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PubMed1998

Excretion of triethyllead, diethyllead and inorganic lead in rabbits after injection of triethyl neopentoxy lead.

Triethyl neopentoxy lead (TEneoPOL: (C2H5)3Pb [OCH2C(CH3)3] liquid) was administered to rabbits in a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (5.4 mg Pb/kg body weight), and the urinary and fecal excretions of lead were measured to determine the fate of this triethyllead derivative. About 4% of the administered amount of was excreted into the urine during the 7 days after the injection; and about 68%, into the feces. In other words, the fecal excretion of total lead was about 17 times as great as the urinary excretion. About 85% of the urinary excretion of total lead was composed of diethyllead (Et2Pb2+), and about 92% of the fecal excretion consisted of inorganic lead (Pb2+). The major chemical species of lead excreted in the urine was Et2Pb2+, while the major species excreted in the feces was Pb2+. These results were similar to those of administration of tetraethyllead (Et4Pb) to rabbits. One of the 7 rabbits died on the day following the injection, and TEneoPOL, a triethyllead derivative, proved to be no less toxic than Et4Pb. However, this compound is immediately hydrolyzed by the ambient moisture to form a white solid compound, so that it is not accompanied by as great a risk of airway exposure as Et4Pb.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline during hypoglycaemic clamp in diabetic and non-diabetic adolescents.

The urinary excretion of non-conjugated adrenaline and noradrenaline during hypoglycaemic clamp was investigated in 16 diabetic and 15 non-diabetic adolescents. In the diabetic adolescents, the mean excretion of adrenaline was approximately nine times higher in clamp urine than in morning urine (p < 0.0001). In the non-diabetic adolescents, the mean excretion of adrenaline was 20-30 times higher in clamp urine than in morning urine (p < 0.0001). Plasma catecholamines were measured, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and renal clearance of catecholamines were calculated. There was a linear correlation between the AUC and the urinary excretion of adrenaline (r = 0.57, p = 0.001) and noradrenaline (r = 0.49, p = 0.006) during the hypoglycaemic clamp. The renal clearance of adrenaline and noradrenaline did not differ between the diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In the diabetic group, there was a positive correlation between HbA1c and the adrenaline excretion in clamp urine (r = 0.60, p = 0.015). The eight diabetic subjects with HbA1c < 10% had lower adrenaline excretion in clamp urine than the subjects with HbA1c > 10% and the non-diabetic subjects (all p values < 0.05). We conclude that there is a marked increase in urinary adrenaline excretion during hypoglycaemia in diabetic and non-diabetic adolescents. The increase in adrenaline excretion during hypoglycaemia was attenuated in the better-controlled diabetic adolescents in our study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Faecal bile acid excretion during detoxification in patients with alcohol abuse.

BACKGROUND: We wanted to ascertain whether alcohol abuse is associated with a changed faecal bile acid excretion. METHODS: Faecal bile acid excretion was studied in seven chronic alcoholic subjects when admitted to hospital for detoxification. Bile acids in faeces and serum were quantified by gas-liquid chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Daily faecal bile acid excretion was on average 948 mumol in the patients at admission, compared with 400 mumol in eight healthy controls (P < 0.01). The daily faecal bile acid excretion decreased slowly during the detoxification period but was still higher in the patients than in controls after 9 days of detoxification (P < 0.05). Faecal bile acid excretion varied greatly between the different patients, with poor correlation to diarrhoea. In one patient the faecal bile acid excretion was remarkably high, amounting to an average of 6800 mumol day-1 during the first 3 days. The percentage metabolites of total faecal bile acids in the patients did not differ significantly from that of controls. The faecal wet weight was higher in the patients than in the controls, although significantly so only after the first 3 days of detoxification. CONCLUSIONS: Faecal bile acid excretion is increased after alcohol abuse. A gradual decrease in faecal bile acid excretion was observed during the 9-day observation period when the subjects abstained from alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase excretion in calcium oxalate stone patients and its relation to the risk of stone formation.

