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PubMed1977

Nutrition survey of schoolchildren in greater Winnipeg. II. Dietary intake and biochemical assessment.

The total dietary intake of energy and of individual nutrients of 99 grades 3 and 6 children from 10 greater Winnipeg shcools were generally comparable to those reported by Nutrition Canada for the Manitoba and national samples, although the percentile distributions of total caloric intake and dietary intake of vitamin A for the Winnipeg children tended to be lower. The median daily intake of protein was 212% of the Canadian Dietary Standard and most came from animal sources. Dietary fat was largely from animal sources as well. Hemoglobin concentrations were marginally low in four children, and urinary riboflavin:creatinine ratios were low in six children. There was no biochemical evidence of thiamin deficiency. The results suggest a need for change in dietary patterns and for education in nutrition, including relative nutrient/cost benefits. A well planned school snack program with an education component is a medium by which change could be introduced. This should preferable be part of a total school health program.

Calcium, Dietary↗
PubMed2003

Food consumption patterns of rural older African American, Native American, and white adults in North Carolina.

This paper describes the major food sources of selected nutrients for an ethnically diverse sample of older adults in rural North Carolina. A representative sample of 130 elders (> 70 years) completed semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Percentages of foods most frequently consumed as the lead source of seven nutrients were calculated overall, by gender and ethnic group. Foods eaten at least one time per week were identified, and percentages of participants consuming that frequency were calculated. Major food sources included: salad oil/cooking oil for calories, total fat and saturated fat; miscellaneous vegetables for dietary fiber and folate; and orange/grapefruit juice for vitamin C. Heterogeneity in food sources was greatest for zinc and least for vitamin C. Variation across gender and ethnic groups was observed only in the degree to which specific food sources contributed to nutrient intake. These data provide greater insight into the dietary patterns of rural elders than examining nutrient intakes.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1986

Paper chromatography of urinary amino acids. A 30 year survey of dietary influences on the normal pattern, and patients' results.

In the clinical laboratory, paper chromatography is still the most useful, simple, inexpensive procedure for initial identification of abnormalities of amino acid excretion. The results of its use for more than 8000 paediatric and adult renal patients is surveyed. Nonspecific generalized aminoaciduria was the most frequent abnormality found, comprising some 70% of abnormal results, with cystine-lysinuria the next most common. The identification of the abnormal excretory pattern of amino acids as distinct from the normal was complicated by the effects of the New Zealand diet. In particular, valine, citrulline, hydroxyproline and glutamic acid are found in considerable amounts as part of the normal pattern. Their dietary origin is discussed. Varying mixtures of monosaccharides and disaccharides occurred in association with a range of amino acid patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Achieving substantial changes in eating behavior among women previously treated for breast cancer--an overview of the intervention.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the intervention in a clinical trial examining the effect of a plant-based diet on breast cancer recurrence. To report baseline to 12-month dietary change and investigate whether cooking-class attendance influenced adherence to the study's dietary targets. DESIGN: A descriptive analysis of baseline and 12-month dietary intake data and other variables from a subcohort of participants in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Seven hundred thirty-nine women (primarily non-Hispanic white and well educated) who had been treated for early stage breast cancer. All were intervention group participants and had adhered to the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study counseling and dietary assessment protocols. Mean age at study entry was 54 years, and mean body mass index was 26.7. INTERVENTION: Telephone counseling, complemented by an orientation meeting, cooking classes, and newsletters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The change in intake of vegetables, vegetable juice, fruit, fiber, and fat between baseline and 12 months is reported, and the association between cooking classes attended and overall dietary adherence is examined. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Mean intake for vegetables, vegetable juice, fruit, fiber, and fat were calculated. Percentage of women meeting select Healthy People 2010 objectives were tabulated. RESULTS: Total daily vegetable, vegetable juice, fruit, and fiber intake increased significantly (P <.01), while fat decreased significantly (P <.01). The percentage of women meeting the Healthy People 2010 fruit and vegetable objectives increased substantially. Overall dietary adherence was associated with increased cooking-class attendance (P for trend <.01). CONCLUSIONS: A multimodal approach to dietary modification, based largely on individualized telephone counseling, can substantially change the overall dietary pattern of women previously treated for breast cancer.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2000

