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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Electronically Mediated Selectivity in Ring Opening of 1-Azirines. The 3-Z Mode: Convenient Route to 2-Aza-1,3-dienes.

Reaction of 1-azirine-3-methylacrylates 1a,b with imidazoles and pyrazoles under mild conditions results in the formation of 2-aza-1,3-dienes 2a-g containing a potential leaving group at the 1-position. Simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) react similarly with 1a,b in the presence of sodium carbonate to afford 2h-j. Utilization of 2 in the hetero Diels-Alder reaction with electron-deficient dienophiles is described.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Hydroxypyruvate as a gluconeogenic substrate in rat hepatocytes.

At concentrations of 2mM and above hydroxypyruvate produced no glucose with isolated rat liver cells, although it was rapidly utilized. At a lower concentration of hydroxypyruvate or in the presence of substrates which generate reducing equivalents (ethanol or butyrate), appreciable amounts of glucose were formed from hydroxypyruvate. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Isolation and identification of a bacterial strain JS018 capable of degrading several kinds of organophosphate pesticides].

Organophosphate pesticides are used widely all over the world and play an important role in plant pest control. However these pesticides are considered as pollutants and harmful to human health. To search for microorganisms that can degrade organophosphate pesticides with high efficiency, a bacterial strain, coded as JS018, was isolated and screened from the soil in the vicinity of Shanming Pesticides Factory, Shanming, Fujian. Laboratory tests showed that the bacterium could degrade several kinds of organophosphate pesticides, such as Parathion-methyl and phoxin. The strain's degrading rates on phoxin, Parathion-methyl, hostathion and dichlorvos in LB liquid fermentation medium for 36 h were 99%, 96%, 80.4% and 69.0% respectively. The bacterial colonies on LB plate appeared shiny and pale-pink in color. The bacteria were Gram-negative coccoids, 0.5 - 0.7 microm in diameter. They grew well at 30 - 38 degrees C and pH 7.0 - 9.0. The optimal temperature and pH for cell growth was 32 degrees C and pH 7.5 - 8.0, respectively. They did not grow in medium containing 6% or more NaCl. The antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that the strain was resistant to ampicillin, penicillin and lincomycin. It was sensitive to kanamycin, tetracycline and gentamicin. Laboratory tests also showed that the strain could ferment D-glucose, trehalose, melezitose and ethanol. It was negative in the production of indole and hydrogen sulfide. It could not liquefy gelatin, utilize citrate, nor ferment L-arabinose, sucrose, D-mannitol, D-xylose, fructose, D-galactose, maltose or lactose. The catalase, urease and nitrate reduction were positive. Based on its morphological, physiological and biochemical properties as well as the 16S rDNA sequence analysis result, the strain was tentatively identified as Roseomonas sp.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

Methylotrophic extremophilic yeast Trichosporon sp.: a soil-derived isolate with potential applications in environmental biotechnology.

A yeast isolate revealing unique enzymatic activities and substrate-dependent polymorphism was obtained from autochthonous microflora of soil heavily polluted with oily slurries. By means of standard yeast identification procedures the strain was identified as Trichosporon cutaneum. Further molecular PCR product analyses of ribosomal DNA confirmed the identity of the isolate with the genus Trichosporon. As it grew on methanol as a sole carbon source, the strain appeared to be methylotrophic. Furthermore, it was also able to utilize formaldehyde. A multi-substrate growth potential was shown with several other carbon sources: glucose, glycerol, ethanol as well as petroleum derivatives and phenol. Optimum growth temperature was determined at 25 degrees C, and strong inhibition of growth at 37 degrees C together with the original soil habitat indicated lack of pathogenicity in warm-blooded animals and humans. The unusually high tolerance to xenobiotics such as diesel oil (>30 g/l), methanol (50 g/l), phenol (2 g/l) and formaldehyde (7.5 g/l) proved that the isolate was an extremophilic organism. With high-density cultures, formaldehyde was totally removed at initial concentrations up to 7.5 g/l within 24 h, which is the highest biodegradation capability ever reported. Partial biodegradation of methanol (13 g/l) and diesel fuel (20 g/l) was also observed. Enzymatic studies revealed atypical methylotrophic pathway reactions, lacking alcohol oxidase, as compared with the conventional methylotroph Hansenula polymorpha. However, the activities of glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, formaldehyde reductase, formate dehydrogenase and unspecific aldehyde dehydrogenase(s) were present. An additional glutathione-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was also detected. Metabolic and biochemical characteristics of the isolated yeast open up new possibilities for environmental biotechnology. Some potential applications in soil bioremediation and wastewater decontamination are discussed.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1982

[Plasma assay of clomipramine and demethylclomipramine by high performance liquid chromatography].

