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PubMed1994

The macrocyclic lactone protein kinase C activator, bryostatin 1, either alone, or in conjunction with recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, protects Balb/c and C3H/HeN mice from the lethal in vivo effects of ionizing radiation.

We have examined the in vivo radioprotective effects of the macrocyclic lactone protein kinase C (PK-C) activator, bryostatin 1, administered either alone or in conjunction with recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rmGM-CSF), in Balb/c and C3H/HeN mice subjected to lethal total body irradiation (TBI). When administered alone on a divided dose schedule (24 hours and 30 minutes before TBI), rmGM-CSF (20 micrograms/kg) was ineffective in increasing survival in either strain. However, in Balb/c mice, bryostatin 1 alone (1 microgram) permitted the long-term survival (60 days) of 70% of the animals following TBI, and 80% when administered in conjunction with rmGM-CSF. Bryostatin 1 administered alone according to this schedule exerted minimal radioprotective effects in C3H/HeN mice, but, when combined with a subeffective dose of rmGM-CSF, allowed 50% of the animals to survive. Treatment of Balb/c mice with bryostatin 1 administered as a single dose 4 hours before TBI resulted in a 20% survival rate, and 45% when administered with rmGM-CSF; corresponding values for the C3H/HeN strain were 60% and 40%, respectively. Lastly, the survival rates of Balb/c mice treated with bryostatin 1 administered as a single dose 4 hours following TBI was 20%, and 25% with rmGM-CSF; corresponding values were 50% and 25% for C3H/HeN mice. These findings indicate that the PK-C activator bryostatin 1 exhibits intrinsic in vivo radioprotective effects in lethally irradiated Balb/c and C3H/HeN mice, and may, under some circumstances, augment the radioprotective capacity of rmGM-CSF. They also underscore the critical role that strain differences and scheduling considerations play in determining the in vivo radioprotective capacity of bryostatin 1, as well as its interactions with rmGM-CSF.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Conjunctive administration of intravenous heparin attenuates cross-linked fibrin degradation in patients treated with streptokinase.

Increases in thrombin activity occur in patients treated with streptokinase, but conjunctive therapy with intravenous heparin does not appear to improve either the rate of early infarct artery patency or survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In a recent study we found that concentrations of fibrinopeptide A, a marker of thrombin-mediated fibrin formation, were lower in the first 3 h in patients treated with intravenous heparin (5000 U bolus followed by a fixed-dose 1000 U/h infusion, n = 14) compared with subcutaneous (12,500 U every 12 h, started 4 h after streptokinse, n = 14) administration, but were increased in both groups of patients, consistent with persistent thrombin activity. To determine whether the differential effects of the intensity of heparinization on thrombin formation were reflected in differences in fibrin degradation, we measured cross-linked fibrin degradation products (XL-FDP) before and 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, and 24 h after streptokinase in the same cohort of patients, with a new ELISA with a D-dimer-specific capture antibody (MAb 3B6) and a fibrin-specific tag antibody (MAb 1D2, Agen, Brisbane, Australia). The incidence of early coronary recanalization assessed by creatine-kinase MM isoforms (increase in activity > or = 0.18%/min), was similar in both groups (79 vs 86%). Concentrations of XL-FDP were similar in patients with and without recanalization, but were lower in patients treated with intravenous compared with subcutaneous heparin at 8 h, but the results did not reach statistical significance (627 +/- 151 ng/ml versus 1007 +/- 157 ng/ ml, p = 0.06), and were significantly lower at 12 h (327 +/- 72 versus 781 +/- 162 ng/ml, p = 0.03 at 12 h) (mean +/- SEM). Concentrations of cross-linked fibrin degradation products were also lower in patients in whom the activated partial thromboplastin time was greater than two times the control, compared with those with inadequate anticoagulation (498 +/- 105 versus 1084 +/- 179 ng/ml; p = 0.02) (mean +/- SEM). Thus, more effective inhibition of thrombin with conjunctive intravenous heparin therapy results in less cross-linked fibrin turnover in the first 12 h after thrombolysis with streptokinase. This probably reflects decreased fibrin formation with therapeutic anticoagulation.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1996

