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PubMed1995

Disinfection and sterilization practices in Mexico.

We evaluated antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization procedures at 22 hospitals in the state of Yucatan, Mexico, which provide services for approximately 80% of the population. The percentage of hospitals that followed standard recommendations for diverse antisepsis procedures were as follows: surgical scrub, 41%; surgical site preparation, 68%; central intravenous (iv) catheters, 61%; peripheral iv catheters, 86%; urinary catheters, 41%, and umbilical cord care, 5%. Inappropriate procedures typically involved the use of benzalkonium chloride and mercury compounds. Adequate sterilization procedures were observed for sharp surgical instruments in 9%, for blunt surgical instruments in 81%; for linen in 90%; for surgical brushes in 9%; for metal prostheses in 100%; for plastic prostheses in 57%; and for disinfection of endoscopes in 30%. The most common errors were the use of too short an exposure time in steam sterilizers or dry heat sterilizers, and the use of benzalkonium chloride as a sterilizing agent. Only 14% of hospitals used commercial spore preparations for autoclave monitoring. For the reuse of disposables, 50-94% of hospitals employed inappropriate sterilization or low-level disinfection procedures. Similar conditions are likely to exist in hospitals throughout the country. The establishment of strict regulations and hospital training programmes for disinfection and sterilization procedures, and the reuse of disposable devices is urgently needed in Mexico.

Cross Infection↗

PubMed2005

Effectiveness of a calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine digluconate mixture as disinfectant during retreatment of failed endodontic cases.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this in vivo investigation is to compare the effect of a slurry of Ca(OH)2 mixed in aqueous 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) versus aqueous Ca(OH)2 slurry alone on the disinfection of the pulp space of failed root-filled teeth during endodontic retreatment. STUDY DESIGN: Forty single-rooted previously root-filled teeth with associated periradicular lesions were included. The teeth were nonsurgically retreated and medicated over 3 treatment visits with 7-10-day intervals with either Ca(OH)2 in water or Ca(OH)2 in 2% aqueous CHX. Root canal cultures were collected in fluid thioglycollate, and bacterial growth was assessed by turbidity daily for 1 week, then weekly for an additional 3 weeks. The presence of enterococci in the root canals at the initial treatment session was determined. RESULTS: Of the total sample population, 12 of 40 (30%) were positive for bacteria before root filling. The control medication disinfected 12 of 20 (60%) teeth including 2 of 4 teeth originally diagnosed with enterococci. The experimental medication resulted in disinfected 16 of 20 (80%) teeth at the beginning of the third appointment. None of the teeth originally containing enterococci showed remaining growth. This difference between the overall positive cultures was not statistically significant (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Canal dressing with a mixture of 2% CHX and Ca(OH)2 slurry is as efficacious as aqueous Ca(OH)2 on the disinfection of failed root-filled teeth.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants.

BACKGROUND: There have been a number of reports on microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants. At present, however, the necessity of measures to prevent contamination do not seem to be fully appreciated. We investigated microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants that are used in our hospital. METHODS: Fifty-one samples of benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate that were being used in the hospital were examined. Viability of the contaminants detected in these samples was also tested in the agents. Then we examined measures to prevent contamination of these agents. RESULTS: Microbial contamination was detected at 10(2) to 10(7) CFU/ml in the following samples: 6 of 23 samples of cotton balls soaked in 0.02% benzalkonium chloride kept in a canister for antisepsis and disinfection (26.1%); 7 of 13 samples of 0.02%, benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine gluconate in an irrigation apparatus kept at 37 degrees C for vaginal douching (53.8%); and 9 of 15 samples of 0.02% benzalkonium chloride or 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate for storage of suction catheters in a plastic bottle (60%). The major contaminants were Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xanthomonas maltophilia, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The first two organisms examined grew in the agents. After improvements in the handling of the antiseptics and disinfectants, no microbial contamination was observed. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to check microbial contamination of diluted benzalkonium chloride and diluted chlorhexidine gluconate that are in use. Such products are not recommended as antiseptics.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1985

Inactivation of herpesvirus on CPR manikins utilizing a currently recommended disinfecting procedure.