A technique for assay of clomipramine (Anafranil) and its demethylated metabolite by high performance liquid chromatography is described in this study. This technique utilizes an XoA 800 normal phase column and a quaternary solvent composed of dietylamine, water, acetonitrile, and ethanol. Plasma of patients was extracted with hexane in an alkaline medium (pH 10). The use of an internal standard seemed to improve the assay's repeatability. The simplicity and rapidity of this technique should make it a useful aid for determining optimal doses of Anafranil for patients with depression.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1991

Selection of thermotolerant yeasts for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose to ethanol.

A total of 27 yeast strains belonging to the groups Candida, Saccharomyces, and Kluyveromyces were screened for their ability to grow and ferment glucose at temperatures ranging 32-45 degrees C. K. marxianus and K. fragilis were found to be the best ethanol producing organisms at the higher temperature tested and, so, were selected for subsequent simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) studies. SSF experiments were performed at 42 and 45 degrees C, utilizing Solkafloc (10%) as cellulose substrate and a cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g substrate. Best results were achieved at 42 degrees C with K. marxianus L. G. and K. fragilis L. G., both of which produced close to 38 g/L ethanol and 0.5 ethanol yield, in 78 h.

Candida↗
PubMed1975

[Fundamentals of parenteral feeding in internal diseases].

A review of parenteral infusion therapy in internal medicine is given. The principles of total parenteral nutrition with fatty acids, ethanol, glucose, non-glucose-carbohydrates (fructose, sorbitol, xylitol) and amino acids are discussed. Problems such as indication and contraindication, metabolism and utilization of the applied substances as well as adverse effects are dealt with. The practice of infusion therapy and its form of application are shown on the basis of the author's own experience. Finally a scheme for total parenteral nutrition is presented.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1999

Nutrient content and protein and energy digestibilities of ethanol-extracted, low alpha-galactoside soybean meal as compared to intact soybean meal.

A study was conducted with adult Leghorn roosters to determine TMEn, dry matter digestibility, amino acid content and digestibility, and cellulose and hemicellulose content and digestibility of ethanol-extracted, low alpha-galactoside soybean meal (SBM). Results were compared to that of commercially available 47% CP SBM. Twenty-one roosters were utilized; seven roosters were precision-fed each of the two soybean meal treatments, and seven served as feed-deprived controls. Excreta were collected for 48 h after feeding. A second experiment compared the TMEn, as determined with roosters, to AMEn, as determined with male broiler chicks, of 44% and 47% CP SBM and three different ethanol extraction procedures to remove alpha-galactosides. The ethanol extraction procedure concentrated CP, gross energy, and TMEn. Dry matter digestibility of SBM increased from 52.1% (control SBM) to 63.3% (ethanol-extracted SBM) because of the ethanol extraction procedure. The average amino acid digestibility of ethanol-extracted SBM was 91.6%, compared to 88.0% for control SBM. The digestibility of methionine, alanine, valine, and lysine was improved by the ethanol extraction procedure. Total cellulose and hemicellulose digestion, measured as digestion of specific monosaccharide components, was increased by the ethanol extraction. The TMEn and AMEn values for the different control and extracted SBM were similar. These data indicate that the ethanol extraction of SBM to remove alpha-galactosides resulted in a product that is more protein and energy dense than commercial SBM. Advantages in digestion of amino acids and fiber may contribute to the increase in TMEn observed in both young and adult birds.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

The high-affinity binding of [3H]norharman ([3H]beta-carboline) to the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 in rat liver.

