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PubMed1988

Florida's new approach to the medical liability crisis.

A new Florida medical liability insurance act went into effect on February 8, 1988. It would allow for prompt resolution of claims with mandatory presuit investigation of all claims and defenses and voluntary arbitration. A cap of $250,000 is placed on noneconomic damages without punitive awards. Refusal to arbitrate leads to a loss on limit on damages awardable at trial. Special provisions are made for birth-related neurological injury compensation.

Florida↗
PubMed1999

Determination of nicotine, pH, and moisture content of six U.S. commercial moist snuff products--Florida, January-February 1999.

The use of smokeless tobacco (moist snuff and chewing tobacco) can cause oral cancer and precancerous oral lesions (leukoplakia) and is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and nicotine addiction. Despite these adverse effects, smokeless tobacco is used commonly in the United States by young people, especially male high school students. Officials in Florida requested CDC assistance in analyzing six moist snuff products to measure three factors that affect their nicotine dose: pH, nicotine content, and moisture content. This report summarizes the results of the analysis, which indicate that the pH, amount of nicotine, and moisture vary widely among brands.

Florida↗
PubMed1999

Varicella-related deaths--Florida, 1998.

During 1998, the Florida Department of Health (FDH) reported to CDC six fatal cases of varicella (chickenpox). FDH investigated all death certificates for 1998 with any mention of varicella as a contributory or underlying cause. Eight deaths were identified; two were reclassified as disseminated herpes zoster and six were related to varicella, for an annual varicella death rate of 0.4 deaths per million population. Two deaths occurred in children and four in adults; none had received varicella vaccine. The infection source was identified for three cases; two adults acquired varicella from children in the home, and one child acquired varicella from a classmate. One infection source was known to be unvaccinated; the other two were presumed to be unvaccinated. This report summarizes these varicella deaths and recommends prevention strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Culex (Micraedes) biscaynensis n. sp. from Florida (Diptera: Culicidae).

The female, male, male genitalia, pupa, and larva of Culex biscaynensis, a new species in the Bisulcatus Group of subgenus Micraedes, are described and illustrated. The species, which is presently known only from south Florida, United States, is most similar to Culex (Micraedes) antillummagnorum Dyar.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Suicidal drowning in south Florida.

Autopsy protocols at the office of the Chief Medical Examiner were reviewed with respect to suicidal drowning. Between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 1998, there were 267 drownings and 873 people committed suicide in Broward County, Florida. Of those, 25 were suicidal drownings, representing 2.86% of all suicides, and overall the 8th leading cause of suicidal death. When considering suicide in the age group of 65 years and older, (n = 239), which accounts for 19.8% of the population and 27.4%, of all suicides, drowning represents 6.7% of all suicidal deaths, and within females in this group represents the third most common form of suicidal death (13.8%). The presence of alcohol or other drugs is less usual in elderly suicide victims than younger victims. Of the 25 drowning suicides, there was a preference for swimming pools, canals, and lakes as the locations of choice. Additional drowning and suicide related criteria were evaluated including marital status, mental health, clothing worn, previous attempts or threats, suicide notes, and personal effects at the scene; with the intention of establishing a profile for drowning by suicide. Given the relative abundance of water, the suicidal drowning rate appears to be lower than what might otherwise be anticipated.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Surveillance for acute pesticide-related illness during the Medfly eradication program--Florida, 1998.

The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) (Ceratitis capitata, Wiedemann) is an exotic insect that can damage approximately 250 fruit and vegetable plant species and is a serious threat to domestic agriculture. During the spring and summer of 1998, pesticides were used by federal and state agriculture authorities to eradicate Medfly infestations that had been detected in portions of five Florida counties (Table 1). This report summarizes surveillance data, describes probable and possible cases of illness associated with the eradication effort, and provides recommendations for future Medfly-eradication programs.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with an interactive water fountain at a beachside park--Florida, 1999.

Since 1989, approximately 170 outbreaks associated with recreational water venues (e.g., swimming pools, waterparks, fountains, hot tubs and spas, lakes, rivers, and oceans) have been reported, with almost half resulting in gastrointestinal illness (1-5). This report summarizes the investigation of an outbreak of gastroenteritis in Florida during 1999. The findings indicated that Shigella sonnei and Cryptosporidium parvum infections caused illness in persons exposed to an "interactive" water fountain at a beachside park.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Susceptibility of geographically distinct Aedes aegypti L. from Florida to Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) infection.