The adequacy of a currently recommended protocol for disinfecting CPR manikins was investigated. Known quantities of Herpes simplex type 1 virus were applied to various sites on both adult and infant manikin heads, exposed to disinfectant under simulated classroom conditions, and then assayed for infectious virus. Results indicate that the disinfecting protocol and disinfectant are adequate for inactivating herpesvirus on CPR manikins, but that care must be exercised to ensure thorough cleaning.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The rôle of chlorhexidine in the one-stage full-mouth disinfection treatment of patients with advanced adult periodontitis. Long-term clinical and microbiological observations.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recent studies reported significant additional clinical and microbiological improvements when severe adult periodontitis was treated by means of a "one-stage full-mouth" disinfection instead of a standard treatment strategy with consecutive root planings quadrant per quadrant. The one stage full-mouth disinfection procedure involves scaling and root planing of all pockets within 24 h in combination with an extensive application of chlorhexidine to all intra-oral niches such as periodontal pockets, tongue dorsum, tonsils (chairside, and at home for 2 months). This study aims to examine the relative importance of the use of chlorhexidine in the one stage full-mouth disinfection protocol. METHODS: Therefore, 3 groups of 12 patients each with advanced periodontitis were followed, both from a clinical and microbiological point of view, over a period of 8 months. The patients from the control group were scaled and root planed, quadrant per quadrant. at two-week intervals. The 2 other groups underwent a one stage full-mouth scaling and root planing (all pockets within 24 h) with (Fdis) or without (FRp=full-mouth root planing) the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine. At baseline and after 1, 2, 4 and 8 months, the following clinical parameters were recorded: plaque and gingivitis indices, probing depth, bleeding on probing and clinical attachment level. Microbiological samples were taken from different intra-oral niches (tongue, mucosa, saliva and pooled samples from single- and multi-rooted teeth). The samples were cultured on selective and non-selective media in order to evaluate the number of CFU/ml for the key-periodontopathogens. At baseline, an anonymous questionnaire was given to the patients to record the perception of each treatment (post operative pain, fever, swelling etc.). RESULTS: All 3 treatment strategies resulted in significant improvements for all clinical parameters, but the Fdis and FRp patients reacted always significantly more favourably than the control group, with an additional probing depth reduction of +/- 1.5 mm and an additional gain in attachment of +/- 2 mm (for pockets > or = 7 mm). Also from a microbiological point of view both the FRp and Fdis patients showed additional improvements when compared to the control group, as well in the reduction of spirochetes and motile organisms as in the number of CFU/ml of the key-pathogens, especially when the subgingival plaque samples were considered. The differences between FRp and Fdis patients were negligible. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the benefits of a "one-stage full-mouth disinfection" in the treatment of patients suffering from severe adult periodontitis probably results from the full-mouth scaling and root planing within 24 h rather than the beneficial effect of chlorhexidine. The raise in body temperature the second day after the full-mouth scaling and root planing seems to indicate a Shwartzman reaction.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Disinfection with 10% povidone-iodine versus 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropanol in the neonatal intensive care unit.