High-affinity binding sites of [3H]norharman (synonymous: [3H]beta-carboline) were characterized in microsomal membranes from rat liver utilizing various beta-carboline (BC) derivatives and substances binding to enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily (EC 1.14.14.1). Saturation experiments demonstrated that [3H]norharman binds with high-affinity (dissociation constant 20.86 nM; maximum binding 21.40 pmol/mg protein). Displacement experiments with the beta-carboline derivatives 6-methyl-BC and 6-hydroxy-BC revealed a better adaptation to the two-site model, indicating that [3H]norharman binds to at least two sites, with an affinity of the high-affinity site in the low nM range. Substances binding with relative preference to isozymes of the CYP superfamily displaced [3H]norharman with a lesser potency than unlabeled norharman. Imidazole, pyrazole, and 4-methylpyrazole, known as inducers of the ethanol-inducible CYP2E1, displaced [3H]norharman with relative high potency. Furthermore, binding experiments with microsomes from human lymphoblast-expressed rat CYP2E1 revealed a high-affinity binding site [inhibition constant (Ki) 13.21 nM] comparable to that of microsomal membranes for norharman. It was displaceable by ethanol (Ki 14.25 microM), indicating that norharman and ethanol bind to the same binding site on CYP2E1. In vivo experiments with rats which had ingested ethanol for two weeks revealed that norharman blood plasma levels were significantly elevated at the end of this period, supporting the notion of an interaction of norharman and ethanol metabolism. Since it has been demonstrated in the Ames test that norharman's comutagenic action is connected with microsomal membranes (containing CYP isozymes), the present findings suggest that the observed increase in the levels of norharman in alcoholics leads to further CYP enzyme induction and thereby contributes to the increased risk of carcinomas in these patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Immunological studies of poisonous anacardiaceae: effect of vehicle on absorption of 3-n-pentadecylcatechol and its diacetate ester derivative after oral feeding in rats.

Tritium-labeled 3-n-pentadecylcatechol and its diacetate ester were fed to Sprague-Dawley rats. Both compounds were dissolved in ethanol and in corn oil vehicles and administered by gavage. The rats were placed in metabolic cages, and the urine and feces was determined by liquid scintillation counting, and the percentage of the administered dose was utilized as a measure of absorption. While there was no difference between the absorption of either compound, absorption was affected by the vehicle. Approximately 30% of the administered radioactivity appeared in the urine when ethanol was the vehicle, but about half that amount (14%) was excreted in the urine when the compounds were dissolved in corn oil. A subsequent bile cannulation study showed that the balance of the radioactivity found in the feces was not a result of biliary excretion. The majority of the activity recovered from urine and feces was eliminated within 48 hr after dosing. These data indicate that oil is a poor vehicle for GI absorption of urushiol components.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Cellulase recovery via membrane filtration.

A combined sedimentation and membrane filtration process was investigated for recycling cellulase enzymes in the biomass-to-ethanol process. In the first stage, lignocellulose particles longer than approx 50 microm were removed by means of sedimentation in an inclined settler. Microfiltration was then utilized to remove the remaining suspended solids. Finally, the soluble cellulase enzymes were recovered by ultrafiltration. The permeate fluxes obtained in microfiltration and ultrafiltration were approx 400 and 80 L/(m2 x h), respectively. A preliminary economic analysis shows that the cost benefit of enzyme recycling may be as much as 18 cents/gal of ethanol produced, provided that 75% of the enzyme is recycled in active form.

Biomass↗
PubMed1994

The effect of ethanol on lateral and rotational mobility of plasma membrane vesicles isolated from cultured Mar 18.5 hybridoma cells.

Intramolecular excimer formation of 1,3-di(1-pyrenyl)propane (Py-3-Py) and fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were used to evaluate the effect of ethanol on the rate and range of the lateral mobility and the range of the rotational mobility of bulk bilayer structures of the plasma membrane vesicles (ATCC-PMV) isolated from cultured hybridoma cells (ATCC TIB 216). In a concentration-dependent manner, ethanol increased the excimer to monomer fluorescence intensity ratio (I'/I) of Py-3-Py in the ATCC-PMV and decreased the anisotropy (r), limiting anisotropy (r infinity) and order parameter (S) of DPH in the ATCC-PMV. This indicates that ethanol increased both the lateral and rotational mobility of the probes in the ATCC-PMV. Selective quenching of DPH by trinitrophenyl groups was utilized to examine the range of transbilayer asymmetric rotational diffusion of the ATCC-PMV. The anisotropy (r), limiting anisotropy (r infinity) and order parameter (S) of DPH in the inner monolayer were 0.024, 0.032, and 0.069, respectively, greater than calculated for the outer monolayer of the ATCC-PMV. Selective quenching of DPH by trinitrophenyl groups was also used to examine the transbilayer asymmetric effects of ethanol on the range of the rotational mobility of the ATCC-PMV. Ethanol had a greater increasing effect on the range of the rotational mobility of the outer monolayer as compared to the inner monolayer of the ATCC-PMV. It has been proven that ethanol exhibits a selective rather than nonselective fluidizing effect within the transbilayer domains of the ATCC-PMV.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Thoughts on fiber utilization in swine.

