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PubMed1981

[Unusual forms of Fasciola hepatica infestation. Report of two cases (author's transl)].

Infestation by Fasciola hepatica is being reported with increasing frequency. During a five year period the authors have studied 25 cases of disease caused by F. hepatica, all of them diagnosed by finding eggs of the parasite in the feces or the duodenal fluid. In two cases the ectopic location of th parasite gave rise to unusual clinical manifestations. The first case presented during the course of hepatic fascioliasis both subcutaneous and epididymis locations, with an histologic picture similar to that of the hepatic lesions. The involvement of the epididymis, not previously cited in the literature, gave rise to a hydrocele. The second case presented with signs of central nervous system involvement and a high eosinophil count in the cerebrospinal fluid. Dehydroemetine was effective in all patients, including the unusual cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Encephalopathy during distomiasis].

A patient with Fascioliasis developed polyradiculoneuritis and encephalopathy. The diagnosis was confirmed by an eosinophilia associated with positive serial serology tests. The disease regressed spontaneously. The immuno-allergic mechanism is discussed.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1982

Loss of substrate binding capacity of the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 in Fasciola hepatica infected rats: toxicological implications.

Experimental fascioliasis in the rat is responsible for a dramatic decrease in the drug-metabolizing ability of the hepatic monooxygenase system. The present investigation, through a spectroscopic study of hexobarbital interaction with microsomal cytochrome P-450 and in vitro and in vivo studies of hexobarbital metabolism in the rat, demonstrates that this decrease is due to an alteration in the structure of the hemoprotein (loss of substrate binding capacity of cytochrome P-450 followed by denaturation). These results might be responsible for a decreased safety margins for those flukicidal agents that are detoxified by the monooxygenase pathway, and might explain the accumulation problems frequently associated with chemotherapy of Fasciola hepatica.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1981

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was investigated for the diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle. Studies included examination of 4 antigen preparations: freshly collected fluke antigen (FFA), dead fluke antigen (DFA), lyophilized fluke antigen (LFA), and partially purified antigen (PPA) for activity and use of an ELISA with FFA and LFA for diagnosis of experimentally and naturally occurring fascioliasis in cattle. The ELISA, using FFA, detected F hepatica antibody in calves as early as 4 weeks after exposure to this parasite. The DFA exhibited slightly less activity, and LFA did not have diagnostic value until 9 to 10 weeks after exposure. The PPA produced high background readings with noninfected control sera and was not considered sufficiently specific for further use. The long incubation and short incubation ELISA procedures can be used for diagnostic work. Both were equally sensitive, with optical density readings of known positive sera routinely 2.5 times those of sera from normal controls. The repeatability of these tests was also excellent, and only slight variation in optical density was observed in ELISA was performed on representative known positive and negative sera with similar reagents in replicate tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Facioliasis: is the anemia caused by hematophagia?

In fascioliasis, anemia is a well-recognized symptom but its etiology is controversial. There is disagreement on whether hematophagia occurs, and if it does, whether it is sufficient to produce the anemic symptoms observed. Another opinion is that a toxic substance emanating from the fluke causes the anemia. In the present study the anemia was investigated in rats. Hematological parameters measured over the course of infection showed significant decreases in erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin after the flukes entered the bile duct. Significant increases were observed in reticulocyte counts and mean corpuscular volume upon entry of flukes into the bile duct. Urobilinogen levels increased in early stages of infection but returned to near normal levels after the worms reached the bile duct. To determine whether Fasciola hepatica could produce an anemia in rats when hematophagia was prevented, uninfected rats were peritoneally implanted with worms in fine-mesh sacks which prevented worms from feeding on blood. Hematological parameters indicated that the anemia produced in rats with implanted worms was very similar to that produced by mature, per os infections. This study indicates that the anemia is caused by a substance released by the worms and supports previous work suggesting that proline released from the worms may be inducing the anemia.

Anemia↗
PubMed1980

Chemoprophylaxis with diamfenetide against experimental infections of Fasciola hepatica in ruminants.

