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PubMed1980

Thermal coagulation of puncture lesions in the cholestatic rabbit liver with Nd: YAG laser and and high-frequency current.

The coagulatory effect of the Nd: YAG laser after puncture of the cholestatic liver was compared with the effect of electrocoagulation. In 11 rabbits, the liver was punctured 7 days after ligature of the common bile duct with a Menghini needle 1.2 mm. The site of injury was coagulated by laser light in 5 animals and by unipolar electrocoagulation in 6 animals. Bleeding and bile leakage was stopped in all cases. Histologically there was no crucial difference between the two methods in their effect on the liver tissue. Autopsy 14 days after common bile duct ligature revealed no bile peritonitis in any rabbit.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Histological changes following endovesical neodymium-YAG-laser irradiation (author's transl)].

Experimental animal research was used to compare the coagulatory qualities of the argon laser and the Neodymium-YAG laser to results obtained through electrocoagulation. The argon laser effects a necrosis near the urinary bladder wall surface, and when the energy density is increased, it may ablate the tissue to the point of perforation. In contrast, the Neodymium-YAG laser effects a bandshaped necrosis that penetrates all layers of the urinary bladder wall without primarily resulting in an ablation of tissue. Electrocoagulation results in irregularly demarcated necroses of varying depths, which can be explained by the uncontrolled flow of the high-frequency currents according to the paths of least resistance. The Neodymium-YAG laser is the one most suited for transmural coagulation of defined areas within the urinary bladder wall due to the even spread of its thermal energy that is independent of the affected tissue structure, as well as to its deep coagulatory qualities which in turn are due to the laser's minimal tissue absorption. The Neodymium-YAG laser allows the setting of reproduceable, sharply demarcated necroses into the bladder wall with an ensuing complete destruction of all wall layers. The wall framework within the necrotic area, however, remains intact, so that the danger of perforation is kept at a minimum.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Benign neoplasms of the urethra in women].

This is a report on the treatment of urethral neoplasms in a series of 331 with ages ranging from 21 to 88 years. The most common symptoms of manifestation of the lesion include: bleeding, burning and stinging during urination, eventually pain associated with movements. In forty-one patients the polyps are removed operatively through excision, in 185-through electrocoagulation, and in eighteen-excision with ensuing electrocoagulation Eighty-seven patient are subjected to conservative treatment because of the presence of urethral mucosa prolapse. The histological findings show evidence of polyps of the urethra in 206 cases, and urethral caruncle in thirty-six. The obtained results are estimated as good. Mass screening examinations of women are recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia presenting with hematuria and severe anemia].

A patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia was admitted with hematuria and severe anemia after mild recurrent episodes of epistaxis. Telangiectasias were found in the skin and buccal and nasal mucosa. No defect in the coagulation mechanism was found; thrombocyte count and function were normal. On cystoscopy, tortuous engorged vessels, some actively bleeding, were seen in the trigonal mucosa. Biopsy showed enlarged vessels in the lamina propria. Electrocoagulation of the bleeding vessels stopped hematuria, but 6 months later it recurred. This time Nd-YAG laser was used to stop the bleeding after electrocoagulation was ineffective.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Hemangiomas of the skin in children].

In the article the indications to and results of surgical treatment of 2420 children with skin hemangiomas are discussed. An operative excision of hemangiomas was used in 1139 cases, electrocoagulation--in 1648, sclerosing therapy--in 21, combined treatment--in 4. In 5 children hemangiomas were removed with subsequent free skin graft plasty. Late results were followed up in 795 (32.8%) children within the terms from 4 months to 10 years, following the excision--in 348 cases and after electrocoagulation--in 447.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Adherence formation following different forms of treatment of peritoneal lesions].

The authors analyse the adhesion forming capacity of various forms of treating a peritoneal lesion. There were four groups each of 10 rats, all receiving the same peritoneal lesion. The control group did not receive any treatment for this injury; in the remaining three, the peritoneal lesion was treated with electrocoagulation, mechanical suture or manual suture. The animals were killed after 30 days, and adhesions quantified using an original method of the authors, which evaluates number, thickness, tenacity, vascularisation and site. Electrocoagulation significantly generated the smallest number of adhesions. The application of suture stimulated the formation of adhesions to a larger extent, manual suture more so than the mechanical method.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Non-contact argon gas coagulation in flexible endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract: in vitro studies and initial clinical experiences].

