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PubMed2000

The neural basis of romantic love.

The neural correlates of many emotional states have been studied, most recently through the technique of fMRI. However, nothing is known about the neural substrates involved in evoking one of the most overwhelming of all affective states, that of romantic love, about which we report here. The activity in the brains of 17 subjects who were deeply in love was scanned using fMRI, while they viewed pictures of their partners, and compared with the activity produced by viewing pictures of three friends of similar age, sex and duration of friendship as their partners. The activity was restricted to foci in the medial insula and the anterior cingulate cortex and, subcortically, in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, all bilaterally. Deactivations were observed in the posterior cingulate gyrus and in the amygdala and were right-lateralized in the prefrontal, parietal and middle temporal cortices. The combination of these sites differs from those in previous studies of emotion, suggesting that a unique network of areas is responsible for evoking this affective state. This leads us to postulate that the principle of functional specialization in the cortex applies to affective states as well.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethical issues and the patient-provider relationship.

In enabling disabled persons to gain increased function and independence, rehabilitation practitioners try to emphasize the patient's goals by providing the patient with some control over the process. As the patient enters the active rehabilitation phase, the patient actively becomes involved with the design of the treatment plan. If the patient does not fully participate in this plan, his/her motivation may be questioned. Rehabilitation professionals prefer patients who comply with the original treatment plan. Conflicts arise when patients do not comply, and the war between patient autonomy and medical paternalism ensues. When the disabled person becomes an outpatient, we must learn to measure the quality of life, not just the functional outcome. Rehabilitation professionals have become masters of inpatient rehabilitation but are less prepared to facilitate comprehensive rehabilitation care in the outpatient setting. Outpatient rehabilitation also needs to measure community reintegration. In the continuum of chronic disability, the care-giver and the disabled person develop an intermittent interdependence with an alternating relationship between autonomy and paternalism. Mutal respect such as that experienced in friendship provides a useful model for this idealized patient-care enabler team. To understand more of the essence of the disabled person's life is the responsibility of the rehabilitation provider.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and problems in peer relations: predictions from childhood to adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and persistence of the disorder are associated with later difficulty in adolescent peer relations. METHOD: One hundred eleven children with ADHD were interviewed as adolescents and compared with 100 adolescents without an ADHD history (aged 13-18 years). The multi-informant assessment strategy included parents, teachers, and adolescents. RESULTS: Parents of probands reported fewer close friendships and greater peer rejection compared with the non-ADHD group. Probands reported that their friends were less involved in conventional activities compared with the non-ADHD group. Childhood aggression predicted less self-perceived social competence for probands. The long-term effects of ADHD on social functioning were more pronounced for probands with persistent ADHD or conduct disorder in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Impairments in peer relations for ADHD youths, known to be common in childhood, also exist in adolescence. Given the developmental significance of peer relations, further research into the causes and treatment of poor social functioning in youths with ADHD is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Pregnant and parenting adolescents and their younger sisters: the influence of relationship qualities for younger sister outcomes.

On the basis of social modeling theory and a sibling interaction hypothesis, it was hypothesized that specific relationship qualities between a pregnant or parenting teen and her younger sister would be associated with permissive younger sister outcomes, such as permissive childbearing attitudes and permissive sexual behavior. Results indicated that negative relationship qualities, such as rivalry, competition, and conflict, were more closely related to younger sisters engaging in problem delinquent-like behavior and sexual behavior than were positive relationship qualities, such as warmth and closeness. Additionally, a shared friendship network with the older sister was found to be associated with extensive younger sister problem behavior and sexual behavior. Three potential explanatory processes are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Peer relations of youth with pediatric conditions and health risks: promoting social support and healthy lifestyles.

Peer relations and close friendships play important roles in youngsters' emotional development and take on special significance when a child or adolescent has a chronic disease. This article reviews the key ways that peer relations have been examined in youth with chronic pediatric conditions and specifically focuses on (1) the role of peers and close friends as a source of support, (2) friends' influence on treatment adherence, and (3) peers' and friends' impact on health-promoting and health-risk behaviors. In general, youngsters with chronic conditions do not have more problems in their peer relations than other youth, although children with medical conditions that are stigmatizing or that involve the central nervous system (CNS) may encounter peer difficulties. Social support from friends and classmates appears to facilitate youngsters' disease adaptation and may help with the lifestyle aspects of treatment regimens. Adolescent peer-crowd affiliations (e.g., "brains," "jocks") that are linked with health-promoting behaviors may prove beneficial to youngsters' disease management and health. The findings underscore the need for helping children and adolescents disclose their medical condition to peers in positive ways and for including youngsters' close friends in the treatment process and in school-reentry programs after extended medical care. Additional research is needed to develop strategies for incorporating youngsters' peers and friends into the medical management of youth with chronic pediatric conditions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Cluster of inflammatory bowel disease in three close college friends?