In the present study, five geographically distinct populations of Aedes aegypti L. from various regions of Florida were compared for their susceptibilities to Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) infection. The populations were from Gainesville (North Central), Jacksonville (North Eastern), Naples (South Western), Sarasota (West Central), and Vero Beach (East Central). Mosquitoes of all the populations had fewer parasites in their Malpighian tubules 6 and 13 days after blood feeding compared to the number of microfilariae initially ingested. There was no significant difference in the mean number of the total parasites per female 6 and 13 days after taking an infectious blood meal. In comparison, significantly larger numbers of the microfilariae completed development in the laboratory-selected Vero Beach susceptible strain. Females excreted microfilariae within 72 hr. of engorgement on an infected dog and the Gainesville, Jacksonville, Naples, and Sarasota populations had 20-23% females that lacked ovarian development six days after blood feeding. Out of these, in 16-22% of the females from the Jacksonville, Naples, and Sarasota populations, parasite development was arrested mostly as moribund prelarvae and only few developing larvae were observed. All females of the Gainesville population that did not develop eggs (20%) also lacked parasites. In the Jacksonville population, 23% of the females that matured eggs had no infection. Eight percent of the females from the Sarasota population exhibited a similar response. Low survivorship was observed at 6 and 13 days after imbibing an infectious blood meal. Females showed melanization of microfilariae in the Malpighian tubules, on the midgut wall, and in the hemocoel. Cellular melanization response was observed in the hemocoel, whereas, a humoral melanization response was observed in the Malpighian tubules. The Vero Beach susceptible strain showed maximum vector efficiency and lowest survival at 13 days post-blood meal compared to the Jacksonville and the Gainesville populations.

Aedes↗
PubMed2000

Tobacco control and direct democracy in Dade County, Florida: future implications for health advocates.

In 1979 and 1980 in Dade County, Florida, a small grassroots advocacy group, Group Against Smoking Pollution (GASP), attempted to enact a clean indoor air ordinance through the initiative process. The tobacco industry's successful efforts to defeat the initiatives were expensive high-tech media-centered campaigns. Even though GASP's electoral resources were extremely limited for both initiatives, GASP utilized similar media-centered tactics. This approach attempted to defeat the tobacco industry in its own venue, in spite of the tobacco industry's vastly greater resources. Nevertheless, the industry defeated these ordinances by narrow margins because of broad voter support for the initiatives before the industry started its campaigns. Health advocates will never have the resources to match the tobacco industry in expensive high-tech media-centered initiative campaigns. Rather, their power lies in the general popularity of tobacco control legislation and their ability to mobilize broad grassroots efforts combined with an adequately funded media campaign.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1975

Hypercalcemia and calcinosis in Florida horses: implication of the shrub, Cestrum diurnum, as the causative agent.

A chronic debilitating disease is described in Florida horses. There is progress weight loss and lameness of increasing severity. Plasma calcium is elevated to moderate or severe degree. Anatomical changes include dystrophic calcinosis of elastic tissues, viz. major arteries, tendons and ligaments. A generalized osteopetrosis is present and may be related to hypoparathyroidsim and hypercalcitoninism. The presence of Cestrum diurnum (day-blooming jessamine, day cestrum, wild jasmin) in areas accessible to affected animals, the observation that leaves of the plant were stripped in these areas, and the finding of a potent, active vitamin D-like substance in this plant constitute strong evidence that Cestrum diurnum is the agent causing the abnormalities of mineral metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

A two-year pollen and spore survey of Southeast Florida.

A two-year pollen survey of southeast Florida revealed significant airborne pollen and spores. Ragweed, grass, tree pollen and mold spores were identified. Pollen and mold spores were found to be present in lower quantities than in the temperate regions but for more prolonged periods of time.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of phosphorus retention in a South Florida treatment wetland.

The Everglades Construction Project of the South Florida Water Management District (District) will employ large constructed wetlands known as Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) to reduce phosphorus concentrations in runoff entering the Everglades. The District built and operated a prototype STA, the 1,545 ha Everglades Nutrient Removal Project (ENRP), to determine the efficacy of subtropical wetlands for improving regional water quality with a focus on reducing total phosphorus (TP). In five years of operation, the ENRP has consistently exceeded its performance goals of TP outflow concentrations <50 microg P/L and a 75% TP load reduction. Since August 1994, the ENRP has retained 70.3 metric tons of TP that otherwise would have entered the Everglades. When corrected for surface area and inflow TP load, TP removal efficiency was highest in the inflow buffer cell and decreased generally in a downstream fashion through the wetland. High TP removal efficiency in treatment cell 4 was attributed to superior performance of its submerged aquatic vegetation community relative to the emergent and floating macrophyte community in the other cells. Controlled experiments in the District's STA Optimization Research Program will help clarify what effect vegetation and operational conditions may have on nutrient removal in the STAs.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2001

Performance of a recirculating wetland filter designed to remove particulate phosphorus for restoration of Lake Apopka (Florida, USA).

