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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Effects of calcium and dairy on body composition and weight loss in African-American adults.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the effects of dairy consumption on adiposity and body composition in obese African Americans. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We performed two randomized trials in obese African-American adults. In the first (weight maintenance), 34 subjects were maintained on a low calcium (500 mg/d)/low dairy (<1 serving/d) or high dairy (1200 mg Ca/d diet including 3 servings of dairy) diet with no change in energy or macronutrient intake for 24 weeks. In the second trial (weight loss), 29 subjects were similarly randomized to the low or high dairy diets and placed on a caloric restriction regimen (-500 kcal/d). RESULTS: In the first trial, body weight remained stable for both groups throughout the maintenance study. The high dairy diet resulted in decreases in total body fat (2.16 kg, p < 0.01), trunk fat (1.03 kg, p < 0.01), insulin (18.7 pM, p < 0.04), and blood pressure (6.8 mm Hg systolic, p < 0.01; 4.25 mm Hg diastolic, p < 0.01) and an increase in lean mass (1.08 kg, p < 0.04), whereas there were no significant changes in the low dairy group. In the second trial, although both diets produced significant weight and fat loss, weight and fat loss on the high dairy diet were approximately 2-fold higher (p < 0.01), and loss of lean body mass was markedly reduced (p < 0.001) compared with the low dairy diet. DISCUSSION: Substitution of calcium-rich foods in isocaloric diets reduced adiposity and improved metabolic profiles in obese African Americans without energy restriction or weight loss and augmented weight and fat loss secondary to energy restriction.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Bi-PASA genotyping of a new polymorphism in the APOB gene shows no evidence for an association with fatness in pigs.

Sequence analysis of PCR products of a 343-bp fragment from exon 29 of the porcine APOB gene of four Erhualian and four Landrace pigs revealed a missense G/C substitution at position of 6117 in this gene. Two allele-specific primers were designed to genotype this polymorphism using the Bi-PASA technique. Genotyping of 146 animals from Erhualian, Hampshire, Large White, Landrace and Duroc breeds revealed large breed differences in allele frequency. No association with fatness was observed within each of the four European breeds, where animals had been selected to be those with the highest and those with the lowest backfat depth at 100 kg liveweight from a large carcass dissection project.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Anti-obesity effects of chikusetsusaponins isolated from Panax japonicus rhizomes.

BACKGROUND: The rhizomes of Panax japonicus are used as a folk medicine for treatment of life-style related diseases such as arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as a substitute for ginseng roots in China and Japan. Obesity is closely associated with life-style-related diseases. This study was performed to clarify whether chikusetsusaponins prevent obesity induced in mice by a high-fat diet for 9 weeks. METHODS: We performed two in vivo experiments. In one, female ICR mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without 1 or 3% chikusetsusaponins isolated from P. japonicus rhizomes for 9 weeks. In the other, lipid emulsion with or without chikusetsusaponins was administered orally to male Wistar rats, and then the plasma triacylglycerol level was measured 0.5 to 5 h after the orally administered lipid emulsion. For in vitro experiments, the inhibitory effects of total chikusetsusaponins and various purified chikusetsusaponins on pancreatic lipase activity were determined by measuring the rate of release of oleic acid from triolein in an assay system using triolein emulsified with lecithin. RESULTS: Total chikusetsusaponins prevented the increases in body weight and parametrial adipose tissue weight induced by a high-fat diet. Furthermore, consumption of a high-fat diet containing 1 or 3% total chikusetsusaponins significantly increased the fecal content and triacylglycerol level at day 3 compared with the high-fat diet groups. Total chikusetsusaponins inhibited the elevation of the plasma triacylglycerol level 2 h after the oral administration of the lipid emulsion. Total chikusetsusaponins, chikusetsusaponin III, 28-deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponin IV and 28-deglucosyl-chikusetsusaponin V inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity. CONCLUSION: The anti-obesity effects of chikusetsusaponins isolated from P. japonicus rhizomes in mice fed a high-fat diet may be partly mediated through delaying the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity. The present study clearly indicated that the saponin fractions of P. japonicus rhizomes had a significant anti-obesity action and supports the traditional usage as a substitute drug for ginseng roots.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

What to do when a patient with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency does not respond to pancreatic enzyme substitution, a practical guide.

In the majority of patients, pancreatin microsphere preparations containing 25,000-40,000 FIP units of lipase will lead to a clinical improvement and reduction of steatorrhea in patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. In patients failing to respond, the following stepwise procedure is recommended: increasing enzyme dosage; checking the patient's compliance; reevaluating the diagnosis; and as a last resort to decrease fat intake or adding H2-blockers or proton pump inhibitors. Although this stepwise procedure is time-consuming, it is necessary to prevent in patients not responding to pancreatic enzyme substitution the development of late complications of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

Celiac Disease↗
PubMed2005

Missense mutations in exon 4 of the porcine LEPR gene encoding extracellular domain and their association with fatness traits.