Diathermocoagulation is indispensable in interventional endoscopy. The argon beam coagulation represents an innovative electrocoagulation method, where high-frequency alternating current is conducted to tissues by ionized argon gas without contact. Before clinical application we performed in vitro studies to evaluate depth and diameter of tissue coagulation of fresh resectations from stomach, small intestine and colon. Power and gas flow were graduated in five steps from 40 to 155 W and from 2 to 7 l/min respectively. Coagulation time (1 s-10 s) and angle of the probe in relation to tissue surface (45 degrees, 90 degrees) were varied. The maximal depth of necrosis was 2.4 mm, the maximal diameter 1.1 cm. There was no perforation found, even in critical areas like colon and duodenum. Accordingly argon beam coagulation was performed in 41 consecutive patients. The power and gas flow were varied in two stages between 40 and 75 watts and 2 and 3 l/min respectively. Coagulation time and angle of the probe were handled individually. In 32 of the 33 patients with bleeding from angiodysplastic lesions or polypectomy sites, with oozing of blood from erosions or ulcers or with bleeding due to vascular penetration by tumors definitive hemostasis was achieved in one to two sessions. In all of the four patients with residual sessile adenoma tissue complete removal was possible. Esophageal patency was restored in all four patients with stenosing tumors. In one patient with angiodysplasia of the cecal pole an asymptomatic accumulation of gas in the submucosa was observed which cleared spontaneously. In two patients with extensive esophageal carcinoma there was a transitory--also asymptomatic--accumulation of gas in the mediastinum and peritoneal cavity but no reference to perforation. The non-contact argon electrocoagulation is in gastrointestinal endoscopy an effective and non-expensive alternative to laser-technique.

Adenomatous Polyps↗
PubMed1995

Role of the argon beam coagulator in facial rejuvenation surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the hemostatic effectiveness of a new electrosurgical unit, the argon beam coagulator, with current methods of electrocoagulation. DESIGN: A nonrandomized control trial of 20 patients undergoing rhytidectomy. SETTING: Two academic tertiary referral medical centers. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty male patients having moderate to major degrees of facial ptosis. INTERVENTION: All 20 patients underwent a standard rhytidectomy with hemostasis provided by the argon beam coagulator on the right side and conventional electrocoagulation on the left side. OUTCOME MEASURES: Improved hemostasis with minimal depth of injury, length of procedure, decreased blood loss, edema, and ecchymosis, and the ability to coagulate indiscriminately around and over neural tissue without damage (all listed in the literature as advantages of the argon beam coagulator). RESULTS: Poor hemostatic ability was observed with concomitant increased incidence of blood loss, edema and ecchymosis, major hematoma, and length of surgery. Also noted were increased rates of flap compromise and the potential for damage to vital neural structures. CONCLUSION: Our results do not agree with the list of advantages attributed to the argon beam coagulator in the literature.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tubal occlusion via laparoscopy in Latin America: an evaluation of 8186 cases.

Ease of performance, safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic sterilization techniques are evaluated for 8186 procedures (6995 interval, 680 postabortion and 511 postpartum) performed in Latin America from June 1972 through February 1978. The tubes were occluded via electrocoagulation or application of the spring-loaded clip or the tubal ring. Less than 1% of the procedures were declared technical failures (ie, those which were not completed as planned). For all the tubal occlusion techniques, interval patients had the lowest rate of surgical complications. Pregnancy rates were low for the electrocoagulation and for the tubal ring techniques; patients sterilized by the spring-loaded clip, however, had a significantly higher pregnancy rate.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The history of pregnancies that occur following female sterilization.

Data on 208 pregnancies occurring among 20,749 women following sterilization were collected by the International Fertility Research Program and the histories of these pregnancies from conception to termination were analyzed. In the laparoscopic series, the operator's failure to interrupt the tube by electrocoagulation or a tubal occlusion device was the major reason reported for sterilization failure. In the culdoscopic series, operator error or device deficiency were the major reasons for failure. About three quarters of pregnancies in this study were conceived within the first year following sterilization and were confirmed during the first trimester. The rate of ectopic pregnancy occurring in this series was higher than the rate reported for nonsterilized women and was especially high when electrocoagulation was used.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1977

Long-term assessment of stereotactic dentatotomy for spasticity and other disorders.

In the 60's stereotactic electrocoagulation of the dentate nucleus became a promising approach in the neurosurgical treatment of muscular hypertonicity, particularly when spasticity was evident. A relatively satisfactory improvement of spasticity has been reported earlier as a result and the authors were supporting these clinical results in previous publications. A long-term assessment of the results obtained in a large series of patients would permit a better evaluation of the effect of the operation. Analysing 109 stereotactic electrocoagulations of the dentate nucleus on 50 patients mainly in cases of cerebral palsy over a period of more than 10 years (most patients underwent a bilateral dentatotomy), the authors give a more realistic appreciation of the results, which depend on the criteria chosen. In 30% of the cases a clear improvement in the spasticity was obtained, and in 50% of all cases, nursing and rehabilitation were facilitated. The stereotactic dentatotomy never completely cured the spasticity and spectacular results were never observed, but the operation can be performed without complications and an unexpected neurological deficit did not occur. The role of the stereotactic dentatotomy and other neurosurgical methods in the treatment of spasticity has to be evaluated more critically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Hypothalamic control of plasma renin activity.

