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PubMedDate not supplied

Assistive technology for postsecondary students with learning disabilities: an overview.

The number of postsecondary students with learning disabilities has increased dramatically over the last several years. This increase, coupled with federal legislation mandating "academic adjustments" for students with disabilities, has prompted the development of postsecondary learning disability support service programs. One support service that has begun to attract considerable attention is assistive technology. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of assistive technology as it relates to postsecondary students with learning disabilities by (a) briefly tracing the development of assistive technology service for postsecondary students with learning disabilities; (b) identifying basic models of assistive technology service delivery and specific services; (c) providing a description of specific assistive technologies; (d) reviewing research on the effectiveness of assistive technology with postsecondary students with learning disabilities, with a focus on the authors' 3-year federally funded study; and (e) concluding with a summary and recommendations.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Changes in physician behavior and cost savings associated with organizational recommendations on the use of "routine" chest X rays and multichannel blood tests.

Group Health Cooperative (GHC) of Puget Sound is a prepaid health plan with 285,000 enrollees and 340 physicians. In 1978 a "criterion analysis" approach was instituted to develop medical staff recommendations about preventive care. By 1979, two recommendations evolved discouraging the "routine" use of: (a) chest X rays (CXR) and (b) multichannel blood tests (MCBT) in asymptomatic adults at "routine" physical exams. An extensive educational campaign was conducted to change physician behavior in use of these tests. Usage patterns were measured both before and after the recommendations and educational programs. A fivefold fall in "nonindicated" use of CXR and a 1.5-fold fall in MCBT occurred. A cost savings of $166,582 (annually) resulted from this diminution in "nonindicated" testing. The decision-making process and educational campaign technology hold promise for GHC's preventive medicine program in the future. These results may have applicability to other health care organizations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The changing library: what clinicians need to know.

Over the last two decades, changes in technology have allowed academic medical center libraries to bring the world of biomedical information to the physician's computer desktop. Because digital libraries have grown so rapidly and in so many ways, some clinicians may be uncertain about the services and resources that are available to them. This article explains how clinical faculty can best utilize their library to support their research and patient care. It addresses some of the most common myths about the "new" medical library, and it highlights innovations in library resources and services that can help physicians to better access, use and manage medical information.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2004

Computer-assisted learning in human and dental medicine.

This article describes the development and application of new didactic methods for use in computer-assisted teaching and learning systems for training doctors and dentists. Taking the Meducase project as an example, didactic models and their technological implementation are explained, together with the limitations of imparting knowledge with the "new media". In addition, legal concepts for a progressive, pragmatic, and innovative distribution of knowledge to undergraduate students are presented. In conclusion, potential and visions for the wide use of electronic learning in the German and European universities in the future are discussed. Self-directed learning (SDL) is a key component in both undergraduate education and lifelong learning for medical practitioners. E-learning can already be used to promote SDL at undergraduate level. The Meducase project uses self-directed, constructive, case- and problem-oriented learning within a learning platform for medical and dental students. In the long run, e-learning programs can only be successful in education if there is consistent analysis and implementation of value-added factors and the development and use of media-didactic concepts matched to electronic learning. The use of innovative forms of licensing - open source licenses for software and similar licenses for content - facilitates continuous, free access to these programs for all students and teachers. These legal concepts offer the possibility of innovative knowledge distribution, quality assurance and standardization across specializations, university departments, and possibly even national borders.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2005

A mixed-methods study of teachers of the deaf learning to integrate computers into their teaching.

A MIXED-METHODS STUDY was conducted of 47 teachers of the deaf in seven urban and suburban programs around the country as they participated in an online training program. The goal of the training program was to encourage the teachers to integrate technology into their teaching of children who were deaf or hard of hearing. In their evaluation of the project, the researchers sought to identify factors that supported the success of the program. Data used in the evaluation of the project were drawn from responses to formal questionnaires, information on retention in the program, and an analysis of comments during online asynchronous discussions. Anxiety about using technology, access to technology, and initial expertise did not determine whether teachers were retained in the program; however, the degree of local support for participants did differentiate those who continued in the program from those who dropped out.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community-based nurse-midwifery education program. Distance learning in nurse-midwifery education.