In limited trials against experimentally induced Fasciola hepatica infections, diamfenetide (N,N'-[oxybis(2,1-ethanediyloxy-4,1-phenylene)]bisacetamide) showed potential value for the prevention of acute fascioliasis in sheep and cattle. When given at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, diamfenetide was 87% effective in preventing establishment of F hepatica infections in sheep that were given the drug daily for 14 days, and was 96% effective in sheep that were given the drug for 21 days. Infective cysts (4 doses of 150 each) were given by capsule at 2-day intervals during the first week of medication. In additional trials, initial single large doses (40 to 100 mg/kg of body weight) given in conjunction with small doses each day (5 to 40 mg/kg), did not augment chemoprophylactic action. Signs of toxicosis attributable to diamfenetide were not observed. The severity of hepatic lesions ascribable to F hepatica correlated well with the degree of fluke control achieved. Small doses of diamfenetide given each day were less effective in calves than in sheep. Nevertheless, when given at dosages of 30 mg/kg daily for 11 days, the drug was 89% effective in preventing the development of F hepatica infections in two calves which were given infective cysts (4 X 100) by capsule at 2-day intervals during the first week of medication. Small doses of diamfenetide given daily were effective in preventing the establishment of F hepatica infections in ruminants.

Acetanilides↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of Fasciola infection among school children in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.

This study was performed on 1350 school children from 9 different villages in Sharkia Governorate to investigate the real situation of endemicity of fascioliasis in the area. Stool examination using modified Kato thick smear method was performed to detect Fasciola infection and other parasites. Those with negative stool samples were examined serologically by ELISA test to detect anti-Fasciola IgG. All cases with positive anti-Fasciola IgG were further examined by circum-oval precipitin test (COPT) against viable S. mansoni eggs to exclude the crossly reacted Schistosoma infections. Sixty nine cases were found to pass Fasciola eggs in their stool samples (5.1%). Anti-Fasciola IgG was detected in the sera of 231 children (17.1%) using ELISA test. Eighty four out of the 231 children were found positive by COPT and were considered as schistosomal cases. The remaining 147 who gave negative COPT were considered as Fasciola infections. All of the 69 Fasciola positive stool cases were found positive by ELISA test and negative by COPT test. The sensitivity of stool analysis was 47% versus 100% sensitivity of ELISA, whereas the specificity of ELISA was 63%. The total number of Fasciola positive cases by ELISA and stool analysis were 147 cases among 1350 children indicating a prevalence of 10.9% among school children in Sharkia Governorate. This results highlighting the importance of health education and snail control in decreasing the high prevalence.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Cholestasis caused by Fasciola hepatica].

Human infestation with Fasciola hepatica is observed occasionally. Cholestasis due to parasitic obstruction of the common duct is an infrequent complication. A case of fascioliasis is described in a 56 year-old male with symptoms of biliary colic and biochemical cholestasis. The diagnosis was based on the indirect hemagglutination test and the evidence of Fasciola hepatica in the extrahepatic biliary tract shown by ultrasound and ERCP. The patient presented an acute pancreatic reaction during an attempt at therapeutic endoscopic sphincterotomy. Medical treatment was initiated then with Bithionol. Cholestasis as well as the parasitosis were eliminated. Recovery was demonstrated by the normality of the titres of hemagglutination and of the biliary tract by ERCP.

Cholestasis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fasciola hepatica: characterization of somatic and excretory-secretory antigens of adult flukes recognized by infected sheep.

The immune response of sheep to somatic components and excretory/secretory products of adult Fasciola hepatica, was studied during an experimental infection. Antibodies against adult fluke somatic and excretory/secretory antigens were detected by thin layer immunoassay from the second week post infection. Similarly, the results of Western blot analysis showed specific recognition of several components as early as two weeks after infection. However, an increase in the number and intensity of bands with time of infection was observed in the patterns of antigenic recognition. Most notorious was the strong reactivity of all infected sheep sera towards components of 20-23 kDa in the somatic preparation and components of 23-27 kDa in the excretory/secretory products of adult F. hepatica, specially noticeable after the sixth week post-infection. Since these polypeptides were recognized by all infected animals, they could play an important role in the diagnosis of sheep fascioliasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in male Holstein calves with prior infection by flukes (Fasciola hepatica).