A tubular renal damage induced by crystals in the renal tubuli can be the triggering primary but also secondary cause of stone formation. In 72 calcium oxalate stone patients (45 men, 27 women) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase [NAG] excretion in 24h-urine was investigated. 48 healthy test persons (27 men, 21 women) served as a control group and helped to establish reference values. In order to find out a possible relation between NAG reference values and the risks of urolithiasis, lithogenous and inhibitory substances were determined in both groups. In the following, relative calcium oxalate supersaturation, representing a risk of urinary stone formation, was analyzed and compared to NAG excretion values. The threshold value of pathologic NAG excretion was determined in the group of healthy test subjects (mean value +/- 2 standard deviation) and was fixed at 4.2 U/d (women 3.06 U/d, men 4.24 U/d). In our investigations on NAG excretion significantly (p < 0.05) increased values were found in stone patients (4.43 U/d +/- 4.27) as compared to healthy test persons (2.13 U/d +/- 1.02). In the case of increased NAG excretion in stone patients there was a positive correlation between NAG excretion and increased phosphate, sulphate, uric acid, oxalate, and creatinine excretion. Only in female patients there was a relation between relative calcium oxalate supersaturation and NAG excretion values. As a result, NAG determination is considered to be an appropriate means of tracing a certain risk group within calcium oxalate stone patients.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1976

Bile and urine as complementary pathways for the excretion of foreign organic compounds.

1. The urinary and biliary excretion in the rat of 30 aromatic compounds with mol. wt. of 100-850, and largely excreted unchanged, has been studied. 2. These compounds fall into three groups as regards their pattern of elimination, which is related to mol. wt: group 1, with mol. wt. less than 350 and the major route of elimination the urine. When urinary excretion is prevented by ligating the renal pedicles the biliary excretion remains low. group 2, with mol, wt. of 450-850 which are excreted predominantly in bile. Even when the bile duct is obstructed, only small amounts of these compounds are found in urine. group 3, with mol. wt. of 350-450, which are eliminated extensively in both urine and bile. When one of these routes is blocked excretion by the other increases. 3. These studies emphasize the interrelationship of urine and bile as excretory routes for organic compounds. Urine and bile are complementary pathways; the extent of urinary excretion is greatest for the compounds of lowest mol. wt. and tends to decrease as mol. wt. increases and biliary excretion becomes more extensive.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of renal perfusion pressure on excretion of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate in the rat.

Abnormalities in renal handling of calcium, magnesium, or phosphate have been implicated in the development and/or maintenance of human hypertension. We have shown recently that renal excretion of these ions is correlated to blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive as well as salt-resistant rats. The present study was designed to determine whether renal perfusion pressure per se could affect excretion of these ions. Urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate was studied in anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats under basal conditions and during an intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (ANG II), vasopressin (AVP) or phenylephrine (PE). A cuff, placed around the aorta between the two renal arteries, allowed maintenance of normal perfusion pressure in the left kidney, while that in the right kidney was allowed to rise. Infusion of pressor agents raised mean arterial blood pressure to comparable levels (means +/- SE): ANG II (n = 7), before = 102 +/- 4, during = 133 +/- 3 mmHg, AVP (n = 8), before = 110 +/- 7, during = 136 +/- 5 mmHg, PE (n = 6), before = 111 +/- 6, during = 141 +/- 6 mmHg. Although there was no difference in excretion of calcium, magnesium and phosphate between the two kidneys under basal conditions, infusion of ANG II or PE induced hypercalciuria, hypermagnesiuria and hyperphosphaturia in the right kidney which was exposed to the increased arterial pressure. Such effects did not appear in the pressure-controlled left kidney. Infusion of AVP was associated with reduced excretion of calcium and magnesium, and increased excretion of phosphate, in the normotensive kidney. The response to the similarly increased renal perfusion pressure in this group was also reduced for calcium and magnesium, and enhanced for phosphate. The results indicate (1) renal excretion of calcium, magnesium and phosphate is renal perfusion pressure-dependent; the higher the renal perfusion pressure, the greater the excretion of these ions. (2) Independently of perfusion pressure, AVP can inhibit phosphate reabsorption and stimulate divalent cation reabsorption.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1977

Urinary creatinine as an index of urinary excretion of estrogen in cows prepartum and postpartum.

