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PubMed1987

Basal ganglia influences on the cerebellum of the cat.

The changes in firing rate of intracerebellar nuclear neurons following electrical stimulation of the contralateral basal ganglia were investigated in adult cats, in which antidromic activation of cortico-pontine and/or cortico-olivar fibers arising in the area 6 had been excluded by chronic ablation of the motor cortex. Activation of putamen and caudate nucleus induced discharge changes in a low percentage (below 12.5%) of both medial and lateral cerebellar nuclei neurons, while stimulation of globus pallidus and especially of entopeduncular nucleus modified the spontaneous discharge of a greater percent of cells (up to 29%), mainly in the most lateral cerebellar portions. The basal ganglia-induced effects were abolished upon section of the brachium pontis but not of the restiform body. Latency values of the responses, which were predominantly excitatory in nature, suggest the involvement of structures interposed between basal ganglia and precerebellar systems. We postulated that impulses issued by the basal ganglia could reach the cerebellum through a pathway that involves the pedunculopontine nucleus and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Ultrastructural organization of the synapses in ganglia of the hen intestinal nerve under various conditions of its activity].

The interneuronal connections in ganglia of the caudal part of the hen intestinal nerve of Remak are presented as axodendritic and axosomatic synapses and symmetric axo-axonal, dendro-dendritic and axodendritic contacts, often forming complicated complexes. Under conditions of preliminary decentralization or under certain disturbances of nervous connections with the intestine, a part of synapses remains, and a part of them degenerates, this demonstrates participation of peripheral afferent neurons in formation of the synaptic apparatus of the ganglia mentioned. The axonal terminals differentiate by composition of the synaptic vesicles: some contain mainly light agranular vesicles, others--a large amount of granular ones. The characteristic peculiarities of the hen intestinal nerve ganglia, in contrast to analogous mammalian ganglia, are abundant axosomatic synapses in some neurons, and presynaptic terminals, containing a large number of granular vesicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Synaptic specificity in frog sympathetic ganglia during reinnervation, sprouting, and embryonic development.

B cells and C cells in frog lumbar sympathetic ganglia are specifically innervated by preganglionic B fibers and C fibers, respectively. To explore the mechanisms underlying the formation of these specific synapses, electrophysiological studies were made of sprouting and regenerating synaptic connections following interruption of the preganglionic pathways. Studies were also made of developing connections in tadpole ganglia. After partial denervation (by selective interruption of B fibers), the C fibers sprouted and innervated B cells. When B fibers regenerated, they reinnervated B cells only, and within several weeks, C fiber synapses on B cells were no longer found. After complete denervation (by interruption of both B and C fibers) specific synaptic connections were eventually restored. At least 2 experimentally separable processes underlie this specificity: First, there is a preference for appropriate connections from the outset of reinnervation, seen even in the absence of competition between the 2 groups of preganglionic fibers. Despite this preference, however, some inappropriate synapses are formed. Second, those inappropriate synapses that do arise are eliminated when appropriate synapses are allowed to reform, as a result of competitive interactions between the 2 preganglionic fiber groups. In normally developing tadpole ganglia, B and C cells were not readily distinguishable. The great majority of tadpole neurons were found to be innervated exclusively by either B or C fibers. Some neurons were innervated by both preganglionic fiber groups, a situation virtually never found in adult ganglia. It thus appears that in normal development, as in reinnervation, innervation is by and large selective; inappropriate synapses may form, but they are eliminated during maturation, presumably through competitive interactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Identification and characterization of neurons initiating patterned neural activity in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia.

