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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Precentral neuron activity associated with ipsilateral forelimb movements in monkeys.

Unit activity was recorded in motor cortex on one side, while monkeys were moving left or right fingers, wrists, or arms. On hundred and eighty five movement-related neurons were obtained from two monkeys. Of these, 122 were related to contralateral movements, 50 were to movements of both sides, and the remaining 13 to ipsilateral movements. It was found that ipsilateral-movement-related neurons tended to appear in groups of neurons that were related more to arm movements than to finger and/or wrist movements.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The reactions of the cat motor cortex neurons to electrical stimulation of the base of the forebrain as a conditioned signal for the reflex of placing the forelimb on a support].

Electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus (500 ms, 300 Hz) in the area restricted by the stereotaxic coordinates AP 14-AP 16, L5-L8 at the level of the anterior commissura (HO) evoked food reactions in the form of mouth opening, chewing, and licking in the absence of food. There were no visible motor effects in the case of electrical stimulation of the subcommissural area (H-2-H-4) corresponding to the ventral pallidum and substantia innominata. The conditioned forepaw placing reaction was elaborated with the basal forebrain stimulation used as a conditioned stimulus. After conditioning, the short (3-5 pulses) conditioned basal forebrain stimulation evoked a prolonged (up to 500-1000 ms) activation of neurons in the motor cortex. This activation did not change in the absence of the movement, i.e., after acute extinction of the contralateral forepaw placing or transfer of placing reaction to the ipsilateral forepaw.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The neuronal reactions of the cat motor cortex to electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area as a conditioned signal for the reflex of placing the forelimb on a support].

Electrical stimulation (50-100 pulses, 100-500 Hz) of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the vicinity of the n. interpeduncularis in the frontal plane AP2-AP4, L1-L2 caused a cat to grab food placed near its mouth. The conditioned forepaw placing reaction was elaborated using food reinforcement and VTA stimulation as a conditioned stimulus. The conditioned reflex, being once established, was repeatedly performed without extinction in the course of up to 250 trials without food reinforcement. Short (5-10 pulses) conditioned VTA stimulation evoked a prolonged (up to 1000 ms or longer) activation of neurons of the motor cortex and caused a substitution of the inhibitory phase of response to stimulation of the parietal cortex in poststimulus interval in 50-200 ms for the late secondary excitatory response.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of 2 techniques for regional antibiotic delivery to the equine forelimb: intraosseous perfusion vs. intravenous perfusion.

The purpose of this study was to compare the synovial fluid concentrations and pharmacokinetics of amikacin in the equine limb distal to the carpus following intraosseous and intravenous regional perfusion. The front limbs of 6 horses were randomly assigned to either intraosseous or intravenous perfusion. A tourniquet was placed distal to each carpus and the limb perfused with 500 mg of amikacin. Systemic blood samples and synovial fluid samples were collected over 70 min from the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, and digital flexor sheath. The tourniquet was removed following the 30 min sample collection. The mean peak amikacin concentration for the DIP joint was significantly higher with intravenous perfusion. There were no significant differences in time to peak concentration or elimination half-life between methods at each synovial structure. Each technique produced mean peak concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 times that of recommended peak serum concentrations for therapeutic efficacy.

Amikacin↗
PubMed2001

Responses of the red nucleus neurons to stimulation of the paw pads of forelimbs before and after cerebellar lesions.

Cerebellar cortex ablation releases deep cerebellar nuclei of monosynaptic inhibition from Purkinje cells. Therefore, it strengthens excitatory influence from Interpositus Nucleus (IN) upon Red Nucleus (RN), which results in much higher facilitation of the rubro-spinal neurons. This causes a big increase of spontaneous discharge rate, and eliminates brakes of discharges from responses generated by somatosensory stimuli. These two changes destroy content and timing of feedback information flowing through the spino-cerebello-rubro-spinal loop. This false bias of the feedback information, very important for fast postural adjustment and coordination of ongoing movements executed by central motor program, may at least in part be responsible for abnormal motor behavior evoked by cerebellar damage. Hemicerebellectomy resulted in dramatically reduced spontaneous activity and responses to limb stimulation because of severing a major input to the red nucleus from deep cerebellar nuclei. Due to direct somatosensory input to magnocellular Red Nucleus (mcRN) from the spinal cord that bypassed the cerebellum, the latency of response to limb stimulation was not changed and the narrower receptive fields were still present.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The blockade of D1 dopamine receptors in cat motor cortex causing an increase in the latency of conditioned forelimb placing reaction].

Cat were trained to place a forepaw on a support in response to touching the ventral surface of the forepaw as a conditioned stimulus. A selective D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 was injected under pressure into the region of pericruciate cortex just anterior and lateral to the end of the cruciate sulcus. Electrical microstimulation of this region evoked the elbow flexion and shoulder withdrawal that constitute the initial lifting--withdrawal phase of the forepaw placing. In contrast to control saline, the injection of SCH23390 caused a gradual increase in the latency of conditioned placing so that to the end of experiment it was, on the average, 200 ms longer than its preinjection level. The results obtained show that the local D1 receptor blockade in cat motor cortex significantly increases the latency of the simple instrumental conditioned reflex.

Animals↗