Urine was collected from 55 cows via indwelling urinary catheters for periods of 12 h on different days (28 days prepartum to 60 days postpartum). Excretion of urinary creatinine (mg/h per kg bodyweight) among Holsteins increased from .94 on day 28 prepartum to 1.14 on day .5 postpartum and then decreased to .82 on days 30 to 45 of lactation. Excretion of creatinine among 12-h collections of urine on different days did not differ for groups of cows within periods prepartum and postpartum, and coefficients of variation within cows were 12 to 13%. Ratio of urinary estradiol (-17 alpha) to urinary creatinine was correlated (.93) more highly with its excretion based on volume of urine excreted than was its urinary concentration (.79) within periods prepartum and postpartum. Ratios of urinary metabolites to urinary creatinine rather than their concentrations should be used to express rates of excretion in cows' urine when urine excreted per hour is unknown. Moreover, daily rates of excretion of estradiol in urine can be estimated [ng estradiol/day = A X ng/mg urinary creatinine x kg bodyweight x 24 h, where A is average excretion of urinary creatinine (mg/h per kg bodyweight)] for respective days prepartum and postpartum.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Urinary excretion of acetate and propionate by the Holstein cow as affected by physiological state and propionate infusion.

Daily urinary excretion of acetate and propionate was determined for 13 Holstein cows fed for ad libitum consumption a 40% soy-corn concentrate: 60% corn silage diet prepartum and 60% concentrate: 40% silage diet postpartum. Daily excretion of acetate did not differ between periods corresponding to -3, 7, and 11 wk postpartum. Cows excreted more propionic acid at 7 and 11 wk postpartum than at 3 wk prepartum. However, propionic acid excretion did not differ between the two postpartum periods. Propionic acid excretion was not associated with intake of feed during lactation. Rapid intrajugular infusion of propionate (2.5 mmol/kg) increased propionate excretion at -3 and 7 wk postpartum and acetate excretion at 7 wk postpartum. Under physiological conditions urinary excretion of acetate and propionate does not represent a meaningful energy loss.

Acetates↗
PubMed1992

Effects of concentration of dietary phosphorus on amount and route of excretion.

Objectives were to determine the effect of dietary concentration of P in DM on routes of excretion of P and to evaluate direct and indirect measures of calculating DM digestibility and P excretion. Twelve lactating Holstein cows were fed 20 kg of DM containing .41% P daily for 4 wk and then were assigned randomly to one of three diets: low (.30%), medium (.41%), or high (.56%) in P for 9 wk. Total collections of excreta (feces and urine) and milk were made during wk 4, 7, 10, and 13. At wk 4, cows excreted 88.2% of P consumed daily: 68.6% of excreted P in feces, 1.0% in urine, and 30.3% secreted in milk. Cows assigned to the low P diet decreased intake by 26.8% and excretion of P in feces by 22.7% in wk 13 compared with wk 4, whereas cows fed the high P diet increased intake by 36.5% and excretion of P in feces by 48.6%. Digestibility of DM was 62.6% when calculated from total collection of feces but only 55.7 or 56.5% when estimated indirectly using Cr or acid detergent lignin as indigestible markers. Apparent excretion of P was less than that estimated using either of the marker techniques (49.7 vs. 59.1 and 58.1 +/- .7 g/d of P) because digestibility of DM was underestimated. A prediction equation was developed for P excretion based on P intake and milk production.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Prediction of excretion of manure and nitrogen by Holstein dairy cattle.

A compilation of N balance data (n = 1801) was partitioned into four groups to define the mean excretion of manure and N and to develop empirical equations to estimate these excretions from Holstein herds. Mean excretion of manure for cows that averaged 29 kg/d of milk production was 3 kg/d per 1000 kg of body weight (BW) more than the value for dairy cows reported by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers; N excretion was 0.09 kg/d per 1000 kg of BW higher than the value reported by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Mean excretion of manure and N for cows that averaged 14 kg/d of milk production and that for nonlactating cows were substantially lower than the values reported by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Growing and replacement cattle excreted 10 kg/d per 1000 kg of BW more manure and 0.11 kg/d per 1000 kg of BW more N than was reported by the American Society for Agricultural Engineers for beef cattle. Estimation of manure and N excretion was more accurate than mean values when using regression equations that included variables for milk production, concentration of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in the diet, BW, days in milk, and days of pregnancy. Equations that contained intake variables did not significantly affect predictions of manure and N excretion, and the use of such equations is discouraged unless dry matter intake is measured and not estimated. Accurate estimates of excreta output could improve the planning of storage and handling systems for manure and the calculation of nutrient balances on dairy farms.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

Effect of bilateral atrial appendectomy on postprandial sodium excretion in conscious monkeys.