There is continued incentive for the development of alternative feed resources for use in swine production. The availability of distillery by-products may be expected to increase as the use of corn and cereal grains for ethanol production expands. The acceptability of distillery by-products, milling by-products, forages and other fibrous feeds as energy sources for swine depends on such factors as cell wall content of the plant, degree of microbial fermentation in the large intestine, and extent of absorption and utilization of the volatile fatty acids produced. Physiological effects of dietary fiber, including effects on gastric emptying, rate of transit of digesta, gut motility, digestive secretions, and absorption and utilization of breakdown products need quantification. Limited evidence suggests that there are genetic differences in the response of pigs to dietary fiber and in their ability to utilize it as an energy source. Recombinant DNA technology offers the possibility of cloning cellulase genes from microorganisms for application in swine feeding programs. The extent to which biotechnology will be applied in swine feeding will depend ultimately on the economic incentive for developmental effort and on unknown biological limitations of the pig and its gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Is hypoxia involved in the mechanism of alcohol-induced liver injury?

Since alcoholism is a major health problem, mechanisms responsible for various forms of alcoholic liver disease (e.g., fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis) require elucidation. Knowledge of these mechanisms is needed to provide a sound framework to treat alcoholic liver disease, to prevent its occurrence and to identify those most susceptible to it. Israel and co-workers proposed that ethanol-induced necrosis results from hypoxia to centrilobular hepatocytes as a consequence of an alcohol-induced increase in hepatic oxygen utilization (Y. Israel, H. Kalant , H. Orrego , J. M. Khanna , L. Videla , and J. M. Phillips, 1975, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72(3), 1137-1141). We have employed several new techniques to evaluate this hypothesis. Procedures have been developed to make measurements of hepatic metabolism within the hepatic lobule in the isolated, perfused liver using miniature light guides and oxygen electrodes. By comparing these lobular measurements to global metabolism and to hepatic morphology determined by light and electron microscopy, a coherent, quantitative description of lobular oxygen metabolism is emerging. With these techniques, the lobular oxygen gradient was measured directly in isolated, perfused rat livers. This gradient was elevated in livers from ethanol-treated rats, an effect which was blocked by the antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil. Restriction of oxygen delivery to the isolated liver produced stable, circumscribed zones of virtual anoxia localized around the central vein. Anoxic stress led within minutes to centrilobular injury with complete sparing of periportal areas. Cellular injury was characterized by the formation of membranous blebs on the surface of centrilobular hepatocytes. When hypoxic tissue was reoxygenated , blebs were released into the circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Antiulcerogenic effect of pentacaine, chlorpromazine and stobadine on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced stomach lesions in rats.

The aim was to compare the antiulcerogenic effect of pentacaine, chlorpromazine and stobadine on indomethacin- and ethanol-induced stomach lesions in rats. Pentacaine effectively inhibited the formation of ethanol lesions, but in the given dose and under the given experimental conditions it was ineffective against indomethacin-induced damage. Chlorpromazine and stobadine effectively inhibited indomethacin erosions, but did not affect ethanol lesions significantly. The similarity of the effect of chlorpromazine and stobadine as compared with pentacaine, in the two stomach injury models, allows the assumption that stobadine has properties typical for an indirectly acting antiulcerogenic substance. This newly discovered property of stobadine extends the possibilities of its utilization to a further set of indications.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cloning and characterization of the lipoyl-protein ligase gene LIPB from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis: synergistic respiratory deficiency due to mutations in LIPB and mitochondrial F1-ATPase subunits.