Surgical treatment of bone tumors in conjunction with microwave-induced hyperthermia and adjuvant immunotherapy. A preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an alternative approach in conjunction with microwave-induced hyperthermia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thermotherapy with microwave intracorporeal irradiation was used to treat 73 patients with bone tumors. The series was composed of 58 patients with malignant tumors and 15 with benign tumors: most of tumors occurred about knee joints (53/73 = 72.6%). The surgical procedure included separating the tumor bearing segment from surrounding normal tissues with a safe margin, cooling the normal tissues including the neurovascular bundle and the intraarticular structures with a water circulation system, while heating the tumor with the antenna array of a microwave system and providing an adequate soft-tissue cover for the dead bone. Postoperatively, an immune therapy regimen was carried out regularly. The patients' immunologic functions were monitored by assay of the subpopulation of T cells, IL-2 and sIL-2 R (soluble IL-2 receptor). RESULTS: Follow-up varied from 3 to 38 months (mean 19 months). Excluding 3 patients with malignancy in the vertebrae treated for palliation, 70 were evaluated according to oncological and orthopedic criteria. Five patients had local recurrence and required amputation. The remaining 65 had excellent local control. In 6 of the 55 patients with malignancy of the extremities, lung metastasis occurred one to two years after surgery. The oncological results were similar to those obtained by other limb-saving procedures. Pathological fracture occurred at devitalized bone in 5 patients. In 72.5% of the patients (29 of 40 tumor-free cases followed more than one year), knee joints functioned well, being stable and painless with almost full range of motion. Single photon emission computered tomography (SPECT) for 16 patients revealed revascularization of the devitalized tumor bearing bone segment could accomplish in one year or more. The immune states were improved in various extends after thermotherapy plus immunotherapy in the majority of patients. CONCLUSION: These results show that the use of microwave hyperthermia and adjuvant immunotherapy in conjunction with the surgical treatment of bone tumors can be considered a definitive procedure, which is safe and well-tolerated. The oncological and orthopedic results are encouraging.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Causes of conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis in Karachi, Pakistan.

The causes of conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis in 388 patients who attended eye casualty departments in Karachi, Pakistan, during a 5 month period were investigated. Most of these infections were diagnosed as adenovirus (291, 75%) or bacterial (71, 18.3%). Of the remainder, 9 cases (2.3%) were caused by herpes simplex virus and 7 (1.8%) by Chalmydia trachomatis. There was no evidence of typical active trachoma in this urban population. Bacteria or Candida albicans were also grown from 44 of the adenovirus cases (15%). Many of the bacteria grown from eyes in this study were resistant to antibiotics, probably because of inadequate and/or inappropriate self-medication with antibiotics in this community.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1986

Ocular delayed hypersensitivity: a pathogenetic mechanism of chlamydial-conjunctivitis in guinea pigs.

We used a naturally occurring, Chlamydia psittaci-caused eye disease in guinea pigs, guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis, as an animal model to understand both the immune response and the pathogenesis of chlamydial eye infections. When instilled into the conjunctival sac of guinea pigs that had been previously infected and were immune, viable chlamydiae or a Triton X-100-soluble extract of them produced a short-lived (12-48 hr) eye disease indistinguishable clinically and histologically from that observed during primary chlamydial eye infection. The clinical and histologic findings were consistent with those of ocular delayed hypersensitivity. Ocular delayed hypersensitivity was induced by primary chlamydial infection at mucosal sites other than conjunctival, such as vaginal and intestinal. Preliminary characterization of the hypersensitivity allergen shows that it is heat sensitive and common to the genus Chlamydia. The allergen is apparently not surface-exposed on chlamydiae and requires viable but not replicating organisms for activity. Our observation should be useful in understanding pathogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis-caused infections in humans, in particular those that produce chronic inflammatory diseases, such as blinding trachoma and urogenital diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis.