We have shown that bilateral atrial appendectomy attenuates the increase in atrial natriuretic factor and sodium excretion that occurs after acute blood volume expansion. These findings suggest that the atrial appendages influence renal sodium excretion. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether atrial appendectomy alters the increase in sodium excretion that occurs postprandially. One to two weeks after surgery, conscious monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were given a meal through a nasogastric tube. The meal consisted of water (20 ml/kg), sodium (2.5 mmol/kg), carbohydrate (2.65 g/kg), protein (0.68 g/kg), and fat (0.89 g/kg). Postprandial changes in renal function were monitored for 210 min after the meal was started. In the sham animals, urine flow increased from 0.23 +/- 0.04 to 0.55 +/- 0.05 ml/min, sodium excretion increased from 28.6 +/- 7.8 to 84.4 +/- 12.3 mumol/min and fractional sodium excretion increased from 1.35 +/- 0.38% to 3.06 +/- 0.43%. Bilateral atrial appendectomy (ATX) significantly attenuated the renal responses to the meal. Urine flow in the ATX animals increased from 0.19 +/- 0.03 to 0.30 +/- 0.02 ml/min, sodium excretion increased from 26.5 +/- 5.8 to 45.8 +/- 15.2 mumol/min, and fractional sodium excretion increased from 0.99 +/- 0.02% to 1.53 +/- 0.34%. Postprandial changes in renal and systemic hemodynamics were also monitored and were similar in both groups. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic factor were also similar in both groups and did not increase postprandially. These findings demonstrate that bilateral atrial appendectomy attenuates postprandial-induced increases in sodium excretion by mechanisms that do not involve an increase in atrial natriuretic factor.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urinary calcium excretion in primary hyperparathyroidism: relationship to 25-hydroxyvitamin d status.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and evaluate the relationship between urinary calcium excretion and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) levels in patients with PHPT. METHODS: We present a case report and a review of the medical records of patients with PHPT. Of 75 patients with PHPT substantiated by hypercalcemia and increased levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), 35 were identified with laboratory evaluation of vitamin D levels and 24-hour urinary calcium excretion. These study subjects were stratified as 25-OH-D deficient, insufficient, or replete (on the basis of serum values of <15, 15 to 25, or >25 ng/mL, respectively). Total 24-hour urinary calcium excretion and the fractional excretion of calcium (FECa) were analyzed as a function of 25-OH-D status. RESULTS: Of the 35 study subjects, 14 (40%) and 13 (37%) had 25-OH-D deficiency or insufficiency, respectively. Those patients with a 25-OH-D level <15 ng/mL had higher serum iPTH concentrations as well as lower urinary calcium excretion and FECa. No significant correlations were found, however, between 25-OH-D status and iPTH concentrations (r = -0.21; P = 0.23), total 24-hour urinary calcium excretion (r = 0.07; P = 0.7), or FECa (r = 0.04; P = 0.8). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency (25-OH-D levels <15 ng/mL) was common in our population of patients with PHPT. Urinary calcium excretion was not significantly altered by 25-OH-D deficiency in patients with newly recognized PHPT. Measurements of total urinary calcium excretion and FECa can be reliably used to rule out familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia in the initial evaluation of PHPT, regardless of 25-OH-D status. Determining 25-OH-D concentrations best assesses the vitamin D status.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Ceftezole, a new cephalosporin C derivative II. Distribution and excretion in parenteral administration.