Distance-learning has greatly expanded the number of students admitted to a nurse-midwifery education program. This article describes the Community-Based Nurse-Midwifery Education Program (CNEP) of the Frontier School of Midwifery and Family Nursing. The organizational structure and curriculum of the CNEP combines apprenticeship learning with academic rigor, permitting students who cannot relocate to the university to pursue graduate education. New technology, such as an interactive electronic bulletin board, networks students and faculty. The program emphasizes theories of independent, adult learning. There is a master's completion option available through the affiliation with Case Western Reserve University.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1998

Using technology for distance.

Internet-based distance education is in its infancy. As technology continues to develop and accessibility to the Internet grows, so, too, will delivery of educational materials via the Internet. In the meantime, the Wolfson Institute is taking the opportunity to learn how to harness this technology for educational purposes and to prepare for a future where education and technology move even closer together.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nursing practice and public health policy in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil].

Redemocratization in the 1970s brought about changes in the public health system in Brazil. The Unified National Health System (SUS) was implemented in 1988, based on local and regional administrative systems. This was an important step that resulted in greater local control and the introduction of new technologies. This study focuses on the local health system in Campinas, a relatively affluent and technologically advanced region some 100km from the city of São Paulo in Southeast Brazil. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to evaluate the work of 233 nurses in the local health system. The first nurse was hired in 1977, and now there are 53 nurses working in specific areas: 10 in the central health administration, 36 in district administrations, and the rest in local services. Nursing services are organized in six main areas: administration, coordination of human resources, education, information technology, health surveillance, and health administration. Nursing intervention may be found in various areas, but it generally focuses on medical consultations, and there is little emphasis on collective activities and health promotion. Local health objectives can only be achieved by creating new practices that promote collective health.

Brazil↗
PubMed2000

Graduate education in nursing leadership through distance technologies: the Canada-Norway Nursing Connection.

The Canada-Norway Nursing Connection was a collaborative project designed to provide an international educational experience for graduate students in nursing via distance technology. Computer-conferencing and video-teleconferencing were used to address nursing leadership content through case studies. The same technologies were employed to develop the project. The processes of planning and implementing the international linkage are described. Agreement about goals, content, context for online discussion, delivery methods, academic expectations, language support, and logistics was essential. The media proved to be effective for students to gain understandings about nursing leadership, health care, and the forces influencing the nursing profession globally. Insights from the project provided a basis for the development of a model for interactive, international graduate education that will be of value to educators dedicated to helping students gain a global understanding of nursing and health care issues.

Canada↗
PubMed2002

Pharmaceutical education in the wake of genomic technologies for drug development and personalized medicine.

The development of safe and effective new therapeutics is a long, difficult, and expensive process. Over the last 20-30 years, recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology has provided a multiple of new methods, molecular targets and DNA-based diagnostics to pharmaceutical research that can be utilized in assays for screening and developing potential biopharmaceutical drugs. In parallel, new innovative approaches to drug delivery systems were discovered and reached the market. Pharmaceutical biotechnology, pharmacogenomics, combinatorial chemistry, in close relation to high-throughput screening technologies, and bioinformatics are major advances that give a new direction to pharmaceutical sciences. To meet with the needs of this new dynamic era of pharmaceutical research and health care environment, pharmaceutical education has to set new priorities to keep pace with the challenges related to genomic technologies. The development of new initiative education programs, for both undergraduate and graduate curricula, in pharmacy has to be focused on preparing pharmacists oriented for both pharmacy practice and drug research and development. This can be achieved by providing future pharmacists with knowledge, skills and attitudes to be more competitive in the health care system, pharmacy practice-related fields, pharmaceutical industry and drug research and development areas, or finally in academia. Educators and pharmacy school members have the responsibility of deciding how, to what extent, by which methods, and/or in which way these changes and new directions in the education programs should be developed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Considerations in change management related to technology.

OBJECTIVE: The authors describe the complexity of social processes for implementing technological change. Once a new technology is available, information about its availability and benefits must be made available to the community of users, with opportunities to try the innovations and find them worthwhile, despite organizational resistances. METHOD: The authors reviewed the literature from psychiatry, psychology, sociology, business, and technology to distill common denominators for success and failure related to implementing technology. RESULTS: Beneficial technological innovations that are simple to use and obviously save everyone time and effort are easy to inaugurate. However, innovations that primarily serve management rather than subordinates or front-line utilizers may fail, despite considerable institutional effort. This article reviews and outlines several of the more prominent theoretical models governing successful institutional change. CONCLUSIONS: Successful implementation of difficult technological changes requires visionary leadership that has carefully considered the benefits, consulted with influence leaders at all organizational levels to spot unintended consequences and sources of resistance, and developed a detailed plan and continuous quality assurance process to foster implementation over time.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development and evaluation of a pathophysiology CD-ROM for nurse practitioner distance education.

