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PubMed2005

[Surgical treatment for massive pulmonary embolism].

Surgical embolectomy for massive pulmonary embolism (PE) has become a rare procedure. Often, it is viewed as a last-chance option for patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation after massive PE. Thus thrombolytic therapy has become the treatment of choice. However, a significant proportion of patients suffers from residual obstruction after thrombolytic therapy and faces the development of chronic pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, some centers have regained interest in surgical embolectomy after improved risk stratification and reported very good results. Perioperative survival rates up to 89% have been reported. This was accomplished by surgery on the ECC-(extracorporeal circulation-)supported, beating, normothermic heart and utilization of special instruments. These encouraging results have been confirmed by the authors and others in patients with stable systemic hemodynamics but moderate to severe right ventricular dysfunction. The more widespread use of surgical embolectomy seems warranted. A randomized, controlled trial is overdue to determine the benefits of this therapy in stable patients compared with thrombolytic therapy if "best-practice" therapy is to be achieved for the patients' benefit.

Embolectomy↗
PubMed1994

Decision making in the surgical treatment of massive pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary embolectomy in the treatment of acute massive pulmonary embolism (PE) is the subject of considerable controversy with regard to indication, technique of embolectomy and perioperative management. Since 1968 50 patients have undergone surgery for massive PE in our unit. Inflow occlusion technique and cardiopulmonary bypass were used in 33 and 17 patients, respectively. The overall operative mortality was 46%. Univariate analysis disclosed age (< 60 vs > 60), preoperative hemodynamics (cardiogenic shock vs cardiac arrest), location of emboli (peripheral vs central), duration of symptoms (hours vs days vs weeks) and number of episodes (first episode vs recurrent pulmonary emboli) as predictive factors of the post-operative outcome. The results of the retrospective analysis show that pulmonary embolectomy remains an acceptable procedure in patients with acute massive pulmonary emboli who are in refractory cardiogenic shock or who need intermittent resuscitation.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass↗
PubMed2004

Surgical therapy for acute superior mesenteric artery embolism.

BACKGROUND: Acute mesenteric artery embolism has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are the most important factors associated with morbidity and mortality. METHODS: During the period between 1997 and 2002, 24 patients underwent superior mesenteric artery embolectomy. The patients were divided into three groups according to the onset of symptoms and operation time. Group I (n = 12) patients were operated on in the first 6 hours after onset of symptoms; group II (n = 9) patients were operated on between 6 and 12 hours after onset; and group III (n = 3) patients underwent embolectomy after 12 hours. Low-dose (5 to 10 mg) local tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) administration directly into the superior mesenteric artery was an additional procedure with the embolectomy in all patients. RESULTS: The macroscopic view of the intestine was normal in 15 patients (12 patients in group I and 3 patients in group II) 30 minutes after the administration of local t-PA. Segmental resection was necessary in 4 patients in group II. Extended resection was necessary in 2 patients in group II and 3 patients in group III, and all of the patients died during the early postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that explorative laparotomy should be done in patients with sudden abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, mild leukocytosis, and metabolic acidosis who have previous valvular heart disease or atrial fibrillation. Ultimately, selective low dose t-PA (5 to 10 mg) administration reduces the length of intestinal portion to be resected.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Cardiovascular collapse during elective orthopedic surgery: massive intraoperative pulmonary thromboembolism treated with emergent cardiopulmonary bypass.

Successful management strategies for pulmonary thromboembolism-primarily published as case reports-include a spectrum ranging from medical treatment with cardiovascular support and anticoagulation to more invasive interventions such as pulmonary embolectomy. We present a case of massive intraoperative pulmonary embolism that was managed with emergent pulmonary embolectomy. Unlike previously reported cases, this aggressive management strategy was unsuccessful, due in part perhaps to lack of discernible clot during embolectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Modern surgical treatment of massive pulmonary embolism: results in 47 consecutive patients after rapid diagnosis and aggressive surgical approach.