This experiment was designed to compare 3 dose levels of aflatoxin B1 (0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of body weight) and 2 infection levels of Fasciola hepatica metacercariae (0 and 220) to determine whether an additive effect from aflatoxin B1 occurs when fascioliasis is present in dairy calves. Twenty-four male, Holstein calves, 4 weeks old, and averaging 45.8 kg each, were assigned at random to 6 treatment groups, 4 calves per group: group 1--negative control; group 2--0.5 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg; group 3--1.0 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg group 4--220 metacercariae; group 5--220 metacercariae plus 0.5 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg; and group 6-220 metacercariae plus 1.0 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg. The single oral dose of 220 metacercariae was given (groups 4, 5, and 6) at the start of the 10-week experiment, and 5 weeks later, the single oral dose of aflatoxin B1 was given (groups 2, 3, 5, 6). Results from the principals, as compared with that from the controls (group 1), included significant decreases of dry matter intake (P less than 0.006), body weight (P less than 0.024), and serum albumin (P less than 0.04), and in groups 4, 5, and 6 infected with 220 flukes, there were significantly increased values of prothrombin time (P less than 0.014), serum alkaline phosphatase (P less than 0.04), and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (P less than 0.007). Significant differences in number of flukes recovered from liver were seen in groups 4 to 6 given 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg of aflatoxin B1/kg (P less than 0.046). The single oral dose of 22* fluke metacercariae in groups 4, 5, and 6 resulted in significantly increased concentrations of serum total protein (P less than 0.003) and globulins (P less than 0.01). Results from the development of the flukes from metacercariae to the mature state with sizes, numbers, feeding habits, and pathologic lesions were described. Differences in numbers of flukes recovered from liver of groups 4 to 6 and the presence of pneumonia in calves of group 6 indicated aflatoxin B1 produced persisting, lowered resistance. In all animals necropsied, the liver was the organ most affected by aflatoxin B1 as well as with flukes. Periportal fibrosis, monocytic infiltration, fatty infiltration, and bile duct proliferation were the usual lesions induced by aflatoxin B1. Additive toxic effects were observed in the groups 5 and 6 dosed with flukes and aflatoxin B1, with significant variations of serum and plasma values, as well as increased severity of histopathologic changes.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1997

[Hepatic distomatosis of tumor form after prolonged treatment with corticoids].

A 49-year woman, living in Cameroun and treated by steroids for connective tissue disease, was admitted for a liver mass and epigastric pain. An increase in blood count of eosinophils (1,590.10(9)/L) was observed. Imaging examination showed the presence of a voluminous, multilocular, and heterogeneous hepatic lesion. Pathological examination of the liver showed no evidence of tumor but revealed a rounded cuticle remnant, compatible with bilharziosis eggs or loase transversal section, and Charcot-Leyden's crystals. Due to the uncertainty of diagnosis, a right hepatectomy was performed. Pathological and parasitological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis of hepatic distomatosis, with typical eggs of Fasciola hepatica within necrotic tissue, surrounded by eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrates. Specific serology was positive. The presence of intraparenchymatous eggs was unusual and reflected the ectopic migration of a mature fluke into the hepatic parenchyma, even though the worm was not found in the surgical specimen. Serology for fascioliasis should be performed in any patient suffering from hepatic lesions with eosinophilia.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1998

[Dystomatosis produced by fasciola hepatica: three cases in Madrid].

Three cases of hepatic fascioliasis diagnosed in the Department of Internal Medicine are presented. All of the patients live in Madrid, all were fed watercress in the last month and the diagnosis was established during the invasive phase and confirmed by serological testing. We emphasized the importance of the TC scan in the correct diagnosis, the ectopic location of the parasite presentation like subcutaneous thoracic nodule and the efficacy of bithionol in the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Phytochemical screening and molluscicidal potency of some Zairean medicinal plants.