AIM: The finding that 10% povidone-iodine skin disinfectant may compromise thyroid function in premature infants prompted its replacement with 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate solution in 70% isopropanol. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence rates of true infection and contamination associated with the use of these two disinfectants in the neonatal intensive care unit. METHODS: The study population comprised two cohorts of infants admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit: 1) in 1992-1993 when only 10% povidone-iodine was used as a skin disinfectant, and 2) in 1995-1996 when only 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate solution in 70% isopropanol was used. A retrospective chart review was conducted to determine whether all documented positive blood, CSF and suprapubic aspirate cultures indicated true infection or contamination. True infection was defined as clinical symptoms and/or laboratory abnormalities suggestive of sepsis, with positive blood, CSF or suprapubic aspirate cultures. RESULTS: 1146 infants were admitted during the study periods, 507 during the first period and 639 during the second. In the early group, 17.6% of infants had major malformations, 72.0% were premature and 25.2% had weights of < 1500 g. Corresponding percentages for the latter group were 16.0%, 80.6% and 32.9%, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between the two research periods in rate of infants with positive blood cultures, true infections, or contamination. CONCLUSION: The use of 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate solution in 70% isopropanol as a skin disinfectant is justified in neonatal intensive care units because it is not associated with an increased incidence of infections as opposed to 10% povidone-iodine and is devoid of detrimental effects.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Benzalkonium chloride: a potential disinfecting irrigation solution.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the disinfecting properties of benzalkonium chloride as an irrigation agent. DESIGN: Comparison was made between irrigation of contaminated muscle strips with benzalkonium chloride and normal saline (control). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Benzalkonium chloride is a cationic disinfectant, which has questionable efficacy in an organic environment. However, no previous study has attempted to use high volumes of this cationic solution to overcome the neutralizing effect of organic tissue and thus maintain this detergent's germicidal properties. METHODS: 2.5 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm pieces of bovine muscle were aseptically cut from the center of freshly harvested beef muscle and incubated with 1.0 x 10(7) colony forming units of bacteria for 15 minutes. The muscle strips were then irrigated with either 100 mL, 1 L, or 10 L of benzalkonium chloride at a 1:2000 concentration in normal saline. Normal saline was used as the control. The muscle strips were sonicated to remove adherent bacteria; the number of living organisms was determined by quantitatively culturing the sonicate. RESULTS: In vitro, benzalkonium chloride was superior to normal saline at disinfecting bovine muscle (p < or = 0.001). When 10 L of benzalkonium chloride irrigation was used, no living bacteria could be recovered (p < or = 0.012). CONCLUSION: In this experimental setting benzalkonium chloride was an effective disinfection agent, with enhanced activity at large volumes.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Hypochlorite Disinfection Influences the GA(3)-Induced Synthesis of alpha-Amylase Isozymes by Isolated Barley Aleurone Layers.

Aleurone layers isolated from half-seeds of Himalaya barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya) disinfected in hypochlorite solutions containing 1.0% available chlorine synthesized significantly less alpha-amylase in response to gibberellic acid than layers derived from half-seeds disinfected in 0.1% hypochlorite. This effect of hypochlorite involved neither a differential decrease in the synthesis of group A or B alpha-amylase isozymes nor a general decrease in alpha-amylase synthesis attributable to fewer viable aleurone cells in layers from half-seeds disinfected with 1% hypochlorite. Our results emphasize the need to evaluate the potential effects of routine disinfection procedures used in physiological and biochemical studies.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

The cumulative effect of disinfection, storage, histological fixation and demineralization on number and staining ability of gram-positive bacteria.

It has previously been shown experimentally using S. faecalis that the relative number of blue-staining Gram-positive bacteria was reduced by demineralizing agents as well as by disinfection (Wijnbergen & van Mullem 1987, van Mullem & Wijnbergen 1989). In this study the cumulative effect of disinfection, experimental period, fixation and demineralization was investigated. The use of additives to the fixative and the demineralizing agents to limit the loss of blue-staining bacteria was also studied. The numbers of bacteria were determined using a haemocytometer, and the percentage of blue-staining organisms were ascertained from smears. When compared with the start of the experiment, the sequence of disinfection with chlorhexidine, storage in PBS, fixation with neutral formaldehyde and demineralization with formic acid or EDTA appeared to reduce the relative numbers of Gram-positive staining bacteria. For storage periods of 0 and 4 days the reduction factors were 100 and 600, respectively, using formic acid. These factors were 50 and 95, respectively, using EDTA. Addition of cetyl pyridinium chloride to the fixative and the demineralizing agents, and addition of neutral formaldehyde to the demineralizing agents lowered these reduction factors to 80 and 200, respectively, for formic acid, and 40 and 85, respectively, for EDTA. If the results are extrapolated to animal experiments where disinfection, experimental period, fixation and demineralization form part of the experimental framework, even the lowest reduction in the number of blue-staining bacteria could lead to false interpretation of tissue sections.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1996

Full- versus partial-mouth disinfection in the treatment of periodontal infections. A pilot study: long-term microbiological observations.