OBJECTIVES: This study retrospectively reviews an aggressive multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of massive pulmonary embolism, centering on rapid diagnosis with contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest to define the location and degree of clot burden and transthoracic echocardiography to document right ventricular strain followed by immediate surgical intervention when appropriate. METHODS: Between October 1999 through February 2004, 47 patients (30 men and 17 women; median age, 58 years; age range, 24-86 years) underwent emergency surgical embolectomy for massive central pulmonary embolism. The indications for surgical intervention were (1) contraindications to thrombolysis (21/47 [45%]), (2) failed medical treatment (5/47 [10%]), and (3) right ventricular dysfunction (15/47 [32%]). Preoperatively, 12 (26%) of 47 patients were in cardiogenic shock, and 6 (11%) of 47 were in cardiac arrest. RESULTS: There were 3 (6%) operative deaths, 2 with preoperative cardiac arrest; 2 of these 3 patients required a right ventricular assist device. In 38 (81%) patients a caval filter was placed intraoperatively. Median length of stay was 11 days (range, 3-75 days). Median follow-up was 27 months (range, 2-50 months); follow-up was 100% complete in surviving patients. There were 6 (12%) late deaths, 5 of which were from metastatic cancer. Actuarial survival at 1 and 3 years' follow-up was 86% and 83%, respectively. CONCLUSION: An aggressive approach to large pulmonary embolus, including rapid diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention, has improved results with surgical embolectomy. We now perform surgical pulmonary embolectomy not only in patients with large central clot burden and hemodynamic compromise but also in hemodynamically stable patients with right ventricular dysfunction documented by means of echocardiography.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2005

Controlled reperfusion using a simplified perfusion system preserves function after acute and persistent limb ischemia: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: Reperfusion of the limb after acute and persistent ischemia is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality despite complete revascularization. Although reperfusion is a prerequisite for maintaining limb function, it may in itself cause further injury. There is experimental evidence that modification of the initial reperfusion modalities can minimize this reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that controlled reperfusion using a simple blood bag perfusion system reduces reperfusion injury and facilitates the return of normal function. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive patients (mean age, 80.5 +/- 5.0 years) with severe, acute lower-limb ischemia were allocated to two treatment arms in this prospective, controlled observational study. Group I (n = 8) underwent surgical embolectomy alone, and group II (n = 7) underwent surgical embolectomy plus controlled reperfusion using a simplified perfusion system. Indication for controlled reperfusion was made by the responsible surgeon. Controlled reperfusion consisted of a 30-minute infusion of a crystalloid reperfusion solution that was mixed with oxygenated blood (the blood:reperfusion solution ratio was 6:1) distal to the occlusion. Duration of ischemia, postoperative amputation rate, motor function of the ischemic limb, and pre- and postoperative serum creatine kinase levels were assessed. RESULTS: The duration of ischemia was 10.7 +/- 1.1 hours in group I and 19 +/- 5.2 hours in group II (P < .05). The site of the arterial occlusion was the iliac artery in nine patients and the common femoral artery in six patients. Full recovery was achieved in six of seven patients in group II and in only two of eight patients in group I (P < .05). There were three in-hospital deaths in group I, and two patients underwent major amputations. No in-hospital deaths or major amputations occurred in group II. CONCLUSION: The results from this preliminary study strongly suggest the hypothesis that the results of conventional embolectomy for acute, severe lower-limb ischemia can be improved by controlled reperfusion. To prove our preliminary findings, a large randomized, prospective, controlled, multicenter trial, the Controlled Reperfusion of the Acutely Ischemic Limb trial (CRAIL-Trial) is currently being conducted to prove our preliminary findings.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Percutaneous aspiration thromboembolectomy: a preliminary experience.

Percutaneous aspiration thromboembolectomy (PAT) is a radiological alternative to surgical embolectomy or thrombolysis in the treatment of acute arterial thromboembolic disease. We report our experience in eight patients aged 63-83 years (mean 71 years). Indications were graft thrombosis (1) or emboli from atrial fibrillation (3), abdominal aneurysm (2) or proximal angioplasty (2). PAT was performed at 10 arterial sites; common iliac (1), profunda femoris (1), superficial femoral (2), femoro-popliteal graft (1), popliteal (2) and arteries of the trifurcation (3). PAT was used as an adjunct to thrombolysis or angioplasty in five patients and as the sole procedure in three patients. It was successful in six patients (seven sites) with mean ABI rising from 0.4 pre- to 0.8 post-procedure. Two of the failures required amputations. One of these was a completely thrombosed dacron femoro-popliteal graft with poor run-off, and the second case had a failed surgical embolectomy prior to amputation. There were no major complications, and no mortality on follow-up at 1 month. PAT is a useful adjunct to thrombolysis and balloon angioplasty in the radiological treatment of acute thromboembolic disease. In patients in whom thrombolysis is contraindicated, it offers an alternative to surgical embolectomy.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Diagnostic and surgical approach of innominate artery saddle embolus.