Conjunctival fibrosis may result from chronic inflammation and may lead to alterations of conjunctival architecture. This results in ocular dryness, entropion and trichiasis, and corneal complications. Causes of conjunctival cicatrization are not limited to autoimmune diseases, such as ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, a severe disease associated with poor ocular prognosis. Other well-known causes include thermal and chemical burns, postinfectious conjunctivitis, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Ocular rosacea and atopic keratoconjunctivitis often are underdiagnosed causes of conjunctival fibrosis. Medical history, physical exam, and laboratory tests often allow for diagnosis of the underlying disease. Medical management varies according to specific causes, and many surgical strategies are available to restore corneal transparency and normal palpebral architecture.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of cyclosporin A and dexamethasone in the treatment of canine nictitans plasmacytic conjunctivitis.

Thirteen dogs with nictitans plasmocytic conjunctivitis were treated with 2.0 per cent cyclosporin drops in the right eye and with 0.1 per cent dexamethasone ointment in the left eye. The response to both therapies was monitored for six weeks, repeat biopsy specimens were taken, and the time for the clinical signs to recur recorded. Conjunctival cultures were taken before and after both therapies. There were no significant differences between the treatments in the remission of clinical signs, the reduction of inflammatory infiltrate in the biopsy specimens, or the time to recurrence of the condition or its subsequent severity. However, the eyes treated with 0.1 per cent dexamethasone tended to recover more rapidly than the eyes treated with 2.0 per cent cyclosporin, and the eyes treated with 2.0 per cent cyclosporin tended to be protected from a recurrence for longer than the eyes treated with 0.1 per cent dexamethasone.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Levels of erythromycin in tear fluid and serum in infants with conjunctivitis.

38 newborns with purulent conjunctivitis were treated with oral erythromycin ethylsuccinate 25 mg/kg every 12 h for 14 days. 3-4 days after initiation of therapy, erythromycin levels in serum and tear fluid were measured 1 and 12 h after the administration of erythromycin. The level of erythromycin in tear fluid was significantly higher than that in serum 1 and 12 h after administration of the antibiotic. On both occasions the concentrations of erythromycin in tear fluid and in serum exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in vitro for Chlamydia trachomatis.

Chlamydia trachomatis↗
PubMed1986

Neurological complications following acute viral conjunctivitis: a new profile.

A study of eleven patients presenting with neurological complications following acute viral conjunctivitis, mostly haemorrhagic, is reported and the literature reviewed. A Guillain-Barre syndrome-like profile was seen in six patients while the remaining had features of radiculomyelitis. Besides asymmetrical neurological deficits, protein cell reaction and residual muscle wasting, the occurrence of dysautonomias was the striking feature noted in the patients with a Guillain-Barre syndrome-like profile. The dysautonomic features included fatal paroxysmal hypertensive and hypotensive crises in one patient and self limiting tachycardias, episodic profuse sweating, abnormal expiration-inspiration ratio and valsalva ratio in four patients. High antibody titers to EV-70 virus were seen in five patients. A follow up of one and a half year revealed poor neurologic recovery in patients with radiculomyelitis as compared to good functional recovery in others. The importance of early recognition and appropriate treatment of dysautonomias is emphasised. The probable aetiopathogenesis of the neurological complications including dysautonomias is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Tunisia. Report of viral isolations.

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), a new disease entity first reported in 1969, has since become pandemic throughout the world. In Tunisia during an epidemic in 1972 to 1973 we studied 25 cases of AHC, which were characterized by explosive onset of lid edema, chemosis, conjunctival hemorrhages, follicular hypertrophy, and epithelial keratitis. Clinical signs peaked in 48 hours and cleared without sequelae in five to seven days. Paired acute- and convalescent-phase sera from six of the patients showed a rising titer of neutralizing antibody to the prototype strain of AHC virus (J6 70/71), which was isolated in Japan. Two viral isolates from Tunisian patients were also antigenically related to the Japanese strain, indicating that a single etiologic agent (a new member of the picornavirus group) is probably responsible for the current pandemic of AHC.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

Russell bodies in contact-lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis.

Biopsy specimens of the upper tarsal conjunctiva in soft contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis were taken during (1) chronic exacerbation, (2) brief remission, and (3) intentional exacerbation. Inflammatory cells were quantitated and compared with inflammatory cells in normal upper tarsal conjunctivae. Specimens were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The most remarkable feature was the presence of diamond-shaped Russell bodies in 20% of the plasma cells of the second biopsy specimen. A few round Russell bodies were seen in the first biopsy specimen and none in the third. We concluded that the brief quiescent phase (second biopsy specimen) was characterized by retention of immunoglobulin to produce Russell bodies, and that the active phases of the disease were marked by migration of mast cells into the epithelium and by the presence of eosinophils and basophils in the substantia propria.

