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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The concentrations of nitrates and nitrites in food products and environment and the occurrence of acute toxic methemoglobinemias.

In the study it was intended to evaluate the concentration of nitrates and nitrites in some food products and samples of potable water collected in Kraków region and compile these results with frequency of recognised toxic methemoglobinemia cases. In the years 1991-1993 91 food samples, 288 samples of tap water from the central waterworks of Kraków and 399 samples of well-water from the country side of Kraków region were collected. In the chemical laboratories the nitrates and nitrites concentration has been defined. The clinical material of inpatients from 2 hospitals of Kraków and the data from the Poison Information Centre in Kraków have been analysed. The examined food samples did not present, in general, raised levels of nitrates and nitrites. Also the tap water samples presented a low concentration of these substances. The well-water samples demonstrated in considerable percentage increased levels of nitrates and nitrites and exceed the level permitted by sanitary law. In the Provincial Childrens Hospital during recent 14 years 8 infants with recognised methemoglobinemia were treated. All cases were connected with environmental pollution. At the Department of Toxicology, where only adults are treated, no methemoglobinemia cases resulting from environmental pollution during recent 26 years were hospitalized. The Poison Information Centre during recent 14 years consulted 239 cases of methemoglobinemia; 90% of them concerned children intoxicated because of environmental pollution.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1996

Does industrial environment influence the prevalence of arterial hypertension, plasma cholesterol and uric acid concentration and activity of the renin-aldosterone system?

The present study aimed to assess the influence of a highly industrialized environment on the prevalence of arterial hypertension and plasma levels of cholesterol, uric acid, aldosterone and plasma renin activity. Epidemiological studies were performed in 5008 inhabitants of a highly industrialized city (Piekary Slaskie) and in 5004 inhabitants of non industrialized city (Olesno Slaskie) in the south part of Poland. Only subjects over 15 years were enrolled. The prevalence of arterial hypertension in the industrial population was 17% while in the country city 8.2%. Significantly higher serum cholesterol levels were found in hypertensive and normotensive subjects of the highly industrialized region than in the non industrialized one. Finally in hypertensive women aged < 40 years and normotensive men and women of the industrialized region significantly higher plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration were found than in corresponding population groups of the non industrialized region. From the results obtained in this study it seems, that the highly industrialized environment seems to stimulate hypertensinogenic factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Assessment of cancer risk in the general population of Poland due to asbestos exposure. I. Basis of methodology].

Two mathematical models facilitating calculation of cancer risk in people exposed to asbestos dust in the communal environment are discussed. The first helps determine a dose-response relationships when lung cancer is the exposure effect whereas the second permits calculating the probability of pleural or peritoneal mesotheliomas induction based on the level of asbestos exposure. In the case of lung cancer, the exposure is measured as a cummulated dose which equals to a product of an average concentration of asbestos fibres in 1 ml of the air multiplied by duration of exposure (in years). Thus determined relationship between asbestos exposure and the risk involved is a linear function. The effect of smoking, which undoubtedly accounts for lung cancer induction, is an element of the assessment in this model. The relationship between the risk of mesothelioma and exposure level, which is a non-linear function, is associated with the duration of exposure (in years) and the number of years since first asbestos exposure, however, it is not related to the age of person when first exposure occured or smoking habit. It may assumed that, in the case of environmental exposures, the level of exposure could be measured by the duration of exposure to a determined concentration (the exposure starts at birth to be continued throughout the whole lifetime until death). The models presented allow forecasting cancer risk based on the adopted level and duration of exposure to asbestos dust.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Biological screening of the level of anthropogenic environmental pollution and its hazard for the health of the population].

A possibility was examined to use a screening cytogenetic method for calculating micronuclei in frog blood cells as an indicator of the degree of environmental pollution and its hazard to human health. Data obtained correlate with an increased rate of reproductive function disorders in women and congenital malformations in children, living in regions where the cytologic studies of biological objects were carried out. The informational value of biogeochemical screening with the use of test objects for the assessment of the region ecological imbalance is stressed.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2004

Using geographic information systems for exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology studies.