Patients with an acute arterial occlusion of the right upper extremity and absent axillary pulse should have a Doppler scan examination before a balloon catheter embolectomy is performed. If there is no arterial pulse detectable, an angiography should be performed afterwards to localize the embolus. In the case of a proximal arterial occlusion of the right arm, the authors recommend this procedure to prevent an embolus dislocation by catheter embolectomy and subsequent cerebral embolization. For direct surgical embolectomy the authors recommend a supraclavicular incision.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

A national and single institutional experience in the contemporary treatment of acute lower extremity ischemia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the contemporary clinical relevance of acute lower extremity ischemia and the factors associated with amputation and in-hospital mortality. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Acute lower extremity ischemia is considered limb- and life-threatening and usually requires therapy within 24 hours. The equivalency of thrombolytic therapy and surgery for the treatment of subacute limb ischemia up to 14 days duration is accepted fact. However, little information exists with regards to the long-term clinical course and therapeutic outcomes in these patients. METHODS: Two databases formed the basis for this study. The first was the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 1992 to 2000 of all patients (N = 23,268) with a primary discharge diagnosis of acute embolism and thrombosis of the lower extremities. The second was a retrospective University of Michigan experience from 1995 to 2002 of matched ICD-9-CM coded patients (N = 105). Demographic factors, atherosclerotic risk factors, the need for amputation, and in-hospital mortality were assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In the NIS, the mean patient age was 71 years, and 54% were female. The average length of stay (LOS) was 9.4 days, and inflation-adjusted cost per admission was $25,916. The amputation rate was 12.7%, and mortality was 9%. Decreased amputation rates accompanied: female sex (0.90, 0.81-0.99), age less than 63 years (0.47, 0.41-0.54), angioplasty (0.46, 0.38-0.55), and embolectomy (0.39, 0.35-0.44). Decreased mortality accompanied: angioplasty (0.79, 0.64-0.96), heparin administration (0.50, 0.29-0.86), and age less than 63 years(0.27, 0.23-0.33). The University of Michigan patients' mean age was 62 years, and 57% were men. The LOS was 11 days, with a 14% amputation rate and a mortality of 12%. Prior vascular bypasses existed in 23% of patients, and heparin use was documented in 16%. Embolectomy was associated with decreased amputation rates (0.054, 0.01-0.27) and mortality (0.07, 0.01-0.57). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute limb ischemia, the more widespread use of heparin anticoagulation and, in select patients, performance of embolectomy rather than pursuing thrombolysis may improve patient outcomes.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Modern treatment of pulmonary embolism.

Modern treatment of acute pulmonary embolism requires rapid and accurate diagnosis followed by risk stratification to devise an optimal management strategy. Patients at low risk have good outcomes simply with intensive anticoagulation treatment. Higher-risk patients may require more aggressive intervention with thrombolysis or embolectomy. Clinical risk factors for an adverse outcome include increasing age, cancer, congestive heart failure, systemic arterial hypotension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and right ventricular dysfunction. A promising approach is the Geneva Prognostic Score, which is based upon a rapid clinical assessment. On physical examination, signs of right ventricular failure, including distended jugular veins and a right-sided S3 gallop, should be looked for. The electrocardiogram may show evidence of right ventricular strain with a new right bundle branch block or T wave inversion in leads V1-V4. The troponin level may be elevated as a marker of cardiac injury and right ventricular microinfarction, even in the absence of coronary artery disease. The most useful imaging marker of high risk is the presence of moderate or severe right ventricular dilatation and hypokinesis on the echocardiogram, especially with progressively worsening right ventricular function despite intensive anticoagulation treatment. Patients at high risk should be considered for thrombolytic therapy or embolectomy rather than management with anticoagulation therapy alone. Special care must be taken to avoid thrombolytic therapy among patients who might be susceptible to intracranial haemorrhage. Intracranial haemorrhage reached a surprisingly high rate of 3.0% in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry of 2,454 prospectively evaluated acute pulmonary embolism patients at 52 hospitals in seven countries. An alternative approach to patients at high risk is a catheter-based or open surgical embolectomy. It is crucial to refer these patients as quickly as possible, rather than delaying intervention until cardiogenic shock has ensued. Fortunately the current tools for risk stratification provide an "early window" for prognostication and can help the coordination of a definitive treatment plan with optimal results.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Upper limb ischemia: 20 years experience from a single center.

