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PubMed1984

Spreading depression and the blood-brain barrier.

The propagation of spreading cortical depression was studied in rabbits during the reversible opening of the blood-brain barrier induced by hypertonic aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and sodium diatrizoate. The rupture of the blood-brain barrier was monitored by the leakage of Evans blue-albumin from pial vessels. Spreading depression was monitored by recording its characteristic slow voltage variations. Test substances were injected into the carotid artery or topically applied to the pia-arachnoid surface. Intracarotid injection of hypertonic solutions that open the blood-brain barrier do not block the propagation of spreading depression. Topical application of NaCl solutions can block the spread of the cortical depression reaction without opening the blood-brain barrier. Recurrent spreading depression waves at a mean frequency of one every 5 min, for 4 h do not cause the release of Evans blue-albumin complex from pial vessels.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1984

[Determination of the binding of 3,5-bis(acetamido)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid and some of its salts to human serum albumin using the ultrafiltration flat chamber method].

Using the ultrafiltration flat chamber method the binding of N-methylglucamine, meglumine amido trizoate, lysine amido trizoate, diatrizoic acid and L-lysine to human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated. It was demonstrated that the affinity to HSA decreases in the above mentioned order. Binding was characterised by determination of K1 (total binding constant), k+ (apparent binding constant), n (number of binding sites per molecule of albumin) and delta F degrees (free reaction energy).

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1981

Infusion intravenous pyelography and renal function. Effect of hypertonic mannitol in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.

In a previous prospective study, we reported that infusion intravenous pyelography (IVP) in 40 patients with chronic renal insufficiency resulted in acute renal failure (ARF) in 28 patients (70%). In an attempt to prevent this complication, we have evaluated the conditions of another group of 37 patients with chronic renal insufficiency treated in a similar manner except that each patient received 250 mL of 20% mannitol 60 minutes after infusion of the IVP dye (diatrizoate sodium, 300 mL of a 30% solution). These patients were similar to those in the previous study with regard to age, sex, renal function, and incidence of diabetes. Only eight (22%) of the 37 patients had ARF develop after infusion IVP in this study. This incidence was significantly lower compared with 70% in the previous study. We conclude that administration of hypertonic mannitol 60 minutes after administration of the radiographic contrast material is highly effective in preventing ARF after infusion IVP in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1978

[Hemodynamic effects of intracardiac diatritoic acid and their dependance on left ventricular function and severity of coronary sclerosis (author's transl)].

In 16 patients with coronary heart disease (n = 13) and cardiomyopathy (n = 3) heart rate, left ventricular pressure and contractility (max dp/dt, min dp/dt and Vpm) were measured prior during and after three consecutive left ventricular angiograms. Heart rate decreased during angiography and increased slightly but significantly after angiography. Systolic and diastolic left ventricular pressure, max dp/dt and min dp/dt increased after angiography, whereas Vpm remained unchanged. Any hemodynamic changes occuring were moderate and only of short duration. No significant differences were found a) between patients with angiographically proven normal and reduced left ventricular function, b) between patients with normal or increased left ventricular filling pressure or c) between those with slight or severe coronary heart disease. The investigations point to a good tolerance for the sodium methyl glucamine salt of diatrizoic acid (Urografin 76) even in patients with progressed coronary heart disease. Severe side-effects described in animal experiments indicate a poor comparibility between animal models and human studies. Moreover animal experiments are mostly done with high doses not used clinically.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMed1981

[Nephrangiotomography with iopamidol in renal insufficiency].

An account is given of a study of 118 patients, including 67 with renal failure of varying severity, examined nephrangiotomographically with the aid of both a non-ionic contrast medium (iopamidol) and a conventional medium (sodium diatrizoate and methylglucamine). It is shown that the advantages presented by rapid injection of the medium, and the obtaining of prompt vascular data, are accompanied by those offered by the non-ionic medium, since it induces reduced osmotic diuresis, which permits satisfactory visualisation of the excretory ducts, even in patients with very low glomerular filtration values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Radiologic observations of gastric and small intestinal motility in suckling pigs.