Brief, computer-assisted diabetes dietary self-management counseling: effects on behavior, physiologic outcomes, and quality of life.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work was to evaluate the reach, effectiveness, adoption, and implementation of a brief behavioral dietary intervention and 2 supplemental components of diabetes self-management support: telephone follow-up calls and community resources enhancement. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: This was a 2 x 2 randomized, controlled trial investigating the incremental effects of telephone follow-up and community resources enhancement with 320 adult type 2 diabetes outpatients. METHODS. Key outcomes included behavioral (dietary patterns, fat intake), physiologic (HbA1c, lipids), and quality-of-life/patient satisfaction measures and were collected at baseline and 3- and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Despite high reach (76% patient participation), excellent adoption (all 12 primary care practices approached participated), and good implementation, there were few outcome differences among treatment conditions. There was significant improvement across conditions in most outcomes in each category at both follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS: A brief, computer-assisted, dietary goal-setting intervention basic treatment condition was moderately successful in producing dietary improvements but less so in producing biologic or quality-of-life outcomes. Additions of follow-up phone calls or a community resources enhancement component did not produce incremental improvements over this basic intervention.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed1981

Dietary-atherosclerosis study on deceased persons.

Relation of certain market foods to raised coronary lesions. By M. C. Moore, M. A. Guzmán, P. E. Schilling, and J. P. Strong, J. Am. Dietet. A. 79:668, 1981. Dietary patterns of 253 deceased men, as reported by their spouses, were related significantly to atherosclerotic lesions when assessed by the food sources in their diets. Using the macronutrients--protein, fat and carbohydrate--to identify and quantify the food sources in their diets, researchers found lesser lesions to be related to intakes of legumes, grains, and vegetables, while higher lesions were related, but to a lesser degree, to intakes of beef, milk, and fruit. It is concluded that dietary mixing of foods could have either enhanced or obscured the degree of these relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Frequent sugar intake--then and now: interpretation of the main results.

The Vipeholm Study is a unique diet-caries interventional study that has earned its place as a citation classic. One of the findings, that quantity of sugar consumed at meals in a non-sticky form had little influence on caries rate, has often been misinterpreted, as it is based on an institutional population under supervised dietary control. The other main finding, that sugary foods consumed in a sticky form at high frequency between meals are highly cariogenic, is generally accepted. Although the Vipeholm Study has been criticized on ethical grounds, relatively fewer teeth were extracted for caries than are currently extracted in an adult population. The results of two modern studies in Northumberland, UK, and Michigan, USA, on the relationship between dietary habits and caries increments in children have been compared with the Vipeholm findings. Currently the correlations between dietary habits and caries increments are low because of the low caries increments and relatively small differences in dietary patterns in non-interventional conditions. High frequency of snacking is uncommon and use of topical fluoride agents (dentifrices, rinses) is widespread. However, for the caries-susceptible person, between-meal consumption of sugary foods is still a risk factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Wine intake and diet in a random sample of 48763 Danish men and women.

BACKGROUND: Variation in diet associated with drinking patterns may explain why wine seems to reduce ischemic heart disease mortality. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to study the association between intake of different alcoholic beverages and selected indicators of a healthy diet. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark, from 1995 to 1997, and included 23 284 men and 25 479 women aged 50-64 y. The main outcome measures were groups of selected foods that were indicators of a healthy dietary pattern. RESULTS: Wine, as compared with other alcoholic drinks, was associated with a higher intake of fruit, fish, cooked vegetables, salad, and the use of olive oil for cooking in both men and women. Men who preferred beer and spirits had odds ratios of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.45) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.60), respectively, for a high intake of salad compared with those who preferred wine. Higher wine intake was associated with a higher intake of healthy food items compared with intake of < or = 2.5 glasses of wine/mo; odds ratios for drinkers of between 30 and 135 glasses of wine/mo for all the chosen indicators of healthy diet varied between 1.23 and 4.20, and were all strongly significant. CONCLUSION: Wine drinking is associated with an intake of a healthy diet. This finding may have implications for the interpretation of previous reports of the relation between type of alcoholic beverage and mortality.