Three non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (T221C, T232A and C233T) were detected in exon 4 of the porcine leptin receptor (LEPR) gene. The T232A substitution could be identified as a (Tsp509I) restriction fragment length polymorphism. The frequency of genotype TT varied in six genetic groups from 0.62 (Duroc) to 0.99 (Polish Large White). Sequencing of exon 4, performed for 30 animals, revealed that only two intragenic haplotypes (TC and AT at nucleotide position 232-233) were present. The phenotypic effect of the Tsp509I polymorphism was tested for the Polish Landrace (n = 241) and a synthetic line 990 (n = 243). There was no statistical evidence for the direct effect of the LEPR polymorphisms on fatness traits. However, in Polish Landrace allele A at position 232 was associated with thicker backfat over shoulder.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Weight loss in obese children carrying the proopiomelanocortin R236G variant.

To acquire more information relative to the course of obesity in conditions of food restriction in subjects carrying mutations in the melanocortin signaling pathway, 710 obese children (mean age: 9.5+/-2.1 yr; mean z-score body mass index: 3.63+/-1.6) were genotyped for the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) R236G substitution, a variant which has been associated to early onset obesity, by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Three children were heterozygotes for the R236G variant (0.4%). One of them had the metabolic syndrome. This variant was not found in 400 controls. The 3 probands followed a hypocaloric balanced diet and, after about 12 months, normalized their weight as well as fat mass and insulin resistance. The patient with the metabolic syndrome reversed this condition. These results show that a) the R236G substitution of POMC gene, although not a major cause of obesity among Italian obese children and adolescents, is associated with early onset obesity, and that b) inherited alterations of the melanocortin signaling pathway, independently of the degree of obesity, do not preclude the possibility to lose weight in mutated individuals following a hypocaloric diet.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Regulation by diet of the pancreas enzyme content of suckling goats.

To study pancreas enzyme content regulation when the diet was modified in suckling goats, a comparison was made between kids fed a milk replacer and ones fed maternal milk. A total of 25 preruminant Granadina breed goats were bottle-fed a milk replacer ad libitum from postnatal days 3 to 28 (until the age of 3 days kids had been fed colostrum). Body weight, pancreas weight, total protein concentration, and enzyme activities in pancreatic tissue were determined at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age, and the results were compared to those previously obtained in kids fed maternal milk for the same period. Lipase activity was significantly lower in the group fed milk replacer, which was poorer in fat. Amylase activity was higher in this group, perhaps due to the starch products present in the milk substitute. However, the postnatal evolution of chymotrypsin activity followed a similar pattern regardless of diet. Our results seem to confirm that in preruminant kids there is a nutritional regulation of pancreatic amylase and lipase activities, depending on the amounts of their respective substrates in the diet, similar to that described in nonruminants.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1995

Potential role of raising dietary protein intake for reducing risk of atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the effect on plasma lipoprotein lipids of substituting moderate amounts of protein for carbohydrate in human diets. DESIGN: Subjects were first stabilized on the desired fat intake for one to two weeks. Using a cross-over design, subjects were randomly allocated to either the high or low protein diet for four to five weeks and then switched to the alternative diet for four to five more weeks. Fasting venous blood was obtained weekly. SETTING: Subjects were studied in tertiary care lipid clinic setting. PATIENTS: Studies in two groups of hypercholesterolemic subjects have been completed: group MH - 10 subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia (5.8 to 8.0 mmol/L) and group FH - five subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (more than 8.2 mmol/L prior to treatment with cholestyramine). Preliminary findings in Group NL - six normolipidemic subjects (3.5 to 4.9 mmol/L) are also discussed briefly. INTERVENTIONS: Body weight, intakes of fat, fibre and cholesterol and fat composition were constant. Either 11, 17 or 10% of total energy from protein was exchanged for carbohydrate in groups MH, FH and NL, respectively. MAIN RESULTS: Exchange of dietary protein for carbohydrate: significantly reduced mean plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 6% in group MH and 9% in group NL (P < 0.02); significantly increased mean fasting plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 12% in group MH and by 17% in group FH (P < 0.01); significantly reduced the mean value for the ratio of plasma total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol by 15% in group MH and by 16% in group FH (P < 0.05); and significantly reduced fasting total triglycerides by 23% in groups MH and FH and by 18% in NL (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Substitution of dietary protein for carbohydrate favourable alters human blood cholesterol cardiovascular risk profiles.

Coronary Artery Disease↗
PubMed2006

Association of polymorphisms in the bovine FASN gene with milk-fat content.

