uncommon cause of hemobilia. We report a case of hemobilia, secondary to rupture of one of multiple aneurysms of both right and left hepatic arteries. It was treated by hepatic artery ligation.

Aged↗