Beer↗
PubMed2000

Diet as preventive medicine in cardiology.

Because the main cause of death in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) is sudden cardiac death (SCD), physicians should develop specific strategy, including dietary changes, to prevent it. In the long term, reduction of the diet-dependent chronic risk factors of CHD, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes, is also important. The association of the cardioprotective effects of the Mediterranean diet (through various mechanisms, likely including the prevention of SCD) with those expected from the reduction of blood lipids and blood pressure and a better control of diabetes (in addition to its gastronomic appeal) renders this dietary pattern extremely attractive for public health purposes. Experimental and epidemiologic studies, as well as randomized trials, clearly demonstrated that n-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of SCD in CHD patients. Their use is now encouraged either as supplements or as part of a Mediterranean-type diet.

Cholesterol, Dietary↗
PubMed1991

Use of a standard preparatory diet for the oral glucose tolerance test. Is it necessary?

A prospective investigation was performed to evaluate the necessity of a diet containing greater than or equal to 150 g/d of carbohydrate for three days before the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Thirty-seven obstetric patients who had a value of greater than or equal to 135 mg/dL on the one-hour, 50-g oral glucose screening test underwent a subsequent OGTT. The patients were alternately assigned to one of two groups. Nineteen of 37 (51%) were asked to precede the OGTT with a three-day diet containing greater than 150 g/d of carbohydrate. Those patients were then asked not to alter their normal dietary pattern and to repeat the OGTT in one to two weeks (group I). Eighteen of 37 (49%) followed the testing scheme in reverse order (group II). There were no significant differences in mean fasting or in one-, two- or three-hour plasma glucose values at either testing period between groups I and II. There were no significant differences between groups I and II in the number of patients who had an abnormal OGTT at the initial or repeat testing period. Dietary preparation for the OGTT is not necessary, and patients can be scheduled for the test when convenient.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The Anti-Coronary Club: 1957 to 1972.

The Diet and Coronary Heart Disease Study Project, known as the Anti-Coronary Club, was established by the New York City Department of Health, Bureau of Nutrition in June 1957. The major goals were: 1) to develop an acceptable experimental diet capable of reducing serum cholesterol in ambulatory middle-aged men; and 2) to test the hypothesis that a reduction in serum cholesterol is associated with a modified diet and a reduced incidence of coronary heart disease development. The Prudent Diet was developed to provide a way of eating consistent with the American dietary pattern, avoiding an excess of empty calories, saturated fat, and food cholesterol. It provides a favorable balance of nutrients, limits total fat content and makes possible a more desirable ratio of PUFA to saturated fats. Based on the data, it seems reasonable to attribute the lower coronary heart disease incidence rates in the active experimental group of both age categories studied (40 to 49 and 50 to 59) directly to the reduction in serum cholesterol levels, with weight reduction as a beneficial accomplishment. Dietary intervention with the Prudent Diet was instrumental in achieving the lower coronary heart disease incidence rates that demonstrated the efficacy of the Prudent Diet as a sensible diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Dietary intake methodology I. USDA surveys and supporting research.

Nationwide food consumption and dietary surveys have been conducted about every 10 yr by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) since the mid-1930s to fulfill responsibilities for monitoring dietary patterns among the nation's population. Survey findings have implications for policies and programs related to food production and marketing, food safety, food assistance, and nutrition education. Until 1965, these surveys measured household food consumption only, but subsequent surveys were expanded to include food intakes by individuals in the sample households. Since 1985, small-scale continuing surveys of food intakes by individuals have been conducted during the years between the large decennial surveys. The 1-d recall was used in the first dietary intake survey. Then, to capture day-to-day variation in diets, 3 d of intake data, 1-d recall and 2-d records, were collected in 1977-1978, 1987-1988, and 1989. Prior to the 1977-1978 dietary intake survey, USDA embarked upon an intensive program of extramural research that was designed to improve methodologies for surveying individuals' dietary intakes. Since 1975, many major investigations have been completed and results have been incorporated in current survey procedures. Studies included testing of varied recall and diary methods, approaches for validating survey data, debriefings of survey respondents and interviewers, intersurvey comparisons, and testing of panel approaches with in-person, telephone, and mail contacts.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1995

Eating behavior and energy and nutrient intake in overweight/obese and normal-weight Spanish elderly.