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a multifunctional protein that carries out the synthesis of fatty acids so it plays a central role in de novo lipogenesis in mammals. Previously, we defined the genetic structure and expression of the bovine FASN gene. Our mapping studies placed FASN on BTA19 (19q22) where several quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting milk-fat content and related traits have been described. This study was conducted to identify polymorphisms in the bovine FASN gene and to study their association with milk-fat content. The bovine FASN gene was screened for polymorphisms in two cattle breeds. Sequence analysis revealed several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and two of them were analysed: a G>C substitution in the untranslated exon 1 (g.763G>C), altering a potential Sp1 transcription factor-binding site, and an A>G substitution in exon 34 (g.16009A>G), which determines a non-conservative substitution of threonine by alanine. Allele-specific amplification of the SNPs in FASN revealed significant frequency differences for both polymorphisms in Holsteins with high and low breeding values for milk-fat content. The intragenic haplotypes comprising exon 1 (alleles G and C) and exon 34 (alleles A and G) polymorphisms were studied, and the existence of linkage disequilibrium between these SNPs was found (D(CG) = 0.048, P < 0.001). Our results suggest that the FASN gene polymorphisms contribute to variation in milk-fat content. We propose that the bovine FASN gene is a candidate gene for a milk-fat content QTL.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Alterations in adolescents' sensory taste preferences during and after pregnancy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine adolescents' preferences during and after pregnancy for foods that differed in fat, sugar, and salt content, components that are associated with much of the flavor in food and, hence, are related to food acceptance. METHODS: Sensory taste preferences for 16 foods were assessed by 52 white adolescents during the third trimester of pregnancy and again 11-13 months postpartum. The study design was a randomized, incomplete block design. Each subject evaluated the same eight foods at each interview using a 10-cm hedonic scale, which was scored 0 = "dislike extremely" to 10 = "like extremely." Three pairs of foods differed in fat content (e.g., ice cream vs. ice milk), two pairs differed in sugar content, but neither contained a sugar substitute (e.g., peaches in heavy syrup vs. natural juices), and three pairs differed in salt content (e.g., salted vs. unsalted peanuts). Differences in preferences were determined with least-squares analysis of variance. RESULTS: Although preferences for 13 of the 16 foods did not differ between pregnancy and postpartum assessments, whole milk, skim milk, and salted peanuts were ranked significantly higher (p = 0.02, 0.007, and 0.05) during pregnancy. Hedonic scores were higher (p = 0.002 and 0.005) for whole milk over skim at both assessments, but ice cream was not preferred significantly over lower fat frozen products. During pregnancy, but not after, salted peanuts, chips, and crackers were preferred (p = 0.0003, 0.0001, and 0.03) over the unsalted/low-salt products. CONCLUSIONS: The adolescents' increased sensory taste preferences for milk and salty snack foods during pregnancy, as well as personal taste preferences, should be recognized by clinicians, and nutrition recommendations should be individualized to enhance compliance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Relation of insulin resistance to blood pressure in childhood.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between blood pressure and insulin resistance in children and the differences between fasting insulin and the insulin clamp in that relation. METHODS: Children were randomly selected after blood pressure screening of 12 043 fifth--eigth grade Minneapolis, Minnesota, students, with stratification by systolic blood pressure (SBP) percentile [half from the upper 25th percentile (high blood pressure) and half from the lower 75th percentile (low blood pressure)]. Euglycemic insulin clamps were performed with an insulin infusion rate of 1 mU/kg per min and a variable infusion of 20% glucose to maintain plasma glucose at 5.6 mmol/l (100 mg/dl). Insulin sensitivity (Mlbm) is defined as the amount of glucose required to maintain euglycemia (mg glucose infused/kg lean body mass (LBM)/min. RESULTS: Diastolic blood pressure was not significantly correlated with any of the body measurements or laboratory data. SBP was significantly correlated with virtually all measures of body size in males and females. SBP and Mlbm were not significantly correlated in either sex. The correlation between SBP and fasting insulin was significant for boys and girls, but became non-significant after adjustment for BMI. All measures of body fatness were significantly greater in the high blood pressure group, and a significant clustering effect for fasting insulin, BMI, triglycerides, and HDL-C was related to blood pressure. The clustering effect was similar when Mlbm was substituted for fasting insulin and was similar for boys, girls, blacks and whites. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that level of blood pressure in children is mediated through body fat and that insulin resistance, as determined by the insulin clamp, does not play a primary role at this age of development. Nevertheless, the clustering effect of the risk factors according to SBP grouping is consistent with an early relation of blood pressure to the insulin resistance syndrome.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Effect of regional fat distribution and Prader-Willi syndrome on plasma leptin levels.