The objective of this study was to review a single center's experience of upper limb revascularization over 20 years. All patients undergoing operative or endovascular upper limb revascularization between June 1983 and July 2003 were identified. One hundred eighty-four upper limb revascularization procedures were carried out on 172 patients. Sixty-one patients had a thromboembolic event (35%), 53 patients presented with a traumatic vascular injury (31%), and 29 patients had symptoms of chronic atherosclerotic upper limb ischemia (17%). Fifteen patients had subclavian steal syndrome, eight patients had thoracic outlet compression, and six patients had iatrogenic injuries of the upper limb arteries. Fifty-five thromboembolectomies were performed, 37 under locoregional anesthesia. Ten patients (18.2%) died from cardiopulmonary causes following embolectomy. Fifteen reversed saphenous vein bypass grafts were performed for traumatic damage. Twenty-seven patients had a primary repair, and five required a vein patch. One patient subsequently had an arm amputation, and two patients died. Twelve patients presenting with chronic arm ischemia had a subclavian angioplasty, 12 patients had a proximal bypass, and in 5 patients, stenoses were stented. The mortality in this group was 6.9% (2 of 29). The mortality for upper limb revascularization was 8.7%. Almost all deaths occurred after upper limb embolectomy, and the mortality of this procedure was similar to that of lower limb embolectomy. Deaths were the result of cardiac comorbidity, and this should be actively sought and treated if outcomes are to improve.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Surgery in acute pulmonary embolism can be a life-saving therapeutic alternative. A follow up of surgically treated patients].

Acute pulmonary embolism occurs in about 10,000 people annually in Sweden, in more than 1000 of whom it has a fatal outcome. The clinical presentation may vary considerably, and a large number of patients with pulmonary embolism are still misdiagnosed. Most patients are treated with anticoagulants and some also with thrombolysis. During a 40-year period, 1957-1996, 12 patients underwent emergency pulmonary embolectomy at the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden. Of these, two (17%) died from anoxic brain damage within the first postoperative month. Four patients died 15-21 years after surgery. Six patients who were still alive at follow-up in 2003 were contacted 7-36 years after the embolectomy and were all in good health. In none of them had pulmonary embolism recurred, but two had suffered deep venous thrombosis. We conclude that emergency pulmonary embolectomy can be a lifesaving procedure, with a good long-term prognosis in patients who survive the early perioperative period.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Acute massive pulmonary embolism: role of the cardiac surgeon.

We present the case of a 72-year-old woman who had an acute massive pulmonary embolism after abdominal surgery. The patient had undergone a right hemicolectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy for locally invasive colonic adenocarcinoma. Six hours postoperatively, she required emergent intubation when she suddenly became cyanotic, severely hypotensive, and tachypneic, with an oxygen saturation of 50%. An acute massive pulmonary embolism was suspected, and an emergency transesophageal echocardiogram confirmed the diagnosis. On the basis of the patient's clinical condition and the echocardiographic findings, we performed an emergent pulmonary embolectomy, with the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass. We evacuated multiple large clots from both pulmonary arteries. The patient recovered and was discharged from the hospital 61 days postoperatively. Herein, we review the current literature on open surgical pulmonary embolectomy. This case supports the use of open pulmonary embolectomy for the treatment of hemodynamically unstable patients on the basis of clinical diagnosis. We discuss the role of emergent transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of massive pulmonary embolism.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endovascular mechanical clot retrieval in a broad ischemic stroke cohort.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim was to describe an expanded experience with endovascular mechanical embolectomy in a broad group of patients, including those not meeting entry criteria for the MERCI multicenter trials. METHODS: We performed an analysis of all patients with ischemic stroke treated with the Merci Clot Retrieval Device at a single academic center outside of the Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) trials. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were treated with the device. Nine were MERCI trial ineligible: 4 received intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 1 received IV tPA and was younger than 18 years of age, and 4 had time-to-treatment of longer than 8 hours. Mean age was 64 years (range, 14-89 years; 42% women). Median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 21 (range, 11-30). Median symptoms-to-procedure-start time was 303 minutes (range, 85-2385 minutes). Recanalization (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction, 2-3) was achieved in 15/24 (63%). In device-only patients, recanalization occurred in 10/16. In patients who failed IV tPA undergoing rescue embolectomy, recanalization was achieved in 4/5. Three patients unresponsive to device therapy received rescue intra-arterial tPA/abciximab; recanalization was achieved in 2/3. Recanalization was achieved in 3/4 patients in whom treatment was started longer than 8 hours after symptom onset. Asymptomatic hemorrhage occurred in 38%; symptomatic hemorrhage, in 8%. Three device fractures occurred; none worsened clinical outcome. In-hospital mortality was 17%; 90-day mortality, 29%. Good 90-day functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale, <or=2) was achieved by 25% (6/24). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular mechanical embolectomy is an effective means of achieving revascularization in patients with acute ischemic stroke, including patients with late treatment start and intravenous tPA failure. Device-based therapy achieved recanalization in nearly two thirds of patients and good clinical outcomes in one fourth, with symptomatic hemorrhage in less than one tenth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Successful surgical treatment of massive pulmonary embolism after coronary bypass surgery.