Dietary patterns were studied in 122 Spanish elderly people divided into two groups: overweight/obese subjects (O) (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2), and normal-weight subjects (NW) (BMI < 25). O subjects ate less fruit and more meat than NW subjects. No differences were found between NW and O subjects with respect to energy intake, but O elderly obtained more of their energy from proteins and less from carbohydrates. Further, O subjects showed a higher cholesterol intake per MJ than NW subjects. The existence of the dietary imbalances seen in the diet of the O elderly may damage their health.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Trophic partitioning in tropical rain forest birds: insights from stable isotope analysis.

Bird communities reach their highest taxonomic and trophic diversity in tropical rain forest, but the use of different foraging strategies to meet food requirements in such competitive environments is poorly understood. Conventional dietary analyses are poorly suited to investigate dietary patterns in complex systems. We used stable carbon ((13)C/(12)C) and nitrogen ((15)N/(14)N) isotope analysis of whole blood to examine avian trophic patterns and sources of diet in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. We used stable nitrogen isotope analysis to delineate trophic levels, and stable carbon isotope analysis to distinguish the relative contribution of C-3 and CAM/C-4 ultimate sources of proteins to diets. There was large inter- and intraspecific variation in whole blood delta(13)C and delta(15)N values in 23 species of birds. Stable nitrogen isotope analysis separated birds into several trophic levels, including species that obtained their dietary protein mostly from plants, insects or a combination of both food sources. Stable carbon isotope analysis showed that most birds fed on C3-based foods but Stub-tailed Spadebills (Platyrinchus cancrominus) included C-3- and C-4/CAM-specialist individuals. Our analyses provided insights into the nutritional contribution of plant and animal sources of protein and distinguish their photosynthetic origin over relatively long average time periods.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dietary guidelines and patterns of intake in Denmark.

Food-based dietary guidelines in Denmark have usually been expressed in simple terms only and need to be elaborated. Quantitative recommendations on fruit and vegetable intake were issued in 1998, recommending 600 g/d (potatoes not included). This paper is based on a national dietary survey in 1995 (n = 3098, age range 1-80 years) supplemented with data from a simple frequency survey in 1995 (n = 1007, age range 15-80 years) and from the first national survey in 1985 (n = 2242, age range 15-80 years). Only data on adults are included in this paper. Fat intake, saturated fat in particular, is too high (median intake 37 %energy and 16 %energy, respectively). Main fat sources are separated fats (butter, margarine, oil, etc.: 40%), meat (18%), and dairy products (21%). Total fat intake decreased from 1985 to 1995 but fatty acid composition did not improve. Dietary fibre intake is from 18 to 22 g/d (women and men, respectively) with 62% from cereals, 24% from vegetables and 12% from fruit. Mean intake of vegetables and potatoes was from 200 to 250 g/d (women and men, respectively). Mean intake of fruit and vegetables (potatoes not included) was 277 g/d, or less than half of the new recommendation (600 g/d). Only 15% of participants in the frequency survey reported consuming both fruit and vegetables every day, and only 28% reported to do so almost every day. In conclusion, dietary intake in Denmark is characterized by a high intake of saturated fat and total fat, and by a relatively low intake of fruit and vegetables.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of iron deficiency among schoolchildren of different socio-economic status in urban Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of iron deficiency among schoolchildren of different socio-economic status (SES), living in the three largest cities of Turkey. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: Primary schools of Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir. SUBJECTS: Schoolchildren aged 12 and 13 y (males: 504; females: 510) from nine primary schools. Inclusion of subjects in the study was on a voluntary basis. METHODS: Data were obtained on children SES, anthropometry, haematological and biochemical indices of iron status and consumption of food items related to dietary iron bioavailability. One-way analysis of variance was mainly applied, for the evaluation of the tested hypotheses, using Bonferroni correction in order to take into account the inflation of Type I error. RESULTS: Iron deficiency (serum ferritin <15 microg/l) prevalence was 17.5% among boys and 20.8% among girls. Furthermore, iron deficiency was significantly more prevalent among boys of lower SES, who were also found to have significantly lower levels of serum iron, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration compared to those of higher SES. In terms of dietary factors affecting iron bioavailability, low SES boys exhibited significantly higher frequency of tea consumption and lower frequency of citrus fruit, red meat and fish consumption, compared to their higher SES counterparts. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of iron deficiency was relatively high, particularly among lower SES schoolboys. Higher tea and lower citrus fruits, red meat and fish consumption by boys of lower SES may provide an indication about the possible role of certain dietary patterns in the different manifestation of this medical condition among the socio-economic groups. However, further research is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Nutrition in the Republic of Korea.