The participation of the hypothalamus in the regulation of plasma renin activity (PRA) in rats was studied by applying electric stimulation to the supramammilar region (50 Hz, 1 ms, 150 muA), general hypoxia (90% N2 + 10% O2), and hypovolemia (peritoneal dialysis with 5.5% glucose) as stimuli of renin secretion. These techniques were combined with bilateral renal denervation and electrocoagulation in the supramammilar nuclei. PRA was determined by means of RIA (Radioimmunoassay) for AI with 2-h incubation. Our investigations showed that: 1. Electric stimulation, hypoxia and hypovolemia cause an increase of PRA against the controls by 127%, 465% and 197%, respectively. 2. After electrocoagulation the hypoxic stimulus remains ineffective, whereas hypovolemia is manifested. 3. Electric stimulation in rats with denervated kidneys produces no effect. These results suggested that: a) Diminution of the extracellular volume, without hypoxia, is in itself a powerful stimulus of renin secretion. b) The posterior hypothalamus is closely connected with the regulation of PRA as an obligatory unlocking link of the reaction by the organism to general hypoxic stimuli. The control function of the hypothalamus is realized in this case by means of the sympathetic part of the vegetative nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Therapeutic options for adenomyosis: a review.

BACKGROUND: To review the literature on various therapeutic modalities for uterine adenomyosis. METHODS: Reviews, case-controlled studies and reports from November 1949 until August 2006 written in English or summarized in English abstracts retrieved from Medline and Pubmed using the key words: adenomyosis and adenomyosis therapy. RESULTS: Symptoms of adenomyosis may be alleviated by antiprostaglandins, sex hormones, danazol and GnRH analogs. Minor surgical procedures for therapy include endomyometrial ablation, laparoscopic myometrial electrocoagulation and adenomyoma excision. Patient's age and symptoms, desired fertility, site and extent of lesion and surgeon's skills should be considered in choosing the appropriate procedure. Endomyometrial ablation is effective for lesions deeper than the endometrial-myometrial junction whereas the efficacy of hysteroscopic ablation is limited to foci 2-3 mm deep. Focal and diffuse disease may be managed by laparoscopic electrocoagulation or myometrial excision with preservation of fertility but risk of recurrence exists. Uterine artery embolization assumingly invokes infarction and necrosis. Encouraging results reported in some cases warrant expanding its use for more experience. Hysterectomy is the ultimate solution for women with deep myometrial involvement or if future fertility is not desired. CONCLUSIONS: Various therapeutic options for adenomyosis, including few minimally invasive procedures became available in the last two decades but need evaluation and improvement.

Endometriosis↗
PubMed2006

Role of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the effect of melatonin on the thymus, adrenal glands, and spleen in rats.

We studied the role of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in realization of the effect of melatonin on stress marker organs in rats under normal conditions and during acute stress. Stress induced involution of the thymus in active rats and adrenal gland hypertrophy in active and passive animals. Electrocoagulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus induced a more pronounced decrease in the weight of the thymus and greater increase in the weight of the adrenal glands. Melatonin administration after electrocoagulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus had no effect on the relative weight of the thymus, adrenal glands, and spleen in control and stressed animals. The influence of melatonin on the thymus, adrenal glands, and spleen is partly mediated by this structure of the brain.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1976

The relationship between striatal and mesolimbic dopamine dysfunction and the nature of circling responses following 6-hydroxydopamine and electrolytic lesions of the ascending dopamine systems of rat brain.