The distribution of ceftezole in blood and tissues and its excretion after intramuscular or intravenous administration of single doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg were compared with those of cefazolin, cephaloridine and cephalothin. Blood levels of ceftezole in rats and rabbits were lower than those of cefazolin, and higher than those of cephaloridine and cephalothin. Retention time of ceftezole in the blood was somewhat shorter than that of cefazolin. However, blood levels of ceftezole in dogs were nearly the same as those of cefazolin and cephaloridine. The rate of urinary excretion of ceftezole in 24-hour urine after administration in rats and rabbits was found to be higher than those of the other antibiotics tested. In dogs, however, the rate of urinary excretion of ceftezole was nearly the same as that of cefazolin and higher than those of cephaloridine and cephalothin. The biliary excretion of ceftezole in rats and dogs was much higher than those of cephaloridine and cephalothin, but lower than that of cefazolin. Tissue distribution of ceftezole in rats was compared with that of the other antibiotics by intramuscular and intravenous administration. The initial level of ceftezole in the kidneys was found to be substantially higher than those of the other antibiotics. The initial level of ceftezole in the liver and lungs was also slightly higher than those of the other drugs when administered intramuscularly. Tissue levels of ceftezole were somewhat lower than those of cefazolin in rabbits after intravenous administration. Ceftezole attained a higher maximum level in rat lymph by intramuscular administration than the other antibiotics tested. The maximum concentration of ceftezole present in the exudate in the rat inflammatory pouch was higher than that of cefazolin. In rabbits with cerebrospinal meningitis induced by infection of Streptococcus pyogenes, the level of ceftezole in the cerebrospinal fluid was several times higher than that in normal rabbits. The serum level and urinary excretion of ceftezole was examined in 6 healthy male volunteers after intramuscular administration of a single dose of 500 mg. Ceftezole attained a mean maximum serum level of 22.9 mug/ml 30 minutes after administration and disappeared from the blood in about 6 hours. It was excreted rapidly in the urine. The concentration in 1-hour urine was the highest (mean level: 2,667 mug/ml) and the total excretion rate was 92.6%. No metabolites with antimicrobial activity were observed in the urine. No changes in the pattern of plasma level and urinary excretion and no accumulation in the tissues were observed after repeated intramuscular administration of 20 mg/kg of ceftezole in rabbits, 26 times, for 14 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of inorganic fluoride on renal excretion of fluid and sodium in diabetic rats.

The hypothesis that the diabetic rat is more susceptible to the adverse renal effects (i.e., urine concentrating defect) of inorganic fluoride was tested by comparing fluid and sodium excretion rates in nondiabetic and diabetic rats before and after fluoride administration. Male Fischer 344 rats were injected with either vehicle (0.1 M citrate buffer, i.v.) or streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight). Renal excretions of fluid and sodium were determined in conscious animals following administration (i.v.) of a saline volume load containing or lacking inorganic fluoride (0.2 mg/ml). To examine the effect of fluoride without the contribution of a saline load, renal excretions of fluid and sodium were determined following a gradual, graded elevation in plasma fluoride concentration. The natriuretic and diuretic responses to an isotonic saline load were similar between the groups prior to and after fluoride administration. Graded elevations in the fluoride concentration of plasma mediated a slight increase in fluid and sodium excretion in the control rat while the treatment protocol led to a reduction in fluid excretion and an increase in the sodium excretion in the diabetic rat. As a result, the ratio of sodium/fluid excretion following fluoride administration was significantly higher in the diabetic compared to the control rat. These results suggest a differential effect of inorganic fluoride on the renal excretion of sodium and fluid between the nondiabetic and diabetic rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Calculation of renal clearance by dynamic measurement of excreted activity].

AIM: In this paper we present a new method to measure the renal slope-clearance of Tc-99m-MAG-3 in a single-shot model (Excretion-clearance). METHODS: A renal scintigraphy with Tc-99m-MAG-3 was performed in 22 patients. The excreted activity of the tracer in the kidneys and the bladder was dynamically measured using a double-head gamma-camera. Additionally the total absorption over the kidneys and the bladder was determined. The Excretion-clearance was calculated in a differential and an integral variant. Simultaneously the 2-compartment-clearance (Sapirstein-clearance), the Oberhausen-clearance and the Bubeck-clearance were calculated. RESULTS: The Sapirstein-clearance is considered as the "gold standard" in a single-shot model. The correlation of the Bubeck-clearance and the Oberhausen-clearance ranged from r = 0.96 to r = 0.97, the Excretion-clearance (differential-method) correlated with r = 0.90. The absolute difference of the clearance-values was lowest comparing the Bubeck-clearance with the Sapirstein-clearance with an average difference of 11%, whereas the Excretion-clearance revealed at least an average difference of 21% and the Oberhausen-clearance of 24%. DISCUSSION: The Excretion-clearance requires a more complicated protocol measuring the clearance in comparison to the Bubeck-clearance. The results of the excretion-clearance differ more from the Sapirstein-clearance with regard to the examined patient population than the Bubeck-clearance. Regarding the theoretical basis of the methods, we expect advantages of the Excretion-clearance compared with the Bubeck-Clearance in patients with compartmental disproportion or with a low clearance. We are going to prove this in combination with the above mentioned methodical improvements in a further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Excretion of uric aid, sodium, and potassium in preeclampsia patients and its behavior in acute hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia].