Two patterns of neural activity were identified in excised buccal ganglia of Aplysia californica. Both are expressed in many cells, and each can be expressed independently. Using cells B4 and B5 as monitors of the activity patterns, we searched the buccal ganglia for cells initiating the patterns. Two electrically coupled cells, B31 and B32, can initiate what we termed pattern 2. The cells are active before pattern 2 is expressed. Stimuli initiating pattern 2 excite B31/B32. Depolarizing B31/B32 induces the pattern, while hyperpolarizing them can prevent its expression. The cells have unusual features. Their somata do not sustain conventional action potentials, and depolarization causes a regenerative response. B33 differs from B31/B32 in that its soma sustains conventional action potentials but otherwise has similar features. B34 also seems to be inexcitable but has weaker synaptic input than B31/B32 and appears unable to induce pattern 2. B35 and B36 have prominent regenerative capabilities. B35 is also able to initiate pattern 2. B37 is presynaptic to B31/B32 and can initiate pattern 2 via its effects on them. The newly identified cells provide a starting point for investigating factors that initiate and control different patterns of neural activity in the buccal ganglia. Since the buccal ganglia are involved in generating feeding behavior, further studies on the newly identified cells may provide insights into the neural control of feeding behavior, and provide a neural substrate for studying modulation of the feeding patterns by associative learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Avesicular intercellular contacts in the neuropil of the ganglia of the subpharyngeal complex and in the nerves of the edible snail].

Intercellular interconnections in neuropil of dorsal ganglia in the subpharyngeal complex and nerves have been studied in a mature snail (Helix pomatia), dimensions of the shell--3.0 X 3.5 sm, after double fixation (glutaraldehyde and osmium tetraoxide) and treatment with phosphoric tungsten acid. Zones of the neuropil in the left pleural and parietal ganglia have been investigated--where the nerves leave ganglia and in the area of giant cells; neuropil of the central part of both parietal ganglia; central part of the visceral ganglion and nerves--left palial, intestinal and left pleural commissure. The most spread forms of avesicular intercellular contacts in the neuropil are symmetrical. Besides the latter, processes of the neuropil form fissural and desmosomal junctions. Localization of the avesicular contacts supposes presence of dendro-dendritic junctions of desmosomal and fissural types and axo-axonal ones--of desmosomal type. Various types of the contacts differ from each other by their ultrastructural organization.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Sustained enhancement of the catecholamine dynamics in rat carotid bodies, adrenals, sympathetic ganglia and target organs under long-term moderate hypoxia.

The effects of normobaric hypoxia (10% O2) for 2, 7, 14 and 28 days on the dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) dynamics (content and utilization) were investigated in carotid bodies, adrenals, heart, kidneys and three sympathetic ganglia. The results indicate that long-term hypoxia elicited a complex and sustained stimulation of the sympathoadrenal system. Four striking features were evidenced: 1) In carotid bodies, the DA, and with a delay, the NE dynamics were greatly enhanced; 2) in sympathetic ganglia, DA was the only catecholamine whose metabolism was enhanced, suggesting a chemosensitive DA pool in ganglia; 3) in nerve terminals (heart and kidneys), at variance with ganglia, the stimulation under hypoxia was evidenced by the increase in NE metabolic rate; 4) no adaptation of the sympathoadrenal activity occurred after 28 days of hypoxia, except, perhaps, for adrenals.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1985

Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in canine spinal ganglia: increase of choline acetyltransferase activity following sciatic nerve lesion.

Activities of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in the dorsal spinal ganglia, the dorsal spinal root and the spinal cord of the normal adult dogs and following one side transection of the sciatic nerve in the intervals 5, 10, 15 and 21 days respectively. In the spinal ganglia of normal dogs very low ChAT activity was found; it was three orders lower than AChE activity. Within 5-10 days after the nerve section ChAT activity increased almost five times in the spinal ganglia while AChE activity remained without any changes. The elevation of ChAT activity correlated with that in the dorsal roots at 15th day and in the dorsal spinal cord at 21st day after the nerve section. Histochemical "direct-colouring" thiocholine method showed AChE-positive cells were distributed mainly in the peripheral area of the spinal ganglia. The spinal ganglion cells ranged from intensely AChE-positive to AChE-negative without correlation between cell size and AChE activity. The ChAT activity changes were evaluated in correlation to the cholinergic function in the spinal ganglion neurons.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1984

[Interrelations between sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs into ganglia of the metasympathetic nervous system].