Although the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease remains unknown, current evidence favors the interplay of genetic predisposition with environmental factors. Clustering of inflammatory bowel disease in spouses had been described, and supports a role for an environmental agent. We describe three unrelated, unmarried men all attorneys who enjoyed a close, sustained friendship in college, and who within a decade of their contact developed inflammatory bowel disease. We describe the nature of their college contact, the course of their inflammatory bowel disease, and relate our cluster to the scanty literature on clustering in inflammatory bowel disease. Physicians should report similar observations to illuminate the roles of genetics and environment in the development of these illnesses.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Sex differences in social adjustment. Effects of sex role socialization and role stress.

This study focuses on the social role functioning component of psychiatric disorders. It assesses sex differences in social adjustment in regard to: work, marriage, parenthood, relations with friends and extended family, and the nuclear family as a whole. Hypotheses predicting sex differences in social adjustment are derived from socialization and role stress frameworks and tested with data from a New Haven community epidemiologic study, utilizing the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report (SAS-SR). The data show that, consistent with socialization-derived predictions, women manifest greater feelings of inadequacy than men in instrumental work role performance, while men manifest greater emotional inhibition and interpersonal friction. Morever, consistent with role stress frameworks, women express greater conflict and resentment than men in regard to family relationships, but not in regard to friendship relationships. In addition, women's subjective disinterest and impaired functioning in their work role is greater for housewives than for employed women. The implications of these findings for social supports research are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed2001

Psychiatric outpatients report their experiences as participants in a randomized clinical trial.

We conducted exit interviews with 45 outpatients with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) who had participated in a randomized clinical trial. The interviews followed a semistructured format and were audiotaped for later transcription and rating by two independent raters. Content analyses of the interviews revealed that most participants evaluated their experiences quite favorably. For example, most noted that the assessment process was thought-provoking and motivational and that the intervention groups led to increased self-confidence and new friendships. Although a few participants noted that the assessment contained sensitive material, all appreciated the frequent reminders that information disclosed was strictly confidential. These results indicate that persons living with a SPMI often enjoy participating in behavioral research, which can yield immediate benefits to patient-participants. Exit interview research such as this can help investigators to understand reasons for consent and participation, to identify needs for protocol modifications, and to facilitate the integration of evidence-based interventions into the mental health care systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

My transformation as a leader in cardiovascular nursing.

Several themes emerged as I reviewed my career and development as a leader in cardiovascular nursing. An inherent part of my personality is to analyze situations, identify needed action, and figure out appropriate solutions. I recognized that gaining expert knowledge, wise mentors, and constructive critique were essential if I was to develop the skill to make meaningful contributions. My greatest role satisfaction comes from facilitating the intersection of nursing with other disciplines and coaching and mentoring others. Volunteering in the American Heart Association has provided me with many opportunities, an extensive network, and invaluable friendships.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1989

Social support, stressful events, strain, dietary intake, and the elderly.

Little research exists linking social support, stressors, and related nutritional strain (loss of appetite) with the risk of poor nutritional health. Relationships among these concepts were investigated using a sample of elderly Virginians. It was hypothesized that the risk of poor nutritional health (dietary inadequacy) is reduced among elderly with high levels of social support and exacerbated among those experiencing stressful events and strain. Moreover, it was hypothesized that the negative effects of stressful events and strain on the diet are mitigated by high levels of social support. Using multiple regression models, these hypotheses were tested, controlling for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. The results indicated that elderly with 1) an extensive friendship network have more adequate diets; 2) greater financial stress experience greater nutritional stress (poorer appetite); and 3) greater nutritional stress have less adequate diets. Moreover, companionship serves as a buffer against the negative effects of poor appetite on dietary intake.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Examining the common stressors and coping methods of rural adolescents.

The major objective of this study was to explore and examine common stressors and coping strategies of rural adolescents. Coping was defined as a cognitive and transactional process between a person and the person's environment. A survey of 222 normal adolescents attending a rural southwestern Pennsylvania high school reported experiencing stressful events related to school, family, friendship, health, and transportation. The coping strategy reported as being the most commonly used was optimistic. However, the coping strategy reported to be most effective in dealing with stressful events was supportant. The results of this study contribute to the limited information on adolescent coping in rural areas. This study should help health care providers further their understanding of this vulnerable population. Clinicians can enhance the effective coping and overall health of the rural adolescent by screening for and discussing coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Social network effects on the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.

BACKGROUND: Only a limited number of studies have examined the effects of social networks on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), although the findings of such studies would be helpful in designing more effective prevention strategies. GOAL: This study attempts (1) to determine whether there are any social network effects on STD transmission after controlling for other risk factors and (2) to explore the possible mechanisms by which social networks exert their effects. STUDY DESIGN: Logistic regressions examine the effects of friendship networks on STD transmission using data drawn from the Chicago Health and Social Life Survey (CHSLS). Additional logistic regressions probe the possible mechanisms (social control versus information and dyadic versus third party) that account for how the observed effects of networks might arise. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among people who had fewer than 13 lifetime sex partners, those with no social friends were only 0.4 times as likely to be infected as those with one or more social friends. Among people who had 13 or more lifetime partners, those with many friends (5 or 6) but weak ties to them (talking less than once a day with them) were only 0.2 times as likely to be infected as those with either fewer friends or stronger ties to their friends. Additional regressions suggest that network effects resting on dyadic control prevail among those with fewer than 13 lifetime sex partners. In contrast, network effects resting on information exchange among third parties prevail among those with 13 or more lifetime partners.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Of human bonding: the context of nursing as caring.

