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PubMed2003

Role of tyrosine kinase- and MAP kinase-dependent intracellular mechanisms in control of ovarian functions in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) and in mediating effects of IGF-II.

The aim of our study was to examine the involvement of IGF-II, tyrosine kinases (TK)- and MAP kinases (MAPK)-dependent intracellular mechanisms in the control of ovarian functions in the domestic fowl, as well as the role of these kinases in mediating the IGF-II effect on this process. For this purpose, we studied the influence of IGF-II (0,1,10 or 100 ng/ml), inhibitors of TK (AG1024, 1 microg/ml), MAPK (PD98059, 5 microg/ml), and their combinations, on proliferation (expression of proliferation-related substances PCNA), apoptosis (apoptosis-associated protein bax), TK (phosphotyrosine), MAPK (ERK1,2), cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 (p34/cdc2) and transcription factor CREB-1, as well as on the release of progesterone (P), testosterone (T), estradiol (E) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT) in cultured fragments of ovarian follicles. The presence of substances within ovarian cells was evaluated by SDS PAGE-Western immunoblotting, and release of the substances was measured by using RIA/EIA of ovarian fragments-conditioned medium. It was found, that the addition of IGF-II to the culture medium (1-100 ng/ml) substantially increased expression of PCNA, MAPK and CREB, and decreased the level of p34/cdc2 and bax, but not TK. Furthermore, exogenous IGF-II inhibited P (at a concentration of 100 ng IGF-II/ml medium), and stimulated T (1,10,100 ng/ml), E (10,100 ng/ml) and AVT (1 ng/ml) release by cultured ovarian cells. Inhibitor of TK, when given alone, increased MAPK and E, inhibited p34/cdc2 and AVT, and did not affect accumulation of TK, P or T. Furthermore, TK blocker prevented effects of IGF-II on T, E and AVT, but not on TK, MAPK, p34/cdc2 and P. MAPK blocker augmented PCNA, MAPK, T and AVT expression, but not P or E, and suppressed expression of p34/cdc2 and bax. Furthermore, MAPK inhibitor, given together with IGF-II, prevented or even reversed the action of IGF-II on PCNA, P, T and AVT, but not on MAPK, p34/cdc2, CREB, bax or E. These observations suggest the involvement of IGF-II, TK and MAPK in the control of proliferation, apoptosis, steroid and peptide hormones by avian ovarian cells, as well as of the involvement of these kinases in mediation of some IGF-II effects on ovarian cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Ultrastructural study on junctional complexes of the excurrent duct epithelia in the epididymal region in the fowl.

Junctional complexes of the epithelia lining the rete testis, efferent ductules, connecting ductules and epididymal duct in the fowl were examined by transmission electron microscopy and by a tracer method using lanthanum nitrate. The junctional complexes were composed of tight junctions, adhering junctions and desmosomes. In the rete testis, one or two points of membrane fusion were observed at the tight junctions. In the efferent and connecting ductules and epididymal duct, the tight junctions consisted of a series of punctate membrane fusions. The adhering junctions and desmosomes showed no remarkable structural differences among these excurrent ducts. Vascularly infused lanthanum nitrate penetrated into the tight junctions of individual epithelia for variable distances, but was prevented from entering the lumen at the site of membrane fusion. These results suggest that the tight junctions can restrict the diffusion of materials via the paracellular route, and that they play an important role in maintaining a suitable fluid environment within the excurrent ducts.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

The first outbreak of fowl cholera in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) in Japan.

The first outbreak of fowl cholera occurred in a flock of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) in Okinawa Prefecture of Japan in November 1990. Fifty (25%) of 200 birds in a farm died of an acute disease. Remaining birds recovered after treatment with oxytetracycline. Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida was isolated in pure culture from all tissues tested from two dead birds. Serovars of the isolates were identified as Carter's capsular type A. Heddleston's type 3.4.12, and Namioka's type 5:A which have not been demonstrated in Japan. Pathologically, multiple necrosis and bacterial aggregates were prominent in several organs, particularly in the liver. The isolate killed chickens when inoculated intravenously at a concentration of 10(8) colony forming units.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Measurement of antibody titer to fowl pox virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The usefulness of the measurement of antibody titer to fowl pox virus (FPV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated in SPF chickens with or without inoculation with FPV. The optimum concentration of purified antigen was 10 micrograms/ml of protein. The absorbance at 492 nm was less than 0.10 in the chickens negative to FPV from 1 to 63 days old. By contrast, a higher titer was detected in SPF chickens with various FPVs inoculated into the wing web than in non-inoculated chickens. Moreover, there was no cross response to chicken sera immunized with Haemophilus paragallinarum, Marek's disease virus, Newcastle disease virus or infectious bronchitis virus. The titers increased after vaccination were not increased after subsequent challenge with virulent FPV. These findings suggested the usefulness of the measurement of the antibody response to FPV vaccine by ELISA.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Comparison of agar-gel precipitin responses among strains of fowl adenovirus using antigens prepared from chorioallantoic membranes and chicken kidney cell cultures.