The passage of a single oral dose of barium sulfate through the stomach and small intestine of 18 pigs (1 to 21 days of age) was studied. In a series of lateral radiographs, the stomach had a smooth oval appearance, filling the cranial third of the abdomen. Barium mixed rapidly with the milk clot in the stomach immediately after swallowing and became distributed throughout the stomach (except for the diverticulum, which contained gas). Barium passed into the duodenum by postdosing minute (PDM) 3 in 1 pig, and by PDM 10 in 11 pigs. In 32 experiments in 17 pigs, gastric emptying of barium was complete by PDM 100 in 91% of the experiments, whether or not the pigs had suckled the sow. Suckling also did not influence the time taken for barium to reach the large intestine (by PDM 360 in 12 pigs). When a hyperosmolar contrast medium (diatrizoate meglumine) was given instead of barium sulfate to 10 pigs, gastric emptying was delayed (it was not complete by up to PDM 218), but the small intestine filled rapidly (the contrast medium reached the cecum by PDM 218).

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Coronary angiography in chronic and acute coronary artery disease. Advantages of a low osmolality contrast medium].

The advantages of a new low osmolality contrast medium (sodium meglumine ioxaglate) in clinical coronary angiography are demonstrated at two groups of patients in comparison to sodium meglumine diatrizoate. One group included patients undergoing diagnostic angiography in chronic state of CHD, the other during diagnosis and therapy (intracoronary lysis) in state of acute myocardial infarction. Injection of the low osmolality contrast material was followed in both groups by significant reduction of pressure drop and cardiac slowing. In both groups there was also a reduction of changes in ECG compared to side effects of the conventional contrast material.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Bowel opacification using "Telebrix 38" for CT scanning.

Prior to abdominal and pelvic computed tomographic (CT) scans in children, bowel opacification was performed with dilute sodium ioxitalamate, meglumine and sodium diatrizoate, or barium sulfate. CT scans of 112 patients using one of these contrast agents were reviewed to compare "image quality." We have obtained the best organ and tissue definition when dilute sodium ioxitalamate was utilized to opacify the gastrointestinal tract.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Meconium ileus equivalent: treatment with Hypaque enema.

Meconium ileus equivalent is an unusual cause of intestinal obstruction in adults. In this paper we report of our experience with a 29-year-old male with a long-standing history of cystic fibrosis and recurrent abdominal pain. Following barium examination of the stomach and small bowel, the patient developed increasing abdominal pain and evidence of meconium ileus equivalent as the etiology of his small bowel obstruction. The obstruction was relieved by administration of a 20% sodium diatrizoate enema and oral saline cathartics. The clinical and radiographic findings of meconium ileus equivalent are reviewed, as is the use of water-soluble contrast agents in the management of this condition. The role of prior barium study in precipitating this condition is discussed.

Cathartics↗
PubMed1995

Vasoconstriction of isolated arteries induced by angiographic contrast media. A comparison of ionic and non-ionic contrast media iso-osmolar with plasma.

Angiographic contrast media (CM) may cause both vasodilatation and vasoconstriction, effects that can only be partly be explained by the media's hyperosmolality. The present study describes a CM-induced vasoconstriction of isolated rabbit coronary arteries that depends on chemotoxicity and ion content of the CM. Rings of arteries were mounted in tissue baths and the constrictions induced by different CM were measured. Iotrolan and iodixanol (non-ionic dimers) caused the most powerful constrictions followed by iohexol (non-ionic monomer) and mannitol. Ioxaglate (ionic dimer) and diatrizoate (ionic monomer) caused no or weak constrictions. By comparing these findings with previous studies, it is concluded that non-ionic media cause vasoconstriction due to depolarization of the smooth muscle cells, an effect that for iohexol can be counteracted by addition of 30 mM NaCl. The ionic media seem to cause hyperpolarization of the cells. This difference between non-ionic and ionic CM might be one of the reasons for the lower tendency of non-ionic CM to cause vasodilatation clinically.

Angiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pulmonary edema induced by intravenous administration of contrast media: experimental study in rats.

An experimental study of changes in the lung induced by the intravenous administration of iodinated contrast media was carried out using rats. The increase in the relative lung weight and histological findings, especially pulmonary edema, were evaluated in control, physiological saline, diatrizoate sodium meglumine, iohexol, and ioxaglate groups. The relative lung weight increased significantly in all contrast media groups. Proximal and distal perivascular edema were confirmed microscopically. No statistically significant differences among the contrast media were noted in the increase in relative lung weight or in the degree of perivascular edema. There was a close correlation between the increase in relative lung weight and the degree of perivascular edema. These physiological and histological changes in the lung occurred irrespective of the osmolality of the contrast materials. We considered these phenomena to be induced by non-osmolality related toxicity of the contrast medium.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Intravascular contrast media and thrombin generation.

This study focuses on the effect of contrast media (CM) on thrombin generation. In vitro studies consisted of incubating nonanticoagulated whole blood with ionic CM (sodium meglumine diatrizoate, ioxaglate), nonionic CM (iohexol, iopamidol) or glucose in plastic tubes. Thrombin generation was assessed by measuring F1 + 2, ATM and FpA levels in plasma using ELISA assay kits. In a separate protocol, the procoagulant activity of 3 nonionic CM (iohexol, iopamidol, and iopromide) was investigated by one-stage plasma recalcification time method. Rabbit brain tissue thromboplastin and physiologic saline were used as standard and experimental controls. Incubation of ionic and nonionic CM with whole blood did not enhance thrombin generation compared to glucose control. Similarly, the plasma recalcification times were not significantly shortened by either of the 3 nonionic CM tested. These studies suggest that ionic and nonionic CM exhibit different levels of anticoagulant properties in vitro and the latter are not procoagulant materials.

Blood↗
PubMed1993

Cerebral embolization in rats induced by red blood cells treated with hypertonic X-ray contrast medium.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Hypertonic X-ray contrast media induce morphologic changes in red blood cells (RBCs) and reduce their deformability when measured in vitro. This study investigated whether RBCs treated with hypertonic contrast media could induce circulatory as well as metabolic disturbances in vivo. METHODS: Autologous blood was mixed with an equal volume of meglumine diatrizoate (306 mgI/mL); 50 microliters of this mixture was infused into the left internal carotid artery of rats 2 minutes after mixing. Five minutes after infusion, the cerebral blood flow was determined using iodo[14C]antipyrine. 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 1H-MRS and 1H-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain were performed before and after infusion of the mixture to study changes in energy metabolites and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as well as the development of edema. RESULTS: The blood flow decreased by 70% to 80% in the left cerebral cortex and caudate-putamen. 31P-MRS and 1H-MRS demonstrated derangement of oxidative phosphorylation. 1H-MRI demonstrated instant destruction of the BBB and gradual progress of edema in the left hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that intracarotid infusion of RBCs treated with hypertonic contrast medium can induce embolization and subsequent ischemic damage to the brain.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1994

Interaction between beta-blockers and contrast media during intracoronary administration in rabbit heart.

The effects of ionic, meglumine sodium diatrizoate (Urografin 76) and nonionic, iohexol contrast media were examined in the absence and presence of propranolol, a beta-blocker having nonspecific membrane stabilizing action and atenolol, a beta-blocker lacking nonspecific membrane stabilizing action on Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Contrast medium, 0.7 ml, was injected into the aortic root in the absence and presence of 10(-7) and 10(-5) M beta-blocker to observe the changes in resting tension, force of contraction, rate of contraction, heart rate and PR interval. Beta-blockers and contrast media interact in affecting myocardial contractility, heart rate and atrioventricular conduction. The interaction is milder when the beta-blocker lacks membrane stabilizing activity and the contrast medium is nonionic.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Meconium ileus equivalent complicating cystic fibrosis in postneonatal children and young adults. Report of 12 cases.