A total number of 48 plants used in the Zairean pharmacopoeia were tested against molluscan intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts from five plants: Maesa lanceolata, Chenopodium ugandae, Asparagus racemosus, Phyllanthus nummulariifolius and Crinum zeylanicum, exhibited high mortality rate (100%) against Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis. Their LC50 was respectively 0.1, 5, 5, 10 and 50 mg ml-1 for B. pfeifferi and 0.5, 5, 1, 10 and 10 mg ml-1 for L. natalensis. The activities are attributed to the presence of terpenoids, steroids and saponins in the plant extracts. Except for the extracts from Ch. ugandae however, the plants have shown toxic effect on fishes and aquatic insects.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Hepatic proline after bile duct ligation in rats.

Since biliary hyperplasia of fascioliasis correlated with hepatic proline level, we examined the occurrence of a similar chemical stimulus during bile obstruction. Uptake of tritiated proline and glycine rose in both hepatocytes and a bile duct enriched cell fraction, following duct ligation in rats. The increased hepatic content of proline but not glycine suggests that proline has a role in post-obstructive biliary proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A survey of abattoir data in northern Nigeria.

A survey of the abattoirs in 10 selected towne in Nigeria showed that about 41.9 per cent of whole carcasses condemned between 1975 and 1977 were due to tuberculosis and 22.2 per cent to beef cysticercosis. Seventy per cent of organ condemnations, mainly of livers, were due to fascioliasis. Other major causes of organ condemnations were hydatid cysts, tuberculosis and pneumonia of various causes. An estimated 500 tonnes of meat valued at about 1.25 million Naira (US $1.8 million) are condemned each year throughout Nigeria. The use of abattoirs as monitoring stations in national animal disease eradication programmes is highlighted.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Immunochemical characterization of alkaline phosphatase from the fluid of sterile and fertile Echinococcus granulosus cysts.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) was purified and characterized for comparison between fertile and sterile HCF. Samples were obtained from slaughtered sheep and then sterile and fertile cysts were separated. ALP was purified from aspirated cyst fluid and biochemical parameters were determined. Sera from patients with hydatid disease (15 samples) and patients with other parasitic diseases including fascioliasis (2 samples), taeniasis ( Taenia saginata, 5 samples) and also sera from uninfected controls (15 samples), were collected and used in immunoblotting experiments with ALP from sterile and fertile HCF as antigen. Our results showed that ALP activity in fertile HCF [10.75+/-3.78 (SD) U/ml) was significantly more than in sterile HCF (6.25+/-2.43 U/ml). There were also some differences between the kinetic parameters and biochemical characteristics of ALP in fertile and sterile HCF. Immunoreactive bands were clearly observed when sera from hydatid infected patients were tested with ALP from fertile HCF as the antigen. However, this method revealed no cross-reaction between purified ALP from sterile HCF and sheep liver tissue. These findings suggest that there is some variation in the immunochemical characteristics of ALP from fertile and sterile HCF.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2003

Fatty acids bound to Fasciola hepatica 12 kDa fatty acid-binding protein, a candidate vaccine, differ from fatty acids in extracts of adult flukes.

The FA composition of Fasciola hepatica 12 kDA purified native FA-binding protein (nFh12), a candidate vaccine against fascioliasis, is described. The FA chain lengths ranged between 12 and 24 carbons. The principal FA were 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:0, 20:4n-6, and 20:1n-9. The acids 16:0, 18:1n-9, and 18:0 comprised over half the FA that were bound to the whole FA-binding protein. Small amounts (1.0-2.8%) of iso-anteiso methyl-branched FA also were characterized. Forty-one different FA were identified in extracts of the adult flukes, with the three most abundant FA also being 16:0, 18:1n-9, and 18:0. A similar proportion of saturated vs. unsaturated FA was observed between the whole extract from F. hepatica and the nFh12 protein. However, the n-3/n-6 ratio of PUFA was significantly different, being 1.2 in the whole extract vs. 9.6 in the nFh12 protein complex. The nFh12 protein binds more n-5, n-6, and n-7 PUFA and less n-3 and n-9 PUFA than the whole extract. In addition, cholesterol (56%), sitosterol (36%), and fucosterol (8%) also were bound to the nFh12 protein complex.

Animals↗