A standard periodontal treatment consists of 4 to 6 scalings and rootplanings at a 1- to 2-week interval, which allows reinfection of a previously disinfected area before completion of the treatment. The present pilot study aims to examine the microbiological long-term effects of a full-mouth disinfection. 10 patients with advanced chronic periodontitis were randomly allocated to a test and control group. The patients from the control group received scaling and rootplaning and oral hygiene instructions at a 2-week interval. The full-mouth disinfection (test group) consisted of a full-mouth scaling and rootplaning in 2 visits within 24 h in combination with: tongue brushing with 1% chlorhexidine gel for 1 min, mouth rinsing with 0.2% chlorhexidine solution for 2 min and subgingival irrigation of all pockets (3x in 10 min) with 1% chlorhexidine gel. The patients of the test group were instructed to rinse 2x daily with 0.2% chlorhexidine. Plaque samples were taken at baseline and after 1, 2, 4 and 8 months. Differential phase-contrast microscopy showed a significantly larger reduction of spirochetes and motile organisms in the test group up to month 2 for the single-rooted and up to month 8 for the multi-rooted teeth. Furthermore, the culture data supported the effectiveness of the new treatment strategy. In both groups, the number of anaerobic CFU decreased 1 log around single- and 0.5 log around multi-rooted teeth. The number of anaerobic CFU remained low in the test group, in contrast to the control group. At 1 month, the test group harboured a significantly (p<0.01) lower proportion of pathogenic organisms, but this difference disappeared with time. Moreover, the test sites showed a significantly higher (p<0.02) increase in the proportion of beneficial micro-organisms up to 4 months. These findings suggest that a full-mouth disinfection leads to a significant microbiological improvement up to 2 months, which could be consolidated, although not significant, for the next 6 months.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Use of iodine for water disinfection: iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose.

Iodine is an effective, simple, and cost-efficient means of water disinfection for people who vacation, travel, or work in areas where municipal water treatment is not reliable. However, there is considerable controversy about the maximum safe iodine dose and duration of use when iodine is ingested in excess of the recommended daily dietary amount. The major health effect of concern with excess iodine ingestion is thyroid disorders, primarily hypothyroidism with or without iodine-induced goiter. A review of the human trials on the safety of iodine ingestion indicates that neither the maximum recommended dietary dose (2 mg/day) nor the maximum recommended duration of use (3 weeks) has a firm basis. Rather than a clear threshold response level or a linear and temporal dose-response relationship between iodine intake and thyroid function, there appears to be marked individual sensitivity, often resulting from unmasking of underlying thyroid disease. The use of iodine for water disinfection requires a risk-benefit decision based on iodine's benefit as a disinfectant and the changes it induces in thyroid physiology. By using appropriate disinfection techniques and monitoring thyroid function, most people can use iodine for water treatment over a prolonged period of time.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

[Chlorine use in water disinfection, trihalomethane formation, and potential risks to public health].

Before the development of the germ theory relating microorganisms with disease transmission (1880) people believed that diseases were transmitted by odours. Water and sewage disinfection emerged as a method for elimination of odours. There are many disinfecting agents, but chlorine is the main product used to disinfect water. Organic compounds present in water that is chlorinated can result in the formation of trihalomethanes. The latter are basically one atom of carbon, one of hydrogen, and three of a halogen (chlorine, bromine, or iodine). These are considered carcinogenic compounds and their presence in drinking water should therefore be avoided. Epidemiological research has shown an association between trihalomethane concentration and cancer morbidity and mortality for some types of carcinoma. Nevertheless, there may be more risk than benefit involved in replacing chlorine with other disinfecting agents, since the incidence of water-borne diseases only dropped after water chlorination became a routine procedure.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of activated sludge treatment and the efficiency of the disinfection of Giardia species cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts by UV at a sludge treatment plant in Campinas, south-east Brazil.