Variability in the relationship of plasma leptin level to body mass index (BMI) could be caused by imperfect estimation of adipose mass by the BMI, heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of obesity in mixed subject groups, or variation in adipose tissue distribution. To investigate these possibilities, we examined the correlation of plasma leptin and BMI in an ethnically mixed population, a group of subjects with the Prader-Willi syndrome, and a group of Japanese-American subjects who underwent computerized tomographic measurement of adipose tissue cross-sectional areas. Highly significant and indistinguishable linear relationships between plasma leptin levels and BMI were found in the three study groups. Intersubject variability was also similar in the three groups and was reduced only when more accurate techniques for assessing adipose tissue mass were substituted for the BMI. The plasma leptin level of Japanese-American subjects in the highest quartile of intraabdominal fat area (mean area = 154.5 +/- 38.4 cm2) was 12.5 +/- 8.7 ng/mL as compared to 12.3 +/- 9.6 ng/mL (P = 0.91) for subjects in the lowest quartile of intraabdominal fat area (mean area = 51.2 +/- 20.1 cm2, P < 0.001 for difference in fat areas). We conclude that the circulating leptin level reflects total adipose tissue mass rather than a combination of adipose tissue mass and distribution, and that the Prader-Willi syndrome does not alter the relationship between these two variables.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Purification of anti-epithelial mucin monoclonal antibodies by epitope affinity chromatography.

Monoclonal antibodies against the protein core of epithelial mucins have been found to react with the immunodominant sequence P D T R P A P (Burchell et al., 1989; Price et al., 1990a). Two immunoadsorbent matrices were prepared by linking the peptide A P D T R P A P G to CNBr-activated Sepharose and by linking the peptide C A P D T R P A P G to activated thiol-Sepharose, so that each immunoadsorbent contained the immunodominant motif. Anti-epithelial mucin antibodies (anti-breast carcinoma antibodies, anti-purified mucin antibodies and anti-human milk fat globule antibodies) were examined for reactivity with these preparations. The initial tests indicated that the substituted CNBr-activated Sepharose displayed lower non-specific antibody binding and this matrix was selected for further investigation. The anti-mucin antibodies were shown to react specifically with this affinity matrix and irrelevant antibodies failed to bind. A Sepharose-peptide immunoadsorbent column was examined for its capacity to purify several of these anti-mucin antibodies and it was determined that this procedure was highly efficient--purified IgG and IgM antibodies could be isolated from either hybridoma tissue culture supernatants or ascitic fluids. The capacity of the column was in excess of 40 mg antibody protein per ml of gel for the IgG3 antibody, C595 (anti-urinary mucin) and at least 10 mg antibody protein per ml of gel for the IgM antibody, NCRC-11 (anti-breast carcinoma). The procedure described permits the efficient purification of anti-mucin antibodies and provides a product which would be suitable for further investigations requiring highly immunoreactive antibodies (e.g., for radioimmunotherapy or immunoscintigraphy in patients with malignant disease).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Effects of diacylglycerol ingestion on postprandial hyperlipidemia in diabetes.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that diacylglycerol (DAG) as compared with triacylglycerol (TAG) suppressed increases in postprandial lipids in healthy volunteers. This study was to investigate the effects of DAG on postprandial lipids, particularly remnant lipoproteins in diabetics. METHODS: Emulsified DAG oil or TAG oil with a fatty acid composition similar to DAG oil was orally administered (30 g fat/m2 of body surface) to moderately controlled six diabetics, with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) below 8%, after fasting for at least 12 h in a randomized crossover manner. Serum cholesterol and TAG, lipids in remnant-like particles (RLP), and other lipid parameters including serum ketone bodies were measured prior to and 2, 4, and 6 h after fat loading. RESULTS: DAG loading significantly suppressed increases in postprandial serum TAG and lipids in RLP as compared with TAG loading. The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for serum TAG and that for lipids in RLP with DAG loading were also significantly smaller than those with TAG loading. However, changes in serum levels of insulin, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies during fat loading were essentially the same for DAG and TAG. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that substituting DAG intake for TAG may be beneficial to moderately controlled diabetics due to its effect in reducing postprandial hyperlipidemia.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2004

Behavioural correlates of successful weight reduction over 3 y. Results from the Lean Habits Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine behavioural characteristics of subjects with successful long-term weight reduction. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with 3 y follow-up. SETTING: Multicentre study of participants of a commercial weight-reduction programme (BCM-Programme). SUBJECTS: Until February 2000, 6857 voluntary study participants were included. Analyses are based on 1247 subjects with complete 3 y data. INTERVENTIONS: Open-group dietary and behavioural counselling with initial meal substitutions. RESULTS: Subjects show a number of significant behavioural improvements, for example, choice of low-fat food, flexible control of eating behaviour and coping with stress. Subjects who maintain these changes by the end of the first year have a higher probability of successful weight reduction after 3 y. CONCLUSIONS: Successful weight maintenance is associated with more pronounced improvements of health behaviours after 1 y. The likelihood of success increases with the number of behavioural patterns which are involved in the process of change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