The mgi1-4 and mgi2-1 mutants of the petite-negative yeast Kluyveromyces lactis have mutations in the beta- and alpha-subunits of the mitochondrial F1-ATPase, respectively. The mutants are respiratory competent but can form petites with deletions in mitochondrial DNA. In this study a cryptic nuclear mutation (lipB-1) was identified which, in combination with the mgi alleles, displays a synergistic respiratory-deficient phenotype on glycerol medium. The gene defined by the mutation was cloned and shown to encode a polypeptide of 332 amino acids with an N-terminal sequence characteristic of a mitochondrial targeting signal. The deduced protein shares 27% sequence identity with the product of the Escherichia coli lipB gene, which encodes a lipoyl-protein ligase involved in the attachment of lipoyl groups to lipoate-dependent apoproteins. A K. lactis strain carrying a disrupted lipB allele is severely compromised for growth on glycerol medium. The growth defect cannot be rescued by addition of lipoic acid, but cell growth can be restored on medium containing ethanol plus succinate. In addition, it was observed that lipB mutants of K. lactis, unlike the wild-type, are unable to utilize glycine as sole nitrogen source, indicating that activity of the glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) is also affected. Taken together, these findings suggest that LIPB is the main determinant of the lipoyl-protein ligase activity required for lipoylation of enzymes such as alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenases and GDC.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Utilization of sialic acid by viridans streptococci.

The importance of viridans streptococci as agents of serious extra-oral diseases, including endocarditis, is now recognized. We have tested the hypothesis that the ability to utilize sialic acid as a nutrient source may play a role in the proliferation of these organisms. The type strains of the 15 presently recognized species of viridans streptococci and two clinical isolates-S. oralis (AR3), isolated from a patient with infective endocarditis, and S. intermedius (UNS35), a brain abscess isolate-were studied for their ability to utilize sialic acid. Only S. oralis, S. sanguis, S. gordonii, S. mitis ("oralis group") S. intermedius, S. anginosus, S. constellatus ("milleri group"), and S. defectivus ("nutritionally variant group") were able to use sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) efficiently as a sole carbon source. Formate, acetate, and ethanol were produced as the major metabolic end-products of sialic acid metabolism, while corresponding glucose-grown cultures produced lactate as the major metabolic end-product. Utilization of sialic acid was independent of the production of sialidase. Cell-free extracts of sialic acid-grown cultures expressed elevated levels of N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (NPL; the first enzyme in the intracellular catabolism of sialic acid) and N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6-P) deacetylase and glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) deaminase (enzymes involved in the intracellular catabolism of N-acetylglucosamine). These activities were repressed by growth in the presence of glucose. The intracellular fate of sialic acid, after cleavage by NPL into N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) and pyruvate, is uncertain, but the elevated levels of GlcNAc-6-P deacetylase and GlcN-6-P deaminase in sialic acid-grown cells suggest that phosphorylation and isomerization are possible steps in the metabolism of ManNAc to generate an intermediate common to the pathway of N-acetylglucosamine metabolism. The species of viridans streptococci that have the ability to utilize sialic acid are those most commonly associated with extra-oral diseases, and this ability is likely to play a role in the persistence and survival of these infecting organisms in vivo.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1996

Superoxide production during reduction of molecular oxygen by assimilatory nitrate reductase.

Assimilatory NADH:nitrate reductase catalyzes the transfer of reducing equivalents from NADH to molecular oxygen. Initial rate studies performed under conditions of optimal pH (8.0) and constant ionic strength (mu = 0.2) revealed that the maximal rate of activity with molecular oxygen was 0.5% (0.44 mumol NADH consumed/min/nmol heme) with a Km for O2 of 586 microM. NADH:molecular oxygen reductase activity exhibited a pH optimum of 9.2, was inhibited by cyanide, and was unaffected by changes in ionic strength or the presence of phosphate ions. Spectroscopic studies indicated NADH:molecular oxygen reductase activity resulted in the production of the superoxide radical, detected as the formation of adrenochrome from epinephrine and by the formation of adrenochrome from epinephrine and by the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium, both of which could be inhibited by the addition of superoxide dismutase and were unaffected by the addition of catalase. Direct observation of superoxide production using spin-trapping in combination with EPR spectroscopy resulted in the detection of the spin adduct 5.5-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (DMPO-OH). The formation of this spin adduct was abolished either in the absence of nitrate reductase, NADH, or DMPO or the the addition of superoxide dismutase or nitrate and was greatly reduced by the presence of cyanide. Inclusion of catalase or ethanol had no effect on the formation of the spin adduct. These results indicate that nitrate reductase can utilize molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor and that the product, O2.(-), is primarily generated via the Mopterin center.

Chlorella↗