Agar-gel precipitin responses obtained for serologically different strains of fowl adenovirus (FAV) in tests using antigens prepared from FAV-infected chorioallantoic membranes (CAM antigen) and chicken kidney cell cultures (CKC antigen) were compared. Findings showed that both types of antigens exhibited less sensitivity to heterologous than to homologous antisera and that quantitative differences in sensitivity were present between serotypes. CAM antigens were more sensitive than CKC antigens to heterologous antisera. Polyvalent CAM antigens containing 2 or 3 antigens increased sensitivity in testing of field serum samples, resulting in a higher rate of detection.

Adenoviridae Infections↗

PubMed1996

Biochemical changes in fowl serum during infection with Salmonella typhimurium.

Two groups of White Leghorns were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium in the breast muscle. One group was injected with amikacin every 9 hr (8 times) from 24 to 96 hr after the bacterial inoculation and the other group was given no amikacin. In both groups, a significant increase in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase, and a significant decrease in the levels of alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol and glucose were found 96 hr after inoculation. There were, however, no significant differences in the blood chemical values between the amikacin-treated group and non-treated group. The results from the present study may provide basic data for further investigation of blood chemical values during Salmonella infection and amikacin therapy in fowls.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1996

Outbreaks of fowl cholera in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) on a farm in Aomori Prefecture.

Outbreaks of a subacute disease characterized by lameness, corneal turbidity, dysstasia and depression occurred in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) on a farm in Aomori Prefecture in February and May 1991. Nine strains of Pasteurella multocida were isolated from 5 to 6 dead ducks, and 4 of 8 ducks with clinical signs. Serotypes of the isolates were identified as Heddleston's serotype 1, 10 or 12 and Namioka's serotypes 5:A, 8:A, 9:A or 9:UT. These isolates were highly susceptible to 12 antibiotics, although, some of them were considerably resistant to chloramphenicol. Mouse LD50 values of the 9 isolates ranged from 10(1.0) to 10(5.3). The most virulent strain for the mouse killed 2 to 4 ducks when inoculated intramuscularly at a concentration of 10(3.3). This is the first report of outbreaks of fowl cholera in Muscovy ducks infected with various serotypes strains of P. multocida in Japan.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of major tissues of silky fowls.

This report is to survey elements in frozen or freeze-dried samples of major organs of silky fowls with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF). There was not essential difference between frozen and freeze-dried samples. Of major elements, P. S, K, and Cl were always detected and Mn, Fe, Ca, and Zn were detectable in certain organs. Iodine was detected in thyroid glands. Occasionally Br was detected. The duration of freeze drying, 24 hr or 7 days, did not make significant difference in elemental analysis.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Pathogenicity of serotype 8 fowl adenovirus isolated from gizzard erosions of slaughtered broiler chickens.

The pathogenicity of serotype 8 fowl adenovirus (FAV), isolated from gizzard erosions of slaughtered broiler chickens, was investigated. In experiment 1, 29 5-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were inoculated with the isolates of serotype 8 FAV, M013 (group 1) or G0054 (group 2) strain, via an oral route. There were no clinical signs in any of chickens after inoculation, and mild gizzard erosions were observed macroscopically and microscopically in three inoculated chickens of group 2. FAV was recovered from gizzards and rectums but was not recovered from pancreas and livers from chickens in both inoculated groups. In experiment 2, 27 1-day-old SPF chickens were inoculated with the G0054 strain by intramuscular route. Five, 6, and 3 inoculated chickens died on days 3, 4, and 5 postinoculation (PI), respectively. Four, 3, 1, and 1 inoculated chickens became moribund with severe clinical signs such as ruffled feathers, severe depression and closed eyes from days 3 to 6 PI, respectively. Macroscopically, the common characteristic of the gross lesions of dead chickens and euthanized moribund chickens was discoloration of liver. FAV was recovered from the gizzard, liver, pancreas and rectum. Virus titers in the liver and pancreas were high until day 6 PI. Histologically, necrotizing hepatitis and pancreatitis with intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in the inoculated chickens. These results indicate that some strains of serotype 8 FAV are able to reproduce not only gizzard erosion by oral inoculation but inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) by intramuscular inoculation.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2006