Geographic information systems (GIS) are being used with increasing frequency in environmental epidemiology studies. Reported applications include locating the study population by geocoding addresses (assigning mapping coordinates), using proximity analysis of contaminant source as a surrogate for exposure, and integrating environmental monitoring data into the analysis of the health outcomes. Although most of these studies have been ecologic in design, some have used GIS in estimating environmental levels of a contaminant at the individual level and to design exposure metrics for use in epidemiologic studies. In this article we discuss fundamentals of three scientific disciplines instrumental to using GIS in exposure assessment for epidemiologic studies: geospatial science, environmental science, and epidemiology. We also explore how a GIS can be used to accomplish several steps in the exposure assessment process. These steps include defining the study population, identifying source and potential routes of exposure, estimating environmental levels of target contaminants, and estimating personal exposures. We present and discuss examples for the first three steps. We discuss potential use of GIS and global positioning systems (GPS) in the last step. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that the use of GIS in exposure assessment for environmental epidemiology studies is not only feasible but can enhance the understanding of the association between contaminants in our environment and disease.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed2001

[Multimedia environmental behavior of herbicide atrazine].

In the paper, taking the Baiyangdiang Lake area as a study field, on the basis of soil characterization, environmental monitoring, and studies of adsorption, biodegradation, hydrolysis and photolysis, the atrazine concentrations in soil, groundwater and corn plant during 30 years were predicted by multimedia environmental fugacity model.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1986

The United States Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines for applicator exposure monitoring.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s proposed guidelines for studies which estimate worker exposure to pesticides during application and related work activities are discussed. These guidelines are intended to aid pesticide registrants in conducting occupational exposure monitoring studies for pesticide applicators at indoor and outdoor sites. The Agency's rationale for requiring exposure to be monitored with passive dosimetry techniques or by biological monitoring is described. The practical and theoretical advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are also discussed.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2006

Determination of some heavy metal cations in molten snow by transient isotachophoresis/ capillary zone electrophoresis.

Online combination of transient ITP and CZE is employed for the determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). Acetic acid is used for creating the transient isotachophoretic state. alpha-Hydroxyisobutyric acid and 4-aminopyridine are used as BGEs for the separation and indirect UV detection. At optimum conditions, the method allows to determine the metals at levels of 40-120 microg/L, about 50 times more sensitive than conventional CZE. In combination with a 20-fold evaporative concentration, the method is suitable for environmental monitoring of the heavy metals in snow samples.

Cations↗
PubMed2006

Determination of 90Sr in contaminated environmental samples by tuneable bandpass dynamic reaction cell ICP-MS.

A rapid method for the extraction and determination of 90Sr in natural water, plant and sediment samples was developed using extraction chromatography and dynamic reaction cell ICP-MS, with O2 as a reaction gas. While isobaric interference from the stable isotope 90Zr was efficiently removed by this method, interferences produced from in-cell reactions with Fe+ and Ni+ required suppression by tuneable bandpass, and in sediments, additional chromatographic separation. Method detection limits were 0.1 pg g-1 (0.5 Bq g-1), 0.04 pg g-1(0.2 Bq g-1), and 3 pg L-1 (5 Bq L-1) for sediments, plant and water samples, respectively, and 90Sr concentrations determined by ICP-MS were in good agreement with activities determined by Cerenkov counting and with certified reference values. While mass spectrometric determination does not rival detection limits achievable by radiometric counting, radiometric determination of 90Sr, a pure beta-emitter, is hindered by long analysis times (several weeks); the comparatively fast analysis achieved via ICP-MS enables same-day preparation and analysis of samples, making this an important technique for the environmental monitoring of areas contaminated by radioactivity.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2003

[The criteria of threshold effects of environmental pollutants].

A set of criteria, indices and methods applicable to determining the threshold doses and concentrations of chemical substances was critically examined, analyzed and summarized. A differentiated notion for the hazard effect threshold and for threshold effects, with due respect for which the daily doses and norms are substantiated for various environmental objects, is described. An original interpretation of the hygienic evaluation of an enhanced enzyme activity, mainly of the microsomal hepatic enzymes, is suggested; it is noteworthy, that this aspect was often regarded as a physiological response to the detoxication of chemicals. An advantage of calculating the reference doses as compared to other mathematical methods of determining the threshold values is demonstrated. The article is intended to promote and enhance the safety of hygienic regulation, which is a basis for the state environmental monitoring.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Overview of DNA purification for nucleic acid-based diagnostics from environmental and clinical samples.