The importance of extrapyramidal and mesolimbic function for circling behaviour was investigated by placing 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and electrolesions in the cell bodies, axons and terminals of each system. Circling behaviour was weak when 6-OHDA was placed at the centre of the substantia nigra (SN), but the characteristic contralateral/ipsilateral turning to apomorphine/amphetamine were recorded. Circling was more marked when 6-OHDA was placed anterior to the SN but was generally absent following injections posterior to the SN. However, 6-OHDA placed in the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral hypothalamus resulted in intense contralateral/ipsilateral turning to apomorphine/amphetamine. Generally, the intensity of circling responses was related to the degree of striatal dopamine (DA) depletion but the more effective lesions also caused reductions in mesolimbic DA content. However, circling was not observed following any 6-OHDA injection into the mesolimbic DA system and it is concluded that mesolimbic DA function is not essential for the initiation of circling. In contrast to the 6-OHDA lesions, rats circled ipsilateral to both apomorphine and amphetamine when the SN was damaged by electrocoagulation to cause marked depletion of striatal dopamine. Lesser depletions of striatal dopamine after electrocoagulation in different regions of the medial forebrain bundle were associated with a lower intensity of ipsilateral circling to both drugs. In general, the differences between 6-OHDA and electrolesions could not be explained by additional damage to ascending noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways. Lower doses of apomorphine were effective in the 6-OHDA circling rats, and the ipsilateral striatum of such rats was more sensitive to directly applied DA. Higher doses of apomorphine were required to produce circling after chronic electrolesions which rendered the ipsilateral striatum insensitive to DA. The contralateral circling to apomorphine after 6-OHDA lesions was abolished by chronic but not by acute electrolesion of the SN. It is suggested that electrolesions of the SN cause different effects to 6-OHDA because they destroy neuronal pathways in addition to the dopaminergic nigrostriatal tract. These appear to be required for the expression of circling behaviour caused by stimulation of the denervated striatum. Whereas 6-OHDA lesions result in super-sensitivity of the denervated strital DA receptors, electrolesions may cause a hypo-sensitivity of the same receptor sites.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis of the reasons for consultation and dermatology care cost in a primary care site].

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to the visits for esthetic reasons in an out-patient dermatology consultation and their cost and calculate the invoicing of these visits for a site other than the medical specialist consulted. METHOD: Prospective study in an out-patient dermatology clinic for 12 random days in February 2005. Endpoints of age, gender, diagnosis, cost per visit, cryotherapy and electrocoagulation were collected. Patients were divided into 3 groups: request for esthetic treatment (A), request for dermatology visit (B) and did not come (C). RESULTS: Group B was the largest, with 205 users (46 %), followed by C with 134/455 (29 %) and by A with 116/455 (25 %). In the latter group, the diagnoses were: seborrheic keratosis 39/455 (9 %), acrocordons 21/455 (5 %), remaining diagnoses (intradermal melanocytic nevi, cherry angioma, solar lentigos): 56/116 (11 %). The cost of these visits was 2,528. 8 euros in the 12 days analyzed and treatment of a subgroup of 85 patients (18.75 %) with cryotherapy or electrocoagulation increased it up to 5,043.80 euros. Estimated cost for one year would be 82,950 euros. Calculation of the invoicing for a non-public supplier site to the National Health Service would be: 8769.60 euros/month and 97,875 euros/year. If we add the treatments described, we go from 28,403.40 euros/month to 317,113.80 euros/year. CONCLUSIONS: These data and daily experience should make us think about the ethical consequences (do all the patients have to wait the same time?) as well as legal and collective ones (what type of dermatology do we want to specialize in?).

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1998

Endoscopic treatment of tracheal diverticulum after primary repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula.

Two cases of recurrent and persistent respiratory symptoms after primary repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are described. The diagnostic workup included barium swallow examination, radionuclide study for gastroesophageal reflux, and bronchoscopy. The tracheal diverticulum was detected on bronchoscopy. Treatment consisted of endoscopic cauterization of the mucosa of the diverticulum and its orifice using electrocoagulation in case 1 and the Nd:YAG laser in case 2. Electrocoagulation produced tracheal edema, which caused severe respiratory distress necessitating temporary tracheostomy. Cauterization with the Nd:YAG laser was safe, effective, and uncomplicated.

Bronchoscopy↗
PubMed2002

Laboratory study of electro-coagulation-flotation for water treatment.

An electro-coagulation-flotation process has been developed for water treatment. This involved an electrolytic reactor with aluminium electrodes and a separation/flotation tank. The water to be treated passed through the reactor and was subjected to coagulation/flotation, by Al(III) ions dissolved from the electrodes, the resulting flocs floating after being captured by hydrogen gas bubbles generated at cathode surfaces. Apparent current efficiencies for Al dissolution as aqueous Al(III) species at pH 6.5 and 7.8 were greater than unity. This was due to additional reactions occurring in parallel with Al dissolution: oxygen reduction at anodes and cathodes, and hydrogen evolution at cathodes, resulting in net (i.e. oxidation + reduction) currents at both anodes and cathodes. The specific electrical energy consumption of the reactor for drinking water treatment was as low as 20 kWh (kg Al)(-1) for current densities of 10-20A m(-2). The water treatment performance of the electrocoagulation process was found to be superior to that of conventional coagulation with aluminium sulphate for treating a model-coloured water, with 20% more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) being removed for the same Al(III) dose. However, for a lowland surface water sample, the two processes achieved a similar performance for DOC and UV-absorbance removal. In addition, an up-flow electrocoagulator configuration performed better than a horizontal flow configuration, with both bipolar and monopolar electrodes.

Alum Compounds↗