Among many waterborne diseases the giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are of particular public health interest, because Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts can persist for long periods in the environment, and both pathogenic protozoa have been implicated as the cause of many outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the last 25 years. In order to evaluate the efficiency of cysts and oocysts' removal by the activated sludge process, and by UV reactor in inactivating cysts and oocysts in one wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Campinas, three sampling points were selected for study: (1) influent, (2) treated effluent without UV disinfection and (3) treated effluent with UV disinfection. Giardia spp. cysts prevailed with higher density in the three different sample types. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were observed in only two samples of influent and just one sample of treated sewage with UV disinfection. In the animal infectivity assay for Giardia spp, one mouse of the UV treated group revealed trophozoites in intestinal scrapings. The results of the present study indicate that treatment by activated sludge process delivered a reduction of 98.9% of cysts and 99.7% of oocysts and UV disinfection was not completely efficient regarding the inactivation of Giardia cysts in the case of the WWTP studied.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Efficacy of two hydrogen peroxide teat disinfectants against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae.

An experimental teat dip containing 0.5% hydrogen peroxide as the active ingredient was compared with a teat disinfectant also containing 0.5% hydrogen peroxide that is commercially available throughout North America. The study was conducted under conditions of experimental challenge with a positive control following the guidelines recommended by the National Mastitis Council. The efficacy of the test product and the positive control product were compared in 45 cows, with 89 total teats receiving each product after milking during a 10-wk study period. There was no significant difference between the experimental hydrogen peroxide product and the positive control in new intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (27.0 and 18.0% in the treatment groups, respectively). Additionally, there was no significant difference between the experimental product (6.7%) and the positive control groups (4.5%) in new intramammary infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae. Traditional analysis of teat skin condition changes supported improved teat skin condition with the test disinfectant. After accounting for the correlation of teats within cow, significant differences were also observed between the treatment groups for teat skin condition. The experimental hydrogen peroxide-based teat disinfectant provided efficacy similar to that of the positive control teat disinfectant, with significant improvement in teat skin condition and no adverse effects on teat end condition.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Liquid disinfecting and sterilizing reprocessors used for flexible endoscopes.

In this issue, we evaluate three liquid disinfecting flexible endoscope reprocessors that can be used with a user-supplied liquid chemical germicide (LCG), primarily for high-level disinfection (HLD). Applying most of the same criteria and test methods, we also evaluated a fourth unit, presented separately, that is marketed as a liquid sterilizing reprocessor and must be used with manufacturer-supplied, single-use containers of LCG. Although the sterilizing unit can be used for rigid endoscopes, surgical instruments, and endoscopic accessories, we evaluated its application to the reprocessing of only flexible endoscopes. Our ratings are based on the following: (1) basic performance, such as compatibility with several different types of endoscopes and LCGs, inclusion of all essential reprocessing phases, and exposure of all endoscope surfaces to the LCG and rinse water; (2) safety, such as ensuring that essential reprocessing phases cannot be skipped or omitted, that personnel exposure to LCG vapors is minimized, and that the reprocessor is unlikely to contaminate the endoscope during reprocessing; and (3) human factors design, such as ease of use and installation. We did not perform microbiological testing to confirm HLD or sterilization by any of the evaluated reprocessors because, with a suitably clean endoscope that is in good condition, no evidence indicates that the LCGs used would not be effective on the surfaces that they contact; also, the results would be unique to the two flexible endoscopes that we used for our testing. We rated all four reprocessors Conditionally Acceptable. The units are Acceptable on the condition that users understand that they cannot be used to process the elevator cable channel of side-viewing duodenoscopes; additional conditions apply only to the liquid disinfecting units. However, if the conditions are met, all four units reduce the likelihood of using a contaminated endoscope on a patient and reduce personnel exposure to the LCG. Selection of a unit will be based on the needs and preferences of the individual healthcare facility. Our ratings also assume that these units will be used according to the manufacturers' instructions and the endoscope's operator's manual. Note that, although the evaluated liquid disinfecting units provide detergent-flushing, post-detergent water-rinse, and post-detergent water-rinse-removal phases, manual cleaning of endoscopes before automatic reprocessing is essential, regardless of which reprocessor is used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Consumer Behavior↗

PubMed2001

Disinfection of secondary effluents by infiltration percolation.