Organization of the sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs into two regions of the metasympathetic ganglia including those of the colon and the urinary bladder, revealed differences between them. The sympathetic outflow evokes inhibitory responses from the smooth muscle walls of common organs and excitatory responses from areas of sphincters. The sacral parasympathetic axons mostly provide excitatory input. The peripheral efferents of the inhibitory reflex are composed of axons passing en route via paravertebral ganglia. A long-latency inhibition follows trains of stimuli owing, probably, to slow inhibitory processes. Purinergic mechanism is involved in the autonomic transmission in the bladder ganglia and based, probably, on the interaction with P1 membrane receptors. Continuous stimulation of parasympathetic axons evokes responses with rising amplitude in the fibers passing to muscles of both organs. After cessation of the stimulation, facilitation of transmission occurs due to presynaptic mechanisms of ACh release. In the bladder ganglia a special mechanism periodically following the "all or nothing" pattern, acts. This input mechanism is capable of both "filtering" low frequencies of the ganglion activity and augmenting the discharges arising during emptying of the organ.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1980

Increased phosphorylation of specific nuclear proteins in superior cervical ganglia and PC12 cells in response to nerve growth factor.

Treatment of rat superior cervical ganglia in culture with nerve growth factor (NGF) increases the amount of radioactive phosphate incorporated into a nuclear protein band. This band migrates coincidentally with H1 histone on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. The increase in phosphate incorporation is at least 70% and occurs only in tissues known to be responsive to NGF. It is not produced by treatment with related peptides, but is observed after the addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. An increase in phosphorylation can be detected after 1 h, and can be seen with as little as 10 ng/ml of NGF in the medium. Neither actinomycin D nor cycloheximide inhibits the effect. When the nuclei are extracted with 0.2 M H2SO4 and the extract analyzed on acid-urea/polyacrylamide gels, two NGF-responsive proteins can be detected. One protein again migrates with the H1 histone marker; the other migrates more slowly than H1. These two NGF-responsive proteins have molecular weights of approximately 30,000 and are chromatin-bound. They are not soluble in 5% perchloric acid, but can be extracted from the nuclei with 0.35 M NaCl. No increase in the phosphorylation of these proteins was seen in ganglia from 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. The phosphorylation of the proteins in both control and NGF-treated ganglia occurs almost exclusively on serine residues. The amino acid compositions of the two nuclear proteins show that they are different from the H1 histone and different from each other. Both nerve growth factor (NGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) increase the incorporation of radioactive phosphate into a specific nuclear protein in cultures of PC12, a clone of rat pheochromocytoma. Purified NGF antibody blocks the effect of NGF, but not that of EGF; EGF antiserum neutralizes the effect of EGF, but not that of NGF. Insulin, glucagon, and dexamethasone are without effect. The increase in phosphorylation due to NGF can be detected within 1 h. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP increases the phosphorylation of this protein, but dibutyryl cyclic GMP does not. Neither the uptake nor the overall incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate is altered by NGF, EGF, or dibutyryl cAMP under the present experimental conditions. The nuclear protein exhibiting increased radioactivity is similar in solubility, size, and amino acid composition to one of the NGF-responsive nuclear proteins from sympathetic ganglia.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1984

The effects of nerve growth factor and its antiserum on the postnatal development and survival after injury of sensory neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to be essential for survival and maintenance of sympathetic ganglia and of embryonic sensory ganglia of neural crest origin. The present study examined the physiological and pharmacological roles of NGF in the postnatal development of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). In contrast to what is generally stated in the literature, administration of NGF antiserum to newborn rats for a period of 7 days resulted in a significant (approximately 20%) reduction of neuronal number in the lumbar DRG. Size spectrum analysis of surviving neurons revealed a shift toward larger sizes, presumably due to a preferential loss of small cells. The number of neurons in the L5 DRG was studied at various times after unilateral sciatic nerve crush in 1-day-old rats. Axotomy resulted in a substantial loss (40 to 50%) of neurons in the immature DRG. Administration of NGF antiserum to animals with axotomized DRG did not increase cell death when compared with the axotomized controls. However, the number of neurons in the antiserum-treated ganglia decreased by the same percentage (20%) when compared with the control serum-treated ganglia before and after axotomy. Treatment with NGF initially prevented the loss of neurons in the axotomized DRG. However, some neurons died during the first week despite continued NGF administration; and, subsequent to NGF withdrawal, neuronal number decreased to the same level as in control animals. Thus, removal of exogenous NGF resulted in the death of the sensory neurons which had been maintained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Basal ganglia role in behavior: importance of sensory gating and its relevance to psychiatry.

