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PubMed2001

Cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide-induced alterations in the sulfur-redox cycle in CHO-K1 cells.

The effect of the cyclodiene organochlorine pesticides aldrin, dieldrin and endosulfan was assessed on CHO-K1 cultures at fractions of their lethal doses, determined by the neutral red (NRI) incorporation assay (NRI6.25, NRI12.5 and NRI25). Glutathione peroxidase, reductase and S-transferase, and total and oxidised glutathione were evaluated along the standard growth curve of the cultures. After a 24-h incubation with each insecticide, glutathione peroxidase incurred a large increase, while glutathione reductase and S-transferase activities were slightly higher than untreated controls. Unlike oxidised glutathione, the content of total glutathione declined significantly after exposure to cyclodiene insecticides. Changes in cell membrane integrity were assessed by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay and lipid peroxidation for a wide range of pesticide concentrations. Membrane leakage and peroxide production were significantly enhanced at concentrations of aldrin and as low as 12.5 microg/ml, whereas dieldrin and endosulfan increased membrane fragility at much higher concentrations.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1991

Gene mapping and cross-resistance in cyclodiene insecticide-resistant Drosophila melanogaster (Mg.).

Resistance to the cyclodiene insecticide dieldrin maps to a single gene (Rdl) on the left arm of chromosome III in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen). The gene was further mapped by the use of chromosomal deficiencies to a single letter sub-region, 66F, on the polytene chromosome. The cross-resistance spectrum of a backcrossed strain lacking elevated mixed function oxidase activity, a common resistance mechanism, was examined. Levels of resistance similar to those found in other insects were found to dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, lindane, and picrotoxinin. Strong similarity of this single major gene with that found in other cyclodiene resistant insects is suggested by its cross-resistance spectrum and chromosomal location, via homology with other Diptera. The significance of major genes in insecticide resistance is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Lipid composition and contaminants in farmed and wild salmon.

Levels of omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids and lipid-adjusted concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, toxaphene, and dieldrin were determined in 459 farmed Atlantic salmon, 135 wild Pacific salmon, and 144 supermarket farmed Atlantic salmon fillets purchased in 16 cities in North America and Europe. These were the same fish previously used for measurement of organohalogen contaminants. Farmed salmon had greater levels of total lipid (average 16.6%) than wild salmon (average 6.4%). The n-3 to n-6 ratio was about 10 in wild salmon and 3-4 in farmed salmon. The supermarket samples were similar to the farmed salmon from the same region. Lipid-adjusted contaminant levels were significantly higher in farmed Atlantic salmon than those in wild Pacific salmon (F = 7.27, P = 0.0089 for toxaphene; F = 15.39, P = 0.0002 for dioxin; F > or = 21.31, P < 0.0001 for dieldrin and PCBs, with df = (1.64) for all). Levels of total lipid were in the range of 30-40% in the fish oil/fish meal that is fed to farmed salmon. Salmon, especially farmed salmon, are a good source of healthy n-3 fatty acids, but they also contain high concentrations of organochlorine compounds such as PCBs, dioxins, and chlorinated pesticides. The presence of these contaminants may reduce the net health benefits derived from the consumption of farmed salmon, despite the presence of the high level of n-3 fatty acids in these fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Accumulation of lipophilic microcontaminants and biochemical responses in eels from the Camargue Biosphere Reserve.

We assessed the impacts of persistent organic micropollutants on aquatic trophic webs in brackish and freshwater communities in the Camargue National Nature Reserve (NNR). We found that organochlorine compounds affect fish communities, particularly those of the common eel (Anguilla anguilla). The aims of this study were (1) to determine the amount of lipophilic xenobiotics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are probably of atmospheric origin, and two organochlorines (OC), lindane and dieldrin, which are from irrigation waters, in liver and muscle (2) to define in situ biomarkers and (3) to identify the mode by which fish from 'unpolluted' areas become contaminated. All of the species were contaminated with low, but fluctuating quantities of PAHs and OCs, regardless of the sampling season. Lindane and dieldrin were always detected and naphtalene was the most abundant hydrocarbon. The OC and PAH content was rarely correlated with the lipid content in storage tissues and their concentrations in the lipidic fractions (neutral and polar) varied greatly. We found a number of correlations between persistent organic pollutant (POP) tissue concentrations and the activities of enzymatic membrane markers. For example, there is a relationship between the concentrations of the most volatile PAHs and the activity of muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and between the concentration of benzo-PAH and the activities of ATPases in the gills and/or muscle.