Among the most attractive applications of reclaimed wastewater are: irrigation of public parks, sports fields, golf courses and market gardening. These uses require advanced wastewater treatment including disinfection. According to WHO guidelines (1989) and current rules and regulations in Tunisia, faecal coliform levels have to be reduced to < 10(3) or 10(2) CFU/100 mL. In Tunisia, most wastewater plants are only secondary treatment and, in order to meet health related regulations, the effluents need to be disinfected. However, it is usual for secondary effluents to need filtration prior to disinfection. Effectiveness of conventional disinfection processes, such as chlorination and UV radiation, are dependent upon the oxidation level and the levels of suspended solids of the treated water. Ozonation is relatively expensive and energy consuming. The consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of conventional techniques, their reliability, investment needs and operational costs will lead to the use of less sophisticated alternative techniques for certain facilities. Among alternative techniques, soil aquifer treatment and infiltration percolation through sand beds have been studied in Arizona, Israel, France, Spain and Morocco. Infiltration percolation plants have been intermittently fed with secondary or high quality primary effluents which percolated through 1.5-2 m unsaturated coarse sand and were recovered by under-drains. In such infiltration percolation facilities, microorganisms were eliminated through numerous physical, physicochemical and biological inter-related processes (mechanical filtration, adsorption and microbial degradation respectively). Efficiency of faecal coliform removal was dependent upon the water detention times in the filtering medium and on the oxidation of the filtered water. Effluents of Sfax town aerated ponds were infiltrated through 1.5 m deep sand columns in order to determine the performance of infiltration percolation in the polishing of secondary effluents. Elimination of bacteria (total and coliforms, faecal streptococci) and their relationship with the hydraulic load and the temperature were investigated.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1976

[Disinfection of medical orthopedic articles made of polymer materials].

In traumatological hospitals the medical orthopedic articles made of polymer materials are contaminated by different microorganisms including pathogenic staphylococci, therefore they can serve as a factor of transmission of hospital-associated staphylococcal infections. Polymer materials used for medical orthopedic articles are not bactericidal. Mechanical cleaning with detergents does not provide sufficient elimination of microorganisms from orthopedic articles. This can be obtained by means of the treatment (immersion, wiping) with solutions of bactericidal preparations of various chemical orogin (chloramine, lithium hypochloride, chlorine, sulphochlorantine, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, nitran). Medical orthopedic articles must be decontaminated before use. In the hospitals, disinfection of orthopedic articles should be performed at least once a day. Immersion of the articles made of porous materials into solutions of disinfectans with surface-active additives or into solutions of surface-active bactericides is a simple, readily available and effective method of treatment. Drawback of this method is that disinfectant solution partly remains in the pores and can be eliminated only by means of drying of the article in thermostate. Orthopedic articles of polyurethane foam can be decontaminated only by use of solutions of hydrogen peroxide and nirtan out of all the tested disinfectants. Medical orthopedic articles made of polymer materials have endured repeated treatment with disinfectant solutions without any change of their physical and mechanical properties. The usability of these articles did not deteriorate.

Cross Infection↗

PubMed2006

[Testing of seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seed and disinfection effect of several fungicides on seed-borne fungi].

OBJECTIVE: To study the dominant seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seeds which were from different producing area and compare the disinfection effect of several fungicides on seed-borne fungi of Glycyrrihiza seed. METHOD: Petri-dish testing was used to determine the external and internal seed-borne fungi and the disinfection effect of fungicides. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The result showed that the amount of spore on the surface of one Glycyrrihiza seed varied from 0.3% to 37.0% among samples. Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were the two major dominant fungi and there was few differences in the type of the fungi among producing areas but differences in the isolation frequency of the furgi; Penicillium spp. , Rhizopus spp. , Aspergillus spp. and Alternaria spp. were the internally dominant seed-borne fungi, including seed capsule and the internal tissue of seed and their fungi-carrying percentage was 8.0%-48.3% and 3.5%-42.0% respectively. There were differences in fungi percentage and dominant seed borne fungi among different producing areas. The disinfection effect of both mancozeb and thriam was up to 89.0%, so it is suggested to use them to disinfect Glycyrrihiza seed.

Aspergillus↗