The neurophysiological basis of behavior and psychiatric disorders is for the most part unknown. However, over the years dysfunction of the dopaminergic system and, specifically, the basal ganglia have been implicated in many complex behaviors and psychiatric disorders. Evidence is presented in support of a basal ganglia role in sensory gating in the CNS and suggests a possible mechanism by which basal ganglia dysfunction may result in complex behavioral disturbances. Using schizophrenia as an example, this paper suggests that such disorders may to a certain extent represent a complex dysfunction of sensory filtering mechanisms in the brain. The suggestion is that the basal ganglia, acting as an active sensory information gating station, maintain the normal flow of afferent information to both ascending and descending structures. When this gating system is dysfunctional, unmodulated afferent information leads to inappropriate behavioral responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Role of basal ganglia in limb movements.

Recent anatomic and physiologic studies have shed new light on the functional organization of the basal ganglia and their role in movement. The basal ganglia receive topographically organized input from the entire neocortex. Influences from sensorimotor and "association" cortices appear to remain segregated in the basal ganglia. The concept of segregated parallel subcortical loops subserving "motor" and "complex" functions is discussed. Recent neurophysiologic studies in behaving primates suggest that basal ganglia output plays a role in controlling the direction and amplitude of movement but is not primarily involved in the initiation of limb movement or selection of specific muscles. These studies are generally consistent with data from patients with Parkinson's disease, which likewise indicates a deficit in the programming of movement amplitude in step-tracking tasks, with little or no change in reaction-time or pattern of muscular activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Germinoma originating in the basal ganglia--report of 2 cases].

We reported two cases of germinoma originating in the basal ganglia among the 50 cases of intracranial germinoma which were experienced at the Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Hospital. (Case 1) A 8-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital in October 1977, because of precocious puberty and left hemiparesis. Plain CT showed an irregularly-defined high density lesion in the right basal ganglia, which had several low density spots and was moderately enhanced on contrast CT. Endocrinological examination by radioimmunoassay revealed abnormally high level of serum luteinizing hormone and scanty level of serum follicle stimulating hormone. Beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) showed 46.4 ng/ml. Following radiation, the lesion on CT disappeared and beta-subunit turned to be in the normal range. It was concluded that the precocious puberty was due to hypersecretion of HCG by the tumor. About 2 years after the first admission, the tumors were disseminated to the spinal cord, followed several months later by the intracranial recurrence. The neurosurgical exploration was performed to both intracranial and spinal tumor lesions, which were proved to be germinoma by histological examination. Postoperative course was uneventful without recurrent signs. (Case 2) A 10-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital with 6-month history of right hemiparesis in February, 1979. CT at the first admission disclosed a slight high density lesion in the left basal ganglia, which had low density area suggesting cyst formation and was moderately enhanced on contrast CT. CT after one year showed multiple cysts in the tumor and displacement of neighboring structures. In February, 1980, a piece of the tumor was removed under bifrontal craniotomy and histologically diagnosed to be germinoma. Following radiation, the tumor disappeared on CT and his clinical features improved. In August, 1981, no recurrent signs were noted. From our 2 cases and review of the literature, it can be concluded that germinoma originating in the basal ganglia is rare and have high radiosensitivity as well as germinoma arising in the other sites, and common symptoms and signs are hemiparesis in all cases, not accompanied by intracranial hypertension in the early stage.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A general model of the limbic system and basal ganglia: applications to schizophrenia and compulsive behavior of the obsessive type].

The paper presents a model of the behavioural functions and information processing discharged jointly by the limbic system (especially, the hippocampal formation and amygdala) and the basal ganglia (both the dorsal and ventral striatal systems). In general terms, the limbic system plus basal ganglia act as a mechanism for the attainment of goals. The sensory aspects of this overall goal-direction function (recognition of goals and evaluation of the outcomes of action) are dealt with in the limbic system; the motor aspects (establishment and execution of motor programs), in the basal ganglia. The model is applied to an understanding of the neuropsychology of schizophrenia (in particular, positive psychotic symptoms) and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In both cases, emphasis is placed on the interaction between the limbic system and the basal ganglia.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed1994

The consequences of long-term antipsychotic drug administration on basal ganglia neuronal function in laboratory animals.

Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have been widely utilized in the treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders, most prevalently for schizophrenia. In addition to their desired therapeutic effects, repeated administration of APDs often produces various motor side effects. Experimental evidence has implicated alterations in the nuclei of the basal ganglia as the basis for the motor dysfunctions that may arise during APD treatment. Because APDs are invariably administered for extended periods of time, a great deal of research has focused on the effects of prolonged drug exposure. Animal models have been a particularly valuable tool for studying APD effects on basal ganglia function following several weeks (subchronic) to months or years (chronic) of administration. The present paper reviews the scope of studies that have assessed various aspects of basal ganglia function in laboratory animals treated with APDs for prolonged period of time. Possible mechanisms of action are reviewed regarding subchronic and chronic APD effects on basal ganglia function as well as directions for future research.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Expression of ganglia-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotinic ligand binding sites by cells of the IMR-32 human neuroblastoma clonal line.

Studies were conducted to ascertain whether cells of the IMR-32 human neuroblastoma clone express ligand binding sites and functional responsiveness attributable to ganglia-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and/or neuronal/nicotinic alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites. Some comparative studies were conducted using cells of other clonal lines, including BC3H-1 mouse muscle line cells that are known to express muscle-type nAChR. Two classes of specific binding sites for 3H-labeled acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) and a single class of high-affinity, specific 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites are expressed on membrane fractions prepared from IMR-32 cells. Radioligand binding to these sites on IMR-32 cells is relatively insensitive to blockade by the muscle-type nAChR-selective inhibitors, succinyldicholine and decamethonium, indicating that they are distinct from muscle-type nAChR. [3H]ACh binding to its sites on IMR-32 cell membranes is insensitive to blockade by alpha-bungarotoxin, indicating that IMR-32 cell [3H]ACh and 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites also can be distinguished. Functional nAChR ion channels of the ganglia-type are expressed by IMR-32 cells, as assessed by the abilities of nicotinic agonists to stimulate 86Rb+ efflux, the relatively higher sensitivity of those responses to blockade by mecamylamine than by d-tubocurarine, and the inability of alpha-bungarotoxin to antagonize nAChR function. These results are consistent with expression by IMR-32 cells of functional ganglia-type nAChR that correlate with high affinity [3H]ACh binding sites as well as expression of a distinct class of neuronal/nicotinic alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites that have a ganglia-type pharmacology.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neoplasms of the basal ganglia.

Neoplasms of the basal ganglia are deep-seated and this markedly impacts on therapy, especially with respect to the surgical approach. However, neoplasms purely involving the basal ganglia are rare: more frequently, basal ganglia are secondarily involved by tumors originating in the cerebral hemispheres, the ventricles and the pineal or suprasellar regions. Following an anatomical and epidemiologic overview, most frequent CT and MR imaging findings of pediatric neoplasms of basal ganglia are described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The inhibition of ganglionic transmission via presynaptic dopamine DA1 and postsynaptic DA2 receptor activation in the canine cardiac sympathetic ganglia.

The involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in modulating ganglionic transmission of the dog cardiac sympathetic ganglia were investigated in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. The positive chronotropic responses to preganglionic stellate stimulation were inhibited by R(+)SK&F38393 and talipexole administered directly to the ganglia through the artery, and the inhibitory effects were antagonized by pretreatment with R(+)SCH23390 and S(-)sulpiride, respectively. McN-A-343 and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide given through the artery to reach the ganglia displayed dose-dependent positive chronotropic effects. The positive chronotropic effects were inhibited by (-)quinpirole and talipexole, but not by R(+)SK&F38393. The inhibitions were antagonized by S(-)sulpiride and tended to be antagonized by yohimbine. The acetylcholine output from the isolated stellate ganglia by preganglionic stimulation (5 Hz) was unaffected in the presence of (-)quinpirole and talipexole, but was concentration-dependently reduced in the presence of R(+)SK&F38393, and the reduction was antagonized by R(+)SCH23390. The results thus suggest that the dopamine receptor agonists inhibit the ganglionic transmission by reducting acetylcholine release via preganglionic DA1 receptor stimulation and by inhibiting postganglionic nicotinic and muscarinic activation via postganglionic DA2 receptor stimulation.

(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethy↗