Anguilla↗
PubMed2003

Pesticide content of infant formulae and weaning foods available in New Zealand.

A survey of the pesticide content of 25 commercially available infant formulae and 30 weaning foods available in New Zealand was undertaken in 1996. It included a representative mixture of imported and New Zealand manufactured infant foods. Three different pesticide screening techniques were used: a high-sensitivity organochlorine screen was carried out on all infant formulae, while a multiresidue screen (organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides, synthetic pyrethroids, carbamate pesticides, fungicides and herbicides), and a specific screen for dithiocarbamate fungicides were both carried out on all weaning foods and on soy-based infant formulae. All results are expressed on a ready-to-feed basis. Extremely low levels of residues of three organochlorine compounds (p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and dieldrin) were detected in infant formulae samples. Residues of p,p'-DDE were found in seven of 20 milk-based infant formulae at concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.5 microgram kg(-1). Residues of p,p'-DDT were found in one imported milk-based infant formula at 0.7 microgram kg(-1), and dieldrin residues were detected in four of five soy-based infant formulae at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.08 microgram kg(-1). The multiresidue pesticide screen detected low levels of residues of two organophosphorus pesticides; azinphos-methyl in one soy-based infant formula at a level of 22 microgram kg(-1) and pirimiphos-methyl in two cereal-based weaning foods at concentrations of 5 and 14 microgram kg(-1). None of the other approximately 140 pesticides (including fungicides and herbicides) included in the multiresidue screen were detected in any weaning foods or soy-based infant formulae, at a detection limit of 10 microgram kg(-1). No residues of dithiocarbamate fungicides were detected in any product analysed, at a detection limit of 100 microgram kg(-1).

Azinphosmethyl↗
PubMed1998

Organochlorine pesticide residues in muscle tissue of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, taken from four fish farms in León, Spain.

Levels of nine organochlorine pesticides (lindane, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, o,p'-TDE, p,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT) were determined in muscle samples of rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss, collected from four fish farms in the province of León, in the north-west of Spain (Europe). The highest incidence percentage was for lindane (67.5%) and heptachlor epoxide (55.0%). Organochlorine residue levels detected contributed slightly to acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (lindane 0.22-2.3%; sigma DDT 0.05-0.46%; heptachlor epoxide 10.0-71.4% and sigma dieldrin 16.7-33.3% assuming 300 g of trout muscle as a mean daily intake). The highest concentration found was for heptachlor epoxide (0.043 microgram/g).

Aldrin↗
PubMed1992

Translocation of aged cyclodiene insecticide residues from soil into forage crops and pastures at various growth stages under field conditions.

Field trials were conducted to measure translocation of pesticides by summer and winter forage/pasture species from soil containing aged residues of heptachlor and, to a lesser extent, dieldrin. Substantial amounts of heptachlor epoxide, and lesser amounts of gamma-chlordane were translocated to plants from contaminated soil. Residue levels varied with crop species and stage of plant development. In summer crops residues were higher in soybean > cowpeas > lab-lab > Sorghum > millet > sweet saccaline at the grazing and mature stages. Compared to glasshouse studies undertaken previously, residues in crops grown under field conditions were much lower. This apparently reflects the lower soil moisture levels and the reduced rates of translocation. Heptachlor residues in winter crops were highest in Saia oats > Berseem clover > Haifa clover > Cassia oats > Tetila ryegrass > Schooner barley > Shaftal clover > Hunter river lucerne at the grazing stage. There were no detectable levels in barley and oats at the mature stage. No dieldrin residues were translocated into the various crop species.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Bioaccumulation kinetics and bioconcentration factor of chlorinated pesticides in tissues of Puntius ticto (Ham.).