Acute massive pulmonary embolism after cardiac surgery is very rare. Although accurate diagnosis and rapid treatment are crucial to a successful outcome, there is no standard treatment option. Thrombolytic therapy and catheter embolectomy are the usual treatment options, but they are associated with risks, especially in patients who experience massive pulmonary embolism after coronary artery bypass surgery. Open pulmonary embolectomy may be the best choice for treating these patients. This report describes our use of emergency pulmonary embolectomy along with cardiopulmonary bypass as an effective therapeutic approach in 2 cases of massive pulmonary embolism that occurred after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[From deep venous thrombosis to pulmonary embolism].

We report our 5-year experience concerning pulmonary embolism (PE). Between 1985 and 1990, 15 consecutive patients with symptomatic acute serious PE were referred to our observation: 6 underwent urgent surgical treatment (3 with cardiogenic shock, 2 with massive PE and 1 with right atrium embolism) and 9 patients underwent thrombolytic therapy which resulted successful in 3 cases, while in the remaining 6 cases a subsequent pulmonary embolectomy was performed. Therefore 11 patients underwent pulmonary embolectomy and the operative mortality rate was 27.5% (3 cases). Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis is associated with the highest risk of PE (90%). The PE mortality rate in untreated patients is reported to be 38%. In treated patients the mortality rate is approximately 8%. In most of the cases medical treatment of the thromboembolic disease is successful but in case of early failure of anticoagulant and/or thrombolytic therapy or contraindication to, surgical treatment is required. Surgeon's role is important at any time in the natural history of the thromboembolic disease: preventive (venous thrombectomy or inferior vena caval interruption) or therapeutical surgical proceedings for manifest PE (pulmonary embolectomy in extracorporeal circulation) can be performed. The last proceeding is required in no more than 3-6% of cases, but its mortality rate is still high (11-55%) related to the clinical status of the patients whose condition worsens despite intensive medical treatment.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass↗
PubMed1993

[Surgical aspects of fulminant pulmonary embolism].

Fulminant pulmonary embolism associated with cardiac arrest has an extremely high mortality. The feasibility of pulmonary embolectomy initiated during resuscitation is still under discussion. Between January 1975 and October 1992, embolectomy was performed in 34 patients, 21 to 79 years of age. Diagnosis was established primarily by indirect parameters (medical history, ECG, blood gas analyses, Swan-Ganz catheter in 22 cases). Only in 12 instances, imaging techniques as angiography, ventilation perfusion mismatch, and transesophageal echocardiography were performed. Fifteen patients did not require resuscitation (group A); 6 had to be resuscitated and underwent surgery after reestablishing circulation with catecholamines (group B); 13 patients were connected to extracorporeal circulation during continuous cardiopulmonary resuscitation (30 to 210 minutes) (group C). Embolectomy was performed using extracorporeal circulation with the heart beating (n = 8), or fibrillating (n = 15), or using cardioplegia (n = 11). Twenty-two patients received a caval clip or ligature at the end of the procedure. Fifteen patients (44%) died early postoperatively. The mortality rates for groups A, B, and C were 33%, 66% and 46%, respectively. Nine patients died of right heart failure, 4 of brain death, and 2 of septical complications. Of the surviving patients, only one had ischemic brain damage. In two cases a recurrent pulmonary embolism occurred after a follow-up of 16 years (mean follow-up 4.9 years). We conclude, that even with subtotal obstruction of the pulmonary artery, effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation with maintenance of uncompromised brain function is possible. In emergency situations, the decision to operate may be based only on clinical features without imaging diagnostic procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Intimal hyperplasia after Fogarty maneuver in bilateral popliteal artery embolism and mitral valve stenosis].

Although embolectomy by Fogarty's manoeuvre is the therapy of choice for cardio-arterial and arterio-arterial embolism it might be followed by complications. Our patient showed progressive arterial occlusive disease caused by intimal proliferation. So the decision whether embolectomy or a different therapeutic procedure should be applied must always be done individually. Especially with young female patients the intervention is to be carried out carefully. Alternative methods like percutaneous aspiration embolectomy and fibrinolytic therapy should always be considered.

Adult↗