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PubMed2005

Environmental illness in athletes.

This article examines environmental illness in athletes. Causes, symptoms, and treatment of heat-related illness, cold-related illness, and altitude-related illness are discussed.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2006

Skin manifestations of running.

As the United States comes increasingly closer to being the heaviest nation on earth, many people are turning to exercise, especially running, to lose weight. Most runners, whether novice or professional, will have a skin disorder that may prompt them to seek medical attention. Although case reports and sports reviews have discussed, in a cursory fashion, the nature of these skin lesions, to our knowledge there has never been an extensive review of the literature that specifically addresses the skin diseases of runners. In this article, we present the epidemiology, origin, clinical characteristics, treatment, and prevention of skin diseases inherent to runners.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2000

SYM-2081 a kainate receptor antagonist reduces allodynia and hyperalgesia in a freeze injury model of neuropathic pain.

Cold-freeze injury at -4 degrees C to the rat sciatic nerve produces mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia [M.A. Kleive, P.S. Jungbluth, J.A. Uhlenkamp, K.C. Kajander, Cold injury to rat sciatic nerve induces thermal hyperalgesia or analgesia, 8th World Congress on Pain, Vancouver, BC, Canada, August 1996 (Abstract).]. The NMDA receptor, an excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor, appears to be involved in the development of allodynia and hyperalgesia following nerve injury. The role, if any, of the kainate receptor, another EAA receptor, remains unknown. In the current study, we evaluated whether (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamic acid (SYM-2081), a recently developed kainate receptor antagonist, attenuates increased responsiveness following cold injury to the sciatic nerve. During baseline testing, Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated for frequency of withdrawal from von Frey filaments and latency of withdrawal from a radiant thermal source. Animals were then anesthetized, the left sciatic nerve was exposed, and the nerve was cooled to -4 degrees C for 15 min (n=24). For control rats (n=24), all procedures were identical except that the nerve was maintained at 37 degrees C. Testing resumed on the third day following surgery. On the fifth post-operative day, SYM-2081 (150 or 100 mg/kg), fentanyl citrate (0. 04 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally. Injury to the rat sciatic nerve induced a significant increase in withdrawal frequency and a significant decrease in withdrawal latency (ANOVA, p<0.05). SYM-2081 and fentanyl significantly reduced these responses (p<0.05). These results suggest that kainate and opioid receptors are involved in the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia that develop following cold injury to the sciatic nerve.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The epidemiology of skiing injuries in Antarctica.

A retrospective analysis of all skiing injuries experienced by members of the British Antarctic Survey between 1989 and 1995 was undertaken to test the hypothesis that skiing was responsible for a disproportionate number and severity of injuries compared with other activities. Fifty-nine new consultations for skiing injuries were recorded. This represented 3.2% of all consultations (annual range 1.3-6.7%), or 9.7% of all consultations due to trauma. The mean incidence was 84.3/1000 population/year. The annual proportion and rate of consultation fluctuated but no overall trends were noted. The lower limb was the commonest site of injury (76.3%), with the ratio of lower limb: upper limb injuries being 6.4:1. The commonest single injury was an isolated medial collateral ligament knee sprain (23.7% of all consultations). Head injuries comprised 8.5% and ulnar collateral ligament thumb sprains 5.1%. Assessment of injury by the Injury Severity Score (ISS) showed that skiing injuries were significantly more likely to be non-trivial (ISS > 2) than work-related injuries [chi 2(1, N = 56) = 55.6, p < 0.001] or injuries of all causes [chi 2(1, N = 56) = 65.0, p < 0.001]. They were significantly more likely to need radiological investigation than all injuries [chi 2(1, N = 59) = 22.0, p < 0.001]. The most severe (ISS 13), survivable injury seen during the study period resulted from a skiing accident. This excess of non-trivial injury raises important management issues, particularly as the majority (81%) were recreational.

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMed1980

Dermatologic aspects of sports medicine.

The skin lies at the interface of the athlete and the sports milieu and is subjected to many sports-related dermatoses. Direct traumatic injuries, such as friction blisters, black heel, piezogenic papules, and traumatic subungual hematomas, occur regularly. Environmental insults such as sunburn, cold-induced injury, and contact dermatitis plague the sportsman. Cutaneous infections such as "athlete's foot," otitis externa, herpes simplex, and warts occur because of a favorable microenvironment, occurring with sweating and occlusion as well as close interpersonal contact. Sports participation may uncover or exacerbate latent dermatoses such as occurs in acne mechanica and exercise-induced anaphylaxis. The sportsman is best served if the physician considers him as an athlete-patient.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathology related to altitude: the experience on K2].

The pathology related with the altitude is a common entity above 3000 m. It includes mild symptoms to severe illness such as cerebral or pulmonary edema. Cold-induced injuries may produce permanent tissue loss and surgical amputation. Recognition is made mainly through symptoms. Adequate treatment of these patients allows for rapid resolution of the symptoms and improves outcome.

Altitude↗