Bioaccumulation kinetics and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of chlorinated pesticides like Aldrin, Dieldrin, Benzene hexachloride (BHC), and Dichlorodiphenyl-dichloro-ethane (DDT) in fish tissues of Puntius ticto was studied in detail in a continuous fed system. The bioconcentration process is summarized by using a first order uptake model and the steady-state BCF is calculated based on the 30 days exposure. Rate of bioaccumulation of DDT was maximum of 4.6432 microg g(-1) wet weight per day in liver tissue whereas it was minimum of 0.0002 microg g(-1) wet weight per day in case of Dieldrin in the muscle tissue among the pesticides. It was observed that DDT showed maximum BCF of 89.010 in case of liver tissue of the fish exposed to 30 days. The regression coefficient (r2) between pesticide concentration and exposure time varied between 0.6212 and 0.9817 indicating high correlation. Based on actual calculated BCF values, the octanol water partition coefficient (Kow) values were predicted. In order to prove the hydrophobic property of chlorinated compounds and its affinity towards lipid, the Kow is predicted. Results showed that pesticide burden differ from tissue to tissue and can be correlated to the lipid content, size, exposure time, and species.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1995

Arctic indigenous women consume greater than acceptable levels of organochlorines.

Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides through traditional food resources was examined for Arctic Indigenous women living in two cultural and environmental areas of the Canadian Arctic--one community representing Baffin Island Inuit in eastern Arctic and two communities representing Sahtú Dene/Métis in western Arctic. Polychlorinated biphenyls, toxaphene, chlorobenzenes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, chlordane-related compounds and dieldrin were determined in local food resources as normally prepared and eaten. Quantified dietary recalls taken seasonally reflected normal consumption patterns of these food resources by women in three age groups: 20-40 y, 41-60 y and > or = 61 y. There was wide variation of intake of all organochlorine contaminants in both areas and among age groups for the Sahtú. Fifty percent of the intake recalls collected from the Baffin Inuit exceeded the acceptable daily intake for chlordane-related compounds and toxaphene, and a substantial percentage of the intake records for dieldrin and polychlorinated biphenyls exceeded the acceptable or tolerable daily intake levels. Primary contributing foods to organochlorine contaminants intake for the Baffin Inuit were meat and blubber of ringed seal, blubber of walrus and mattak and blubber of narwal. Important foods contributing organochlorine contaminant to the Sahtú Dene/Métis were caribou, whitefish, inconnu, trout and duck. The superior nutritional benefits and potential health risks of traditional food items are reviewed, as are implications for monitoring organochlorine contaminant contents of food, clinical symptoms and food use.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The role of oxidative stress in the in vitro induction of micronuclei by pesticides in mouse lung fibroblasts.

The involvement of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase (both at 0.1 mg/ml) in defence against the genotoxicity of phosphamidon (80 microg/ml) and dieldrin (25 microM) was investigated in order to demonstrate that the two pesticides damage DNA through the generation of reactive oxygen species and therefore of oxidative stress. The pesticide genotoxicity was determined by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test performed on primary mouse lung fibroblast cultures. Also, 3-aminotriazole (40 mM) and mercaptosuccinate (0.5 mM), inhibitors of catalase and glutathione peroxidase, respectively, were added to the cultures. Data indicate that catalase causes a decrease only in the damage induced by phosphamidon, while glutathione peroxidase protects against damage induced by both phosphamidon and dieldrin. Simultaneous treatment with antioxidant inhibitors and pesticides results in a decrease in micronucleus frequency and cell number, due to apoptotic death. Our results indicate that clastogenic DNA damage produced by the two pesticides is modulated by antioxidant enzymes and their inhibitors and thus could be due to oxidative stress induction.

Amitrole↗
PubMed1997

Stress and asymmetry during arrested development of the Australian sheep blowfly.

The dieldrin and diazinon resistance systems of the Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) have been used previously to relate stress, departures from bilateral symmetry, developmental stability and relative fitness. These systems are now used to consider stress and asymmetry in a developmental context. Larval to adult development is shown to be significantly impaired after arrested development at 8 degrees C, however the asymmetry score of adults of a given genotype is similar after arrested or continuous development. Selection against dieldrin-resistant and unmodified diazinon-resistant genotypes occurs during arrested development because greater proportions of these genotypes pupae at 8 degrees C than do susceptible or modified diazinon-resistant genotypes. Pre-pupae of all genotypes complete development equally successfully when transferred from 8 degrees C to 27 degrees C. Adults fail to emerge when pupae formed at 8 degrees C undergo this temperature transition. Temperature-shift experiments show the asymmetry score is determined between pre-pupal and pupal stages of the life cycle. This stage occurs at 27 degrees C in arrested and continuously developing cultures providing an explanation for the independence of stress, selective mortality during developmental arrest and asymmetry score. The results emphasize the need for genetic, environmental and developmental data before an asymmetry phenotype can be directly related to developmental stability and relative fitness.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The occurrence and origin of DDT in human milk.