Basophils↗
PubMed1979

Giant papillary conjunctivitis with ocular prostheses.

In seven patients who each had either a methyl methacrylate corneal shell, a postenucleation ocular prosthesis, or a keratoprosthesis, giant papillary conjunctivitis of the tarsus of the upper lids developed after prolonged wear. These cases expand the spectrum of disease that was initally described in wearers of hard and soft contact lenses. The papillary changes in prostheses wearers did not always produce symptoms and were not readily reversible. Basophils and mast cells characterized the inflammatory infiltrate, suggestng an antigen-antibody mechanism underlying the response. Increased production of epithelial mucin, in contrast to goblet cell mucin, may play a role in producing symptoms in this syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Plasmacytic conjunctivitis with crystalline inclusions. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies.

A 17-year-old girl had bilateral papillary conjunctivitis. Histologically, the lesion showed mature plasmacytes, plasmacytoid cells, and large mononuclear cells that exhibited myriad intracytoplasmic crystals. Electron microscopic studies disclosed that the large mononuclear cells, which showed plasmacytic differentiation, contained numerous crystalline inclusions. The crystals were formed within the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and exhibited a regular periodicity (8 nm). Histochemical methods disclosed that the composition of the crystals was mainly protein (immunoglobulin crystals). Immunoperoxidase techniques for demonstration of immunoglobulins showed that the crystalline inclusions contained IgG. The results of immunohistochemical findings correlated with the results of immunoelectrophoresis of the patient's serum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Vernal conjunctivitis. Model studies in guinea pigs immunized topically with fluoresceinyl ovalbumin.

Repeated topical applications of fluoresceinyl ovalbumin (FL-OA) to the conjunctival sac of guinea pigs sensitized them for conjunctival type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and mast cell degranulation. Guinea pigs infected with Ascaris suum, with high titers of circulating anti-A suum IgE and IgG1 antibody, also produced conjunctival type 1 reactions on topical challenge with A suum antigen. These reactions were no more intense than those of animals topically sensitized and challenged with FL-OA, which in some instances had no detectable serum homocytotropic antibody. Persistently reactive animals that had undergone repeated type 1 conjunctival reactions had histological findings (eg, papillary changes with extensive epithelial eosinophil infiltrates, epithelial thickening or thinning, numerous goblet cells, subepithelial lymphoid cell infiltrates, and new vessel formation) resembling those of human atopic vernal conjunctivitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Vibrio alginolyticus conjunctivitis. First reported case.

A gravely ill patient had Vibrio alginolyticus conjunctivitis develop, possibly from contact with seashell fragments. It is believed to be the first reported instance of ocular infection by this organism. Marine Vibrio organisms must be considered as potential sources of ocular infection in patients with direct or indirect exposure to salt water habitats, or in patients who are immunocompromised.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Conjunctivitis and skin erythema. Outbreak caused by a damaged high-intensity lamp.

Eighty-one members of girls' basketball teams were exposed to ultraviolet light while sitting in the bleachers of a school gymnasium. A mercury high-intensity discharge lamp lighting the bleacher area had a hole in its outer envelope that allowed the emission of ultraviolet light. Sixty-nine (85%) of the 81 girls were affected; 49 (71%) had symptoms of conjunctivitis and 63 (91%) had symptoms of erythema.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1979

Erythema and conjunctivitis. Outbreak caused by inadvertent exposure to ultraviolet light.

During August to November 1977, fifty-eight episodes of erythema or conjunctivitis or both occurred among nursing-service employees at a large state hospital. Epidemiologic investigation implicated an ultraviolet-light-producing germicidal bulb in a nursing station's desk lamp as the causative agent. Removal of the lamp from the nursing station controlled the outbreak. Analysis of the spectral irradiance from the bulb suggested that the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health exposure standards were exceeded in five to 20 minutes, depending on the individual's distance from the lamp.

Antisepsis↗