Direct deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based detection methods are crucial for future environmental monitoring and clinical diagnosis. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the various sample preparation approaches for bacteria for direct analyses (i.e., without culturing) in environmental and clinical samples. The issues of sampling, sample preservation, separation of the microorganisms from the environmental or clinical matrix, and DNA purification are covered. This chapter will focus on the advantages and the disadvantages of the methods available.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Separation of chemical warfare agent degradation products by the reversal of electroosmotic flow in capillary electrophoresis.

We report the development of analyses for nerve agent degradation products or related species by the reversal of electroosmotic flow in capillary electrophoresis (CE). The developed methods were used in this laboratory for analysis of samples in the second and third official proficiency tests (International Round-Robins) for the Provisional Technical Secretariat/Preparatory Commission for the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and those results are reported here. Analytes studied include methylphosphonic acid (a dibasic acid), the monoisopropyl ester of ethylphosphonic acid, and the monoalkyl esters of methylphosphonic acid (R = ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, pinacolyl (3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl), cyclohexyl, and 2-ethylhexyl). The cationic surfactants used here for the reversal of electroosmotic flow are didodecyldimethylammonium hydroxide and cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide. CE methods using conductivity or indirect UV detection provide a good separation efficiency and very high sensitivity for the analysis of such compounds. The detection limits for these species were about 75 micrograms/L when using conductivity detection and about 100 micrograms/L when using indirect UV detection. Because pH plays an important role in the CE separation of the alkylphosphonic acids and their monoesters, the influence of pH on these separation systems was investigated. Electrolytes were stable for at least 3 months. Excellent separation efficiency and freedom from interference due to common anions were obtained in the developed methods which typically achieved complete separations in less than 3 min. The method was applied to aqueous leachates of soil, wipes of surfaces, and vegetation sampled from a field site known to have been exposed to nerve agents and subsequently cleaned up. The data from these environmental samples indicated that the method can be expected to be useful for environmental monitoring.

Chemical Warfare Agents↗
PubMed1987

Assessment of the risks associated with the use of chemical carcinogens in biomedical research.

Estimates of occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens in biomedical research based on environmental monitoring data, efficiency of containment devices, and accident data suggest that workers may be exposed to a few tenths of a microgram of these carcinogens per work day. Environmental exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and N-nitroso compounds exceeds one microgram per day. Because occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens in the laboratory can be readily controlled and because environmental exposure appears to be greater than the occupational exposure that does occur, the relative risk of occupational exposure does not seem to constitute a major health problem.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2026

The chemical landscape of plant surface metabolites: Acylsugars as models of ecological function and structural diversity.

Plants produce a multifunctional assortment of specialized metabolites that play important roles in defense, environmental adaptation, and ecological interactions. Among these compounds, acylsugars, nonvolatile metabolites produced primarily in glandular trichomes of Solanaceae species, have emerged as informative model systems for understanding plant surface chemistry. Differences in acyl chain length, branching pattern, saturation, and attachment position generate extensive chemical diversity that influences herbivore deterrence, pathogen resistance, and the physicochemical properties of leaf surfaces. Recent advances in analytical chemistry, particularly liquid chromatography-ion mobility-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-IM-MS/MS), have greatly improved the ability to separate structurally related acylsugar isomers and characterize metabolite complexity at high resolution. When integrated with genomics, transcriptomics, and emerging spatial metabolomics approaches, these analytical tools provide new insights into acylsugar biosynthesis, pathway regulation, evolutionary diversification, and ecological function across plant species. This review positions acylsugars, particularly those of Solanum species, as model systems for understanding how structural diversity, spatial localization, and specialized metabolism shape ecological and physiological function at plant surfaces. We examine acylsugar structural diversity, biosynthetic pathways, ecological and physiological functions, and interactions with environmental and atmospheric processes. Major challenges, including extensive isomeric complexity, incomplete pathway characterization, and difficulties linking chemical structure to biological function, are discussed alongside emerging opportunities in integrative omics, crop improvement, sustainable pest management, and environmental monitoring. Overall, acylsugars provide a powerful model for linking molecular structure, spatial localization, and ecological function, offering broader insight into how specialized metabolism shapes plant adaptation, defense, and environmental interactions.

Acylsugars↗