Gas chromatography has been applied for the analysis of organochlorine compounds of 49 samples of human milk. The average total DDT (2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane) content in human milk was found to be 0.058 mg/kg (1.57 mg/kg milk fat, with a range of 0.54-4.00 mg/kg). Thirty-four cases contained traces of dieldrin, but the content of dieldrin reached 0.008 mg/kg in only one milk sample. The average content of PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) was 0.024 mg/kg of human milk, with a range of 0.011-0.054 mg/kg (0.65 mg/kg of milk fat with a range of 0.33-1.10 mg/kg). The ratio of DDT metabolites/DDT varied from 1.1 to 7.8 (mean 2.8). Studies were also made of the effect of the weight, weight loss, diet, smoking habits and parity of the nursing mother upon the content of organochlorine compounds in human milk. A significant positive correlation was observed between the DDT content of human milk fat and cigarette smoking. The average daily intake of total DDT for Finnish breastfed babies was calculated to be 0.0093 mg/kg, 1.9 times more than the daily intake of 0.005 mg/kg indicated by FAO/WHO as the acceptable value.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Formation of "photodieldrin" by microorganisms.

Photodieldrin, previously reported as the major conversion product of dieldrin by sunlight, was found among the metabolic products of dieldrin among microorganisms isolated from various environments including soil, water (Lake Michigan), rat intestines, and rumen stomach contents of a cow.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparative biodegradation of alkyl halide insecticides by the white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (BKM-F-1767).

The ability of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to degrade six alkyl halide insecticides (aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, lindane, and mirex) in liquid and soil-corncob matrices was compared by using 14C-labeled compounds. Of these, only [14C]lindane and [14C]chlordane underwent extensive biodegradation, as evidenced by the fact that 9.4 to 23.4% of these compounds were degraded to 14CO2 in 30 days in liquid cultures and 60 days in soil-corncob cultures inoculated with P. chrysosporium. Although [14C]aldrin, [14C]dieldrin, [14C]heptachlor, and [14D]mirex were poorly mineralized, substantial bioconversion occurred, as determined by substrate disappearance and metabolite formation. Nonbiological disappearance was observed only with chlordane and heptachlor.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1999

Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk in the United Kingdom 1997 - 8.

1 The concentrations of a range of organochlorine pesticide residues have been determined in 168 samples of human milk collected between January 1997 and May 1998 in the UK. 2 Of the 18 residues sought, only p,p'-DTT, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, HCB, beta-HCH and gamma-HCH were detected. 3 The continuing trend of a reduction in the concentrations of these pesticide residues in human milk samples and in the percentage of human milk samples containing residues was seen. 4 Correlations between the concentrations of p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, HCB, beta-HCH and gamma-HCH and age were seen. 5 When compared to studies carried out in Europe over a similar time period, residues in this present study were shown to occur at similar or lower concentrations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Studies on photochemical reactions of air pollutants. XV. Photoreactivity of heptachloro-3'-cyclopentenyldioxy heptachloro-2-cyclopentene formed by exposure of hexachlorocyclopentadiene to ultraviolet light in air.

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCP, 1), one of the starting materials in the synthesis of aldrin (3), was found to be able to epoxidize aldrin (3) to give dieldrin (4) when exposed to artificial light at wavelengths longer than 290 nm. In this photochemical reaction, heptachloro-3'-cyclopentenyldioxy heptachloro-2-cyclopentene (2) was isolated as a key intermediate, which appears to be derived from the interaction between the triplet state of photo-excited HCCP (1) and triplet oxygen (3sigma(g)-), but not from that between the ground state of HCCP (1) and singlet oxygen (1delta(g)). The peroxide (2) plays an important role in the formation of dieldrin (4), because it utilized oxygen atom derived from oxygen in air for the epoxidation.

Air↗