Operation of a 14-km2 wetland filter for removal of total phosphorus (TP) from lake water is part of the restoration program for hypereutrophic Lake Apopka, Florida. This system differs from most treatment wetlands because 1) water is recirculated back to the lake, and 2) the goal is removal of particulate phosphorus (P), the dominant form of P in Lake Apopka. The operational plan for the wetland is maximization of the rate rather than the efficiency of P removal. The St. Johns River Water Management District operated a 2-km2 pilot-scale wetland to examine the capacity of a wetland system to remove suspended solids and particulate nutrients from Lake Apopka. TP in the inflow from Lake Apopka ranged from about 0.12 to 0.23 mg l(-1), and hydraulic loading rate (HLR) varied from 6.5 to 42 m yr(-1). The performance of the pilot-scale wetland supported earlier predictions. Mass removal efficiencies for TP varied between about 30% and 67%. A first-order, area-based model indicated a rate constant for TP removal of 55 m yr(-1). We compared actual removal of P with model predictions and used modeled performance to examine optimal operational conditions. Correspondence between observed and modeled outflow TP was not good with constant variable values. Monte Carlo techniques used to introduce realistic stochastic variability improved the fit. The model was used to project a maximal rate of P removal of about 4 g P m(-2) yr(-1) at P loading 10-15 g P m(-2) yr(-1) (HLR 60-90 m yr(-1)). Data from the pilot wetland indicated that actual rates of P removal may prove to be higher. Further operation of the wetland at high hydraulic and P loading rates is necessary to verify or modify the application of the model.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A population-based hepatitis B vaccination coverage survey among Asian and Pacific Islander American students in Alachua County, Florida.

PURPOSE: The goal of this project was to evaluate the impact of the Florida mandatory hepatitis B vaccination law on the immunization status of Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) students in Gainesville. METHODS: We (1) compared the differences of hepatitis B immunization rate between students in grades seven through nine and grades 10 through 12, (2) assessed knowledge of and attitudes towards hepatitis B vaccination of parents of AAPI students, and (3) promoted the importance of Hepatitis B vaccination among those who have not received the vaccination. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two hundred and eighty-eight AAPIs were enrolled in grades seven through 12; 42 could not be contacted. Forty-seven percent of the parents (n = 116) consented to in-home interviews and gave permission to verify the immunization status. An additional 65 parents gave permission to verify the immunization status, but did not consent to be interviewed. CONCLUSIONS: As expected by state mandate, significantly more seventh, eight, and ninth graders were immunized compared to students in grades 10 through 12 (X(2) = 137.50, p < 0.0001). More than 90% of the students in the seventh, eight, and ninth grades had received all three hepatitis B vaccines. Less than 30% of the students in grades 10 through 12 received all three vaccines. Most parents (79%) said their high school-aged children had not received the vaccines because they were not required to do so. Most parents knew children needed three vaccines to be fully immunized and correctly identified the liver as the target organ. However, there was uncertainty about the mode of HBV transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Cestrum diurnum poisoning in Florida cattle.

Cestrum diurnum poisoning was described in a Florida bull. Clinical signs included chronic wasting and progressive lameness. Plasma calcium was elevated for long periods of time but decreased toward low normal values. There was pronounced C-cell hyperplasia. Osteopetrosis was very severe and reflected retarded osteocytic osteolysis and chondrolysis. Further negative effects on the osteocytes eventually lead to osteonecrosis. Soft tissue calcinosis involved tendons and ligaments, major arteries and veins but kidneys and lungs were spared. Whereas the osteopetrosis could be explained by hypercalcitoninism, the osteonecrosis was believed to result from direct action by the Cestrum diurnum factor, previously shown to have an action similar to that of 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol, which is the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2002

Neurologic illness associated with eating Florida pufferfish, 2002.

Since January 1, 2002, human illness after eating pufferfish caught in waters near Titusville, Florida, has been reported (Figure 1). The illnesses were manifested by neurologic symptoms consistent with exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins. Laboratory analysis in early April confirmed the presence of saxitoxin in uneaten pufferfish. This report presents selected case examples and summarizes all cases reported to the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System of the American Association of Poison Control Centers (TESS).

Adult↗
PubMed2002

An iridescent virus and a microsporidium in the biting midge Culicoides barbosai from Florida.

An iridescent virus and a microsporidium (Nosema sp.) were found infecting larvae of the biting midge Culicoides barbosai collected in Boynton Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida. Larvae were extracted from mud collected weekly during a 22-month period from March 1998 to December 1999. Virus-infected larvae were present in 4 collections made in March, April, and May 1998 and the average infection level was 4.7% (range 2.3-7.1%). The virus infected the fat body and produced an iridescent blue color in larvae because of the crystalline arrays of the particles. These virus particles were hexagonal, measured 99 nm from side to side, and had an electron-dense inner core. The site of infection of the Nosema sp. also was the fat body of the larva, which became opaque white. These opaque areas were the result of masses of oval binucleate spores measuring 2.7+/-0.1 x 4.4+/-0.3 microm (n = 25). The Nosema sp. was present in larvae of 14 collections made during the 22-month period, with an average infection level of 6.1% (range 0.3-21.4%). Although individual larvae infected with the iridescent virus and Nosema sp. occurred in 4 collections, no dual infections were observed. Larvae patently infected with the iridescent virus and Nosema sp. died before pupation.

Animals↗