Cerebellar hypoplasia associated with an avian leukosis virus inducing fowl glioma.

Fowl glioma-inducing virus (FGV), which belongs to subgroup A of avian leukosis virus (ALV), shows tumorigenicity and pathogenicity, mainly in the nervous system, and causes astrocytoma and perineurioma. Apart from these neoplasms, cerebellar anomaly was found in chickens infected with FGV in ovo. The study reported here describes the morphologic characteristics of the affected cerebellum. Specific-pathogen-free chickens (C/O) were inoculated with FGV through the yolk sac on the 7th day of incubation. The cerebellar anomaly included diffuse depletion of granular cells of the internal granular layer (IGL), remnants of the external granular layer (EGL), and disorganization of the Purkinje cell layer. These cerebellar changes were observed in all birds except one. In the infected embryos, the EGL was thicker and had an irregular arrangement with a thin molecular layer (ML) and IGL, compared with the control. The granular cells were immunohistochemically positive for ALV common antigen. Immunohistochemical analysis for vimentin revealed disarrangement and decreased number of Bergmann's fibers. Use of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling method and electron microscopy indicated that apoptotic granular cells were frequently observed in the EGL and ML. These results suggested that the cerebellar anomaly was hypoplasia, principally resulting from the apoptosis of granular cells in the EGL and ML caused by FGV infection and that the cell loss induced obstruction of granular cell migration and disarrangement of Bergmann's fibers in the ML.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Effect of synthetic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and its analogues on growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Variations in plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations following iv or sc administration of synthetic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH, Pyr-His-Pro-NH2) have been followed in immature and adult domestic fowl. TRH markedly stimulated GH secretion in newly hatched (1 and 2 day old) chicks and in 6-week-old cockerels but in adult male or female birds of two strains had very little effect, if any. Intravenous injection of 4 TRH analogues (Pyr-His-Mep-NH2, Pyr-Meh-Mep-NH2, Pyr-Meh-Mep-NH and Pyr-Meh-Pro-NH2) were also potent GH secretagogues in 6-week-old birds. The stimulatory effect of TRH or the TRH-analogues on GH secretion was not dose-related.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1984

Serotonin and acetylcholine affect the release of prolactin and growth hormone from pituitary glands of domestic fowl in vitro in the presence of hypothalamic tissue.

Anterior pituitary glands from broiler fowl were incubated alone or with hypothalamic tissue in medium containing either serotonin or serotoninergic drugs, acetylcholine or cholinergic drugs, and the release of prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (GH) measured by homologous radioimmunoassays. The neurotransmitters and drugs affected the release of hormones from the pituitary gland only when hypothalamic tissue was also present. Serotonin and its agonist quipazine stimulated the release of Prl and inhibited release of GH in a concentration-related manner. The antagonist methysergide blocked the effects of serotonin and quipazine on Prl. Acetylcholine and its agonist pilocarpine also stimulated release of Prl and inhibited release of GH in a concentration-related manner. Atropine blocked these responses. The results show that serotonin and acetylcholine affect pituitary hormone secretion by acting on the hypothalamus. They may stimulate the secretion of a Prl releasing hormone and somatostatin.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1975

A preliminary assessment of the source of oestrogen within the ovary of the domestic fowl Gallus domesticus.

Oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood draining individual preovulatory follicles and in different ovarian tissues of the hen. The concentration of oestradiol in blood from follicles 20 to 50 hr before ovulation ranged from 66 to 264 pg/ml and was less than that in peripheral blood collected concurrently, suggesting a net uptake rather than secretion of oestradiol by the follicle at these times. In one bird approximately 6 hr before ovulation, the highest content of oestradiol in tissue (35 ng) was in the small (less than 5 mm) follicles and ovarian stroma; this represented 87.5% of the total ovarian content. Only 0.86 to 1.02 ng oestradiol (2.0 to 2.5) was found in the large preovulatory follicles and 2.22 ng (5.5%) in the postovulatory follicles. High concentrations of oestradiol (2.4 ng/g) were also found in the liver. These results suggest that the small follicles and/or ovarian stroma are the main site of oestradiol production in the fowl; they do not exclude the possibility that oestradiol is secreted at a high rate by the mature follicle for a short period immediately before ovulation, thus influencing the release of LH.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Effects of oviducal cells on the survival and fertilizing ability of fowl spermatozoa.

Oviducal epithelial cells were cultured and the effects of the cells on the survival and fertilizing ability of fowl spermatozoa were investigated. When spermatozoa were incubated at 41 degrees C with cells from the infundibulum, shell gland or uterovaginal junction, their motility, assessed at room temperature (20-23 degrees C), was maintained for 5 to 6 days. Fertilizing ability was also retained after culture at 41 degrees C for at least 4 days. During incubation at this temperature, the spermatozoa were almost immotile and rested in close proximity to the oviducal cells. At 23 degrees C, the same spermatozoa were highly motile.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Effect on fertility of storing fowl semen for 24 h at 5 degrees C in fluids of different pH.

Improved storage of fowl semen above 0 degree C was achieved by adjusting the pH of the diluent. The fertility obtained with semen stored for 24 h at 5 degrees C in diluents buffered at different pH values was compared with that of semen stored in a basic, unbuffered solution. The most satisfactory result was achieved with diluent buffered at pH 6.8 OR 7.1. Worst fertility was obtained at pH 5.8 and pH 7.4 did not prove very satisfactory. There were indications that the effect of pH under the conditions of the experiment was to regulate metabolism and thereby influence the maintenance of the fertilizing ability of the spermatozoa.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Effects of steroid blockers on LH-induced ovulation in the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus.

The spontaneous ovulation of hens was suppressed by daily injection of PMSG. The LH injected to overcome the block was accompanied by one of 4 compounds known to inhibit steroidogenesis at different sites in the biosynthetic pathway. A dose of 300 mg aminoglutethimide phosphate, which inhibits the conversion of cholesterol to 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, blocked the LH-induced ovulation and prevented the normal rise in plasma progesterone. Metyrapone, an inhibitor of 11 beta-hydroxylase, and SC 12937 and AY 9944, inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis, did not prevent ovulation or the progesterone rise induced by exogenous LH. Administration of progesterone overcame the inhibitory effect of aminoglutethimide, and it is suggested that progesterone is involved in the ovulatory process of the fowl.

Aminoglutethimide↗

PubMed1984

Effects of lipid peroxide formation in fowl semen on sperm motility, ATP content and fertilizing ability.

The ability of samples of semen from individual male fowl to form the products of lipid peroxidation during 5 h aerobic incubation at 40 degrees C varied between 0 and 8 nmol malonaldehyde/10(9) spermatozoa. Formation of higher concentrations of malonaldehyde was associated with a partial or complete loss of fertilizing ability whilst the fertilizing ability of samples producing low or negligible concentrations of malonaldehyde remained unimpaired. The semen of birds which showed a tendency to form high concentrations of malonaldehyde was not readily identifiable as abnormal by assessment of sperm motility, morphology or ATP content. Nor was the loss of fertilizing ability during aerobic incubation associated with an obvious change in these characteristics.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1987

Regulation of the motility of fowl spermatozoa by calcium and cAMP.

Using an objective light-scattering technique, it was confirmed that washed fowl spermatozoa become immotile as the temperature is raised from 30 degrees C to the normal body temperature of 40-41 degrees C. Motility of washed spermatozoa was restored at 40 degrees C by the addition of caffeine or calcium, both stimulating motility to a maximum in a dose-dependent manner. Neither effector stimulated the motility of spermatozoa at 30 degrees C. Caffeine, but not calcium, caused an increase in sperm cAMP levels at 40 degrees C. The concentrations of calcium and cAMP in untreated spermatozoa were not significantly different in samples incubated at 30 degrees C or 40 degrees C.

Animals↗