Until the 1970s, the Korean economy was dominantly agriculture, but nowadays, less than 10 % of the population lives in a rural area, and it is expected that within a generation the proportion of the population engaged in agriculture will be less than 5 %. The living standard is rising as the national economy benefits from the increased sale of industrial products. The dietary patterns are being changed. The diet has changed from one based predominantly on starch based food such as cereals or roots and vegetables to one in which animal products take great prominence with consequent increases in animal fat and protein. The move from simple unrefined foods to more refined and complex manufactured foods has become commonplace. As a result, the general nutritional situation has been improved. Such improvement, however, has brought about an increase in overnutrition in more affluent sections of the population, whereas dietary inadequacy among the lower socio-economic groups and vulnerable classes still persists. Overall, Korea suffers from both undernutrition and overnutrition. The national school feeding program started in 1953 after the Korean War with the support of UNICEF, CARE, and USAID as a relief food program and is now expanding successfully to a self-supporting nationwide scale. The applied nutrition project in rural areas introduced in 1967 with the support of UNICEF, FAO, WHO, and the Korean government continues successfully to the present day. A national dietary survey has been carried out once a year since 1969, and once every 3 years from 1998. Korean recommended dietary allowances were established in 1962 and have been revised every 5 years. The government intends to establish national dietary guidelines for health promotion and prevention of chronic degenerative diseases. Nutrition education and research are also very important national undertakings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Interactions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} and diet in etiology of colorectal cancer.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is one of a group of ligand-activated nuclear receptors responsible for regulation of glucose, lipid homeostasis, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. The 12 proline-to-alanine (Pro12Ala) substitution polymorphism in PPARgamma produces proteins with lower activity. Variation in PPARgamma expression in the bowel and the role of dietary fatty acids as ligands for PPARgamma led investigation of whether the associations of diet with colon and rectal cancer risk were modified by PPARgamma genotype. Data (diet, lifestyle, and DNA) came from case-control studies of colon (1,577 cases and 1,971 controls) and rectal cancer (794 cases and 1,001 controls) conducted in Northern California, Utah, and the Twin City, Minnesota Metropolitan area (colon cancer study only). Unconditional logistic regression models were adjusted for age at selection, body mass index, physical activity, energy intake, dietary fiber, and calcium. We found no significant interactions between macronutrient (fat, protein, and carbohydrate) and colorectal cancer. High lutein intake [odds ratio (OR), 0.63; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.44-0.89], low refined grain intake (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.53-0.94), or a high prudent diet score (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.89) and PA/AA PPARgamma genotype were associated with reduced colon cancer risk. Risk of rectal cancer was increased among those with the PA/AA PPARgamma genotype and a high mutagen index (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.12, 2.36). Its unclear whether the alterations in risk in those with the less active phenotype for PPARgamma is related to activation of PPARgamma by nutrients or dietary patterns acting as ligands or direct influences of these nutrients on colon and rectal cancer processes that are important with lower PPARgamma activity.

Adult↗