Nursing's claim on caring as its professional hallmark requires articulation of the ways in which nursing and caring are uniquely integral. Interpreting nursing within a context of human bonding clarifies the contradiction between nursing's legitimate status as a professional service and its chosen identity of caring. Instrumental friendship, derived from the framework of human bonding, is proposed as a metaphor to connect the theory and practice worlds of nursing as caring.

Altruism↗
PubMed1999

The social construction of love and sexuality in a women's prison.

Incarcerated women have numerous physical, social, and emotional health care needs, including specific needs related to their expressions of sexuality while in prison. This report describes the results of a participatory action research study with incarcerated women utilizing critical hermeneutic data analysis techniques. While the public's view of sexuality between incarcerated women borders on the prurient and profane, this study suggests that women in prison continue to be sexual beings who come to "participate" in love and sex with one another based on their need for relationship and friendship. It is suggested that prison bureaucracies define women through a sexual lens, dually grounding their identities in the crimes they were sent to prison for and the perceived crimes of their sexuality. The need for nursing involvement and intervention with this marginalized and stigmatized population is discussed.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary Supplements in American Children: Scientific vs Marketing Justifications.

The American public receives conflicting messages from dietitians, nutritionists, physicians, and manufacturers regarding food supplements. Consumers commonly distrust scientists and justify supplement use based upon word of mouth and friendship patterns. Scientific-based education regarding supplement use is vital in the present atmosphere where consumer misinformation is rampant.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Social position of adolescents with chronic digestive disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the consequences of having a chronic digestive disorder on the social position of adolescents. METHODS: Five diagnostic groups, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic liver diseases, congenital digestive disorders, coeliac disease and food allergy (total n = 758, ages 12-25 years), were each compared with a population-based control group in a multicentre study using a cross-sectional design. Social position was assessed by a mailed questionnaire measuring 24 aspects, categorized as education, leisure activities, friendship, labour participation, financial situation, partnership and sexuality. RESULTS: Eight aspects of social position were found to be affected negatively by one or more chronic digestive diseases: absence from school due to illness, going out, having a paid job, needing re-education in order to get a job, getting benefits as main income source, encountering bottlenecks in establishing financial commitments, having self-confidence in making a pass at someone, and restrictions in making love. Adolescents with chronic liver disease and IBD were found to experience more restrictions in social position. Adolescents with food allergy and congenital digestive disorders appear to experience some restrictions, but to a lesser degree, and adolescents with coeliac disease do not appear to have any problems regarding social position compared with controls. CONCLUSION: The social position of adolescents is affected negatively by having a chronic digestive disease, in particular chronic liver disease and IBD. Negative consequences occur in education, leisure activities, labour participation, financial situation, partnership and sexuality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Are you born a happy person or do you have to make it happen?

An increasing amount of research on happiness reveals that there are many explanations for individuals being happy. Causes for happiness considered in this article include wealth, desire, intelligence, genetics, friendship, marriage, faith, charity, and age. In addition, this article considers how managers can effect their own happiness in the workplace by taking responsibility for happiness in the workplace, providing rewards employees perceive as meaningful, not avoiding employees when times are tough, keeping humor in the workplace, practice joy building, and keeping the environment fun and comfortable.

Happiness↗
PubMed2006

Parental and coach support or pressure on psychosocial outcomes of pediatric athletes in soccer.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article was to examine supportive and/or pressuring influences of parents and coaches on young athletes' maladaptive perfectionist tendencies, relationships to friends, and competency perceptions in soccer. Previous research has revealed that parents and coaches may give rise to both enjoyable and stressful sport experiences for the pediatric athlete and that parents and coaches are thus able to influence whether young people decide to quit sport or continue participating. Less is known about the relation of supportive versus pressuring parental and coach behaviors on the quality of athletes' achievement striving, relationships to friends in sport, and their competence perceptions. Such knowledge may help create a better psychological sport experience for pediatric athletes. DATA SOURCES/SYNTHESIS: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional field study was carried out among 677 young Norwegian soccer players (aged 10 to 14 years; 504 boys, 173 girls; mean age: boys = 11.9 years, SD = 2.9; girls = 11.2 years, SD = 2.1) taking part in the Norway Cup international youth soccer tournament in 2001. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with follow-up canonical correlation was used to examine multivariate relationships between supportive and pressuring behavior and athletes' psychosocial experiences. RESULTS: Joint pressuring behaviors from parents and coaches related positively to maladaptive achievement striving, as indicated by overconcern for mistakes, doubt about one's soccer actions, and lowered perceptions of soccer competence. Mirroring these findings, predominantly supportive coach-created psychological climates were related to a linear pattern of psychological outcomes comprising high-quality friendships, positive competency perceptions, and the absence of specific worries related to achievement striving. CONCLUSIONS: Supportive, mastery-oriented coach influence seems beneficial for constructive psychosocial outcomes in pediatric athletes, and athletes experiencing a joint social pressure to excel from coaches and parents may benefit less psychosocially through sport.

Achievement↗