Increasing interest in computer-mediated learning technologies has prompted educators to incorporate them into many learning environments; however, there is still little evaluative evidence to support their effectiveness. This report describes the development and evaluation of an instructional CD-ROM on pathophysiology for Nurse Practitioner students. Researcher-designed questionnaires were used to assess the characteristics of our students, and to solicit their ratings of the CD-ROM on ease of use, clarity of instruction, interest, and convenience of the program, using 5-point Likert scales. The respondents indicated that the package was easy and convenient to use, with high technical quality, and of a level challenging to some but not all of the students. On-line quizzes were most highly rated. There were also some indications of higher levels of achievement among users than among nonusers. These data suggest use of CD-ROM as a distance education strategy can be effective for Nurse Practitioner students.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Student support infrastructure.

The development and diffusion of distance learning programmes has made it possible for students to choose their preferred location to study and consequently, they are expected to be able to use new technologies in order to gain the necessary support in a wide range of areas. When universities implement distance learning a number of complex issues have to be considered. This chapter presents a framework for identifying the most important issues. Furthermore, it examines some of the options and problems, which are necessary to consider.

Communication↗
PubMed1996

Home oxygen therapy.

Both the efficacy and the indications for LTOT have been well defined. Most of the studies performed have focused on patients with hypoxemia caused by COPD, and the benefits observed are assumed to apply to all patients with correctable hypoxemia. For Medicare patients, oxygen is reimbursed under a prospective payment system with all delivery systems considered to be cost and therapeutically equal. Because there are, in fact, substantial clinical differences in the medical indications for individual oxygen delivery systems, it is imperative that the prescribing physician be prepared to order the therapy that is most appropriate for each patient. Most home oxygen therapy is now being ordered by primary care physicians, often functioning as gatekeepers in managed care organizations. Education of primary care physicians in this area is often inadequate, and decisions for therapy should not be delegated to the equipment suppliers. If the study of home oxygen therapy conducted by the Office of the Inspector General were repeated today, less misuse of home oxygen would probably be found because of more clearly defined indications and requirements for therapy, but it is likely that the study would find that the level of knowledge of the prescribing physician has not maintained pace with the advances in technology. Continuing education for primary care physicians in this area of respiratory care is essential for appropriate medical management now and in the future.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social support "internetworks," caskets for sale, and more: thanatology and the information superhighway.

A unique indicator of change in our culture's openness to and interest in death, dying, and bereavement is the availability of "thanatechnology": technological mechanisms such as interactive videodiscs and computer programs that are used to access information or aid in learning about thanatology topics. This article describes resources available through society's latest and most widely accessible type of thanatechnology, the Internet and World Wide Web. The conceptual framework of mediated interpersonal communication is used to illustrate sites available as resources for social support. Additional categories of thanatology sites, including narrative, commemorative, expressive, and experiential sites, are defined. Implications for the use of these resources in clinical practice, death education, and research are considered.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2006

Improving awareness of mercury pollution in small-scale gold mining communities: challenges and ways forward in rural Ghana.

This paper critiques the approach taken by the Ghanaian Government to address mercury pollution in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector. Unmonitored releases of mercury-used in the gold-amalgamation process-have caused numerous environmental complications throughout rural Ghana. Certain policy, technological and educational initiatives taken to address the mounting problem, however, have proved marginally effective at best, having been designed and implemented without careful analysis of mine community dynamics, the organization of activities, operators' needs and local geological conditions. Marked improvements can only be achieved in this area through increased government-initiated dialogue with the now-ostracized illegal galamsey mining community; introducing simple, cost-effective techniques for the reduction of mercury emissions; and effecting government-sponsored participatory training exercises as mediums for communicating information about appropriate technologies and the environment.

Awareness↗
PubMed1999

Clinical technologies for the reduction of stuttering and enhancement of speech fluency.

Among the clinical technologies for the treatment of fluency disorders presented in this article are systems for assisting and automating feedback on stuttering severity, establishing speech changes that enhance fluency, and modifying speech-related sensory feedback for fluency enhancement. Some additional technologies, which have been implemented only in research but are expected to find their way to clinicians in the near future, are also discussed. The effectiveness of microcomputer applications for the treatment of stuttering has received little research; however, some answers about their effectiveness may be inferred from descriptions of their operational features and published specifications.

Adult↗