Twelve patients with meconium ileus equivalent complicating cystic fibrosis in the postneonatal period were seen at the Mayo Clinic in the years 1950 through 1975. In a child or young adult with known or suspected cystic fibrosis, the triad of recurrent colicky abdominal pain, a mass in the right lower quadrant, and mechanical intestinal obstruction provides a clue to diagnosis of meconium ileus equivalent. The clinical suspicion of meconium ileus equivalent may be confirmed by meglumine diatrizoate (Gastrografin) enema, which in most uncomplicated cases also serves as treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Effect of intravenous contrast media on proximal and distal tubular hydrostatic pressure in the rat kidney.

The effect of i.v. injection of contrast media (CM, 1,600 mg I/kg b.w.) on proximal and distal tubular hydrostatic pressure (PTHP, DTHP) in the rat was investigated using a micropuncture technique. The PTHP and DTHP after injection of diatrizoate, iohexol, ioxaglate, or mannitol returned to control values within approximately 20 min. However, following iotrolan injection PTHP was still elevated above control levels after 35 min while DTHP remained elevated throughout the experiment (50 min). Iotrolan has a lower osmotic potential than the other CM when given in equivalent iodine doses. The concentration of iotrolan may thus increase more along the tubules than the other CM and consequently lead to a higher viscosity of urine, resulting in increases in PTHP and DTHP. The high intratubular pressure induced by iotrolan may explain our previous findings of reduced single nephron glomerular filtration rate caused by this CM.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Excretion of alanine aminopeptidase in the urine after administration of lysosomotrophic substances in patients with latent or florid pyelonephritis].

It is described a test for the presence of diffuse nephropathies which is based on the fact that after application 20 ml of the renal diatrizoate X-ray contrast medium Visotrast or of 500 ml of a 10% mannitol solution in patients with preexisting renal diseases appear reversible, diagnostically relevant increases of the alanine aminopeptidase excretion with the urine. In persons with healthy kidneys the excretion of enzymes changes insignificantly. The increased excretion of alanine aminopeptidase is also observed in patients with latent pyelonephritis and is traced back to the increased formation of an osmotic nephropathy in patients with preexisting nephropathies.

Alanine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of contrast media on renal function in children: comparison of ionic and non-ionic agents.

Nephrotoxicity is a common side effect of intravascular contrast media (CM). Although nephrotoxicity of ionic CM has been widely demonstrated, recent studies suggest that newer and more costly non-ionic agents are not less nephrotoxic. We studied the hemodynamic, hematologic and nephrotoxic effects of CM prospectively in 38 patients (ages six months-16 years) with or without risk factors predisposing to nephropathy and compared ionic and non-ionic CM. We performed intravenous urography (IU) with a ionic CM, sodium meglumine diatrizoate (n = 18) and a non-ionic CM, iohexol (n = 20). The patients were divided into three groups according to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [GFR < or = 50 (n = 9), 50-80 (n = 13), > or = 80 ml/min/1.732 (n = 26)]. Eleven patients had risk factors for nephropathy. Blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, urine and blood samples were obtained 24 hours and one hour before as well as one, 24, and 48 hours after CM infusion. Although a significant increase was found in urine specific gravity, protein/creatinine ratios and serum Na and creatinine levels, the increased levels were within normal limits. We observed a significant reduction in Hb and Htc and urinary prostaglandin E1 levels. Many of the changes observed in the urine and serum values after the use of CM were minor, insignificant and transient, later returning to their initial values. The GFR levels, the presence of risk factors and the use of ionic vs. non-ionic CM had no effect on the results. The elevated urinary basal beta-2-microglobulin levels further increased after CM in patients with low GFRs. It was concluded that non-ionic CM was not superior to ionic CM in patients with GFRs greater than 50 ml/min regardless of predisposing risk factors. One of the non-invasive radiological methods is advised instead of IU in patients with low GFRs.

Adolescent↗