The aim of the present research was to compare the uric acid, sodium and potassium excretions among patients with mild preeclampsia and normotensive pregnancy and to determine their behavior towards an acute physiologic state of hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia. It was carried out a cuasi-experimental study with parallel group in 25 patients with mild preeclampsia and in 25 patients with normotensive pregnancy all of them in the third trimester of gestation. The intervention consisted in administering an oral load of 50 grams of glucose in order to achieve a physiologic state of hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia. The seric levels of glucose, insulin, creatine, uric acid, sodium and potassium were measured, as well as the last four in urine before the oral load (with at least 6 hours fasting) and 60 minutes after the load, besides that, the urinary excretions of solutes were calculated with standard formulas. The urinary excretions of uric acid, sodium and potassium in fasting, and so after the oral glucose load were lower in the group of preeclampsia patients than in the normotensive gestation group. Upon analyzing the influence of a physiologic state of hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia, after the oral glucose load on determined solutes and their urinary excretion, we found that there was a significant decrease in the seric potassium level, without modifying its urinary excretion, as much as in the preeclampsia group as in the normotensive group. The seric uric acid and sodium levels diminished in the preeclampsia group and in normotensive group respectively, without modifying their urinary excretion. In conclusion, in the current study the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and uric acid were lower in the preeclampsia patients than the women with normotensive pregnancy and a physiologic state of hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia didn't modify these excretions.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Total fluoride intake and urinary excretion in 4-year-old Iranian children residing in low-fluoride areas.

Knowledge of levels of fluoride ingestion and excretion is important in planning optimum fluoride therapy for young children. In previous literature, it has been assumed that only about one-third of ingested fluoride is excreted in young children. The aims of the present study were (a) to measure total fluoride intake, urinary fluoride excretion and fluoride balance, and (b) to investigate the effect of air temperature on fluoride intake and urinary fluoride excretion, in young children. Children (4 years old) living in a city, a small town and rural areas of Fars province, Iran, where drinking water contained 0.30-0.39 mg F/l, were invited to participate. Selection of subjects was by random sampling of kindergartens or health centres. The children were surveyed twice, once in summer and once in winter. Diet was obtained by 3 d diaries with interview. Samples of most foods and drinks were analysed for fluoride content. Ingestion of fluoride from toothpaste was estimated for each child. Each child's urine was collected over 24 h and analysed for fluoride content. Seventy-eight of the 116 volunteers completed all aspects of the study, which was conducted in 1995-6. For all children, the mean fluoride ingestion from diet was 0.390 (SD 0.122) mg/d or 0.028 (SD 0.008) mg/kg body weight per d. Fluoride ingestion from diet was higher in summer and higher in rural areas. The mean ingestion of fluoride from all sources was 0.426 (SD 0.126) mg/d and the mean fluoride urinary excretion was 0.339 (SD 0.100) mg/d. The difference between ingestion and urinary excretion was +0.087 (SD 0.143) mg, equivalent to 80% excretion. Faecal excretion was not estimated. The results indicate fluoride retention at 4 years to be much lower than previously assumed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

Multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein 2 is essential for the biliary excretion of indocyanine green.

Multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein 2 (Mdr2) is a phospholipid translocator in the canalicular membrane that is essential for the formation of biliary phospholipid vesicles and mixed lipid/bile salt micelles. Incorporation into biliary vesicles and micelles is thought to contribute to the hepatobiliary excretion of certain hydrophobic organic anions, such as indocyanine green (ICG). The present studies characterized the biliary excretion of two hydrophobic organic anions, ICG and estradiol-17beta(beta-D-glucuronide) (E(2)17G), in the single-pass isolated perfused liver and the biliary excretion of glutathione (GSH) in vivo in wild-type and Mdr2-/- female mice. The biliary excretion of ICG (0.4 micromol) was reduced by 90%, while the biliary excretion of total GSH was decreased by 65% in Mdr2-/- mice relative to wild-type mice. In contrast, the biliary excretion of E(2)17G (0.1 micromol) was increased by 30% in Mdr2-/- mice. These data indicate that the absence of Mdr2 differentially influences the biliary excretion of these organic anions and suggest that phospholipid vesicles and mixed micelles in bile are essential for the biliary excretion of ICG.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B↗