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PubMed1988

Ivermectin prophylaxis against experimental Onchocerca volvulus infection in chimpanzees.

Ivermectin was tested for possible prophylactic action against the third and fourth larval stages (L3 and L4) of Onchocerca volvulus inoculated into chimpanzees. The infective larvae (L3) were obtained from laboratory-raised black flies. Eighteen chimpanzees were inoculated, each with approximately 250 L3. Six were treated with ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) on the day of inoculation, 6 were treated with ivermectin on day 28, and 6 were not treated. Monthly skin snips were taken for the next 30 months to detect patent infection. One of the chimpanzees treated with ivermectin on the day of infection developed a patent infection as did 4 of the 6 treated at day 28 and 4 of the 6 control animals. The results suggest that ivermectin may have a partial in vivo effect against the L3 of O. volvulus but has no effect against later larval stages of the parasite.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Gene localization in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Comparison with the factor mapping of man (Homo sapiens)].

Ten independant cellular hybrids were obtained from Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) fibroblasts and the murine cell line C11D. The comparison of electrophoretic and cytogenetic studies showed that 9 markers with known localizations in Man could also be localized on the homologous chromosomes of the Chimpanzee: pyrophosphate hydratase (PPH), phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1), and peptidase-C (Pep-C) on the No. 1; malate dehydrogenase MDH(NAD) on the No. 2; lactico dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A) on the No. 11; lactico dehydrogenase-B (LDH-B) on the No. 12; thymidine kinase (TK) on the No. 17; superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) on the No. 21; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) on the X. The localization of mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI) on the No. 7 could be excluded. One discrepancy between Chimpanzee and Man was noted: the localization of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) on the 6 is excluded.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[The relationship among human, gorilla, chimpanzee and orangutan].

The phylogeny of hominoid is still an open question. The contrary point is which relationship is more closed related between human and gorilla and human and chimpanzee. Tyrosinase is the essential enzyme in melanogenesis. The mutation of tyrosinase gene causes albinism. The five exons of tyrosinase gene were sequenced for gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan and gibbon in hominoid. Combined with the human tyrosinase gene sequence, the gene tree was constructed using parsimony method. The results show that the relationship between human and gorilla is more closed related than between human and chimpanzee.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Immunoadsorption therapy for HCV infected chimpanzee].

Response of Interferon therapy to chronic hepatitis C patients are poor who infected high titer of hepatitis C virus(HCV) RNA. It has been reported that HCV particles coexist low density lipoprotein(LDL) or anti-HCV antibodies as antigen-antibody complex in chronic hepatitis C patients. We demonstrated the ability of removal HCV particles by these adsorbents and the efficacy of HCV RNA reduction by immunoadsorption therapy for HCV infected chimpanzee. By batch method, IgG and LDL adsorbent showed 66% HCV RNA reduction and IgG adsorbents kept better adsorption ability than that of others when adsorbent: serum ratio was increased. Immunoadsorption therapy to chronic HCV infected chimpanzee was carried out on-line with a plasma separator. HCV RNA titer of this chimpanzee decreased 35% immediately after therapy, but after 4.5 hours, it recovered as same level as that of before procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Surgical technique for ambulatory management of airsacculitis in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).

PURPOSE: Bacterial infections of the air sac have been reported in many nonhuman primates. Approaches to the management of airsacculitis have included combinations of medical and surgical therapies. These strategies have often required repeated attempts to drain exudate from the affected air sac, as well as necessitating that the animal endure isolation or undergo intensive postoperative care before returning to its social group. METHODS: A stoma was created via deliberate apposition of the air sac lining and skin to allow continuous drainage. Antibiotic therapy based on culture and antimicrobial susceptibility of the air sac contents was administered while the chimpanzee remained in its social group. RESULTS: We were able to attain complete resolution of the infection after a course of oral antibiotic therapy. The stoma closed gradually over a three-week period, and the chimpanzee has remained free of infection since that time. CONCLUSION: Despite the severity of the air sac infection in this chimpanzee, we were able to resolve the infection easily, using a simple surgical technique. This method allowed treatment without interfering with social standing or subjection to repeated anesthetic and treatment episodes. This method could be a simple, useful alternative for managing airsacculitis in nonhuman primates.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1975

Hepatitis B core antigen in the immunosuppressed chimpanzee.

Two chimpanzees with low levels of anti-HBs developed increased antibody titres but showed no antigenemia after i.v. administration of 10 ml infective chimpanzee serum. Treatment of a chimpanzee (also possessing anti-HBs) i.m. with Cyclophosphamide plus Prednisolone for 3 weeks starting 2 days before the challenge with infective serum resulted in detectable circulating HBsAg by day 67. By day 95, the HBsAg concentration had increased to 17 times a human Ag reference plasma and low titres of anti-HBc were also present, but liver enzyme levels did not become abnormal until day 107. Since the circulating HBsAg concentration decreased gradually to 2 times the reference plasma by day 168, the animal was again immunosuppressed using oral Prednisolone alone for 7 weeks and then sacrificed. The liver yielded useful quantities of purified HBcAg while the plasma was an excellent source of Dane particles and HBsAg (41 X human reference plasma). This success could not be reproduced in 4 immunosuppressed cynomolgus monkeys. Our studies, therefore, demonstrate the value of the immunosuppressed high-order primate in the initiation and modulation of hepatitis B.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

T-strain mycoplasma in the chimpanzee.

Specimens from 4 chimpanzees were cultured for T-strain mycoplasma and Mycoplasma hominis. T-strain mycoplasmas were recovered from the genital tract and throat of a male and the genital tract of his female cagemate; neither had clinical evidence of infection. Two other male chimpanzees were culturally negative for T-strain mycoplasmas. M hominis was not isolated from any of the animals. The chimpanzee may serve as a suitable experimental model for studying the role of T-strain mycoplasmas in human urethritis and reproductive failure.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Construction in chimpanzees].

Chimpanzees with the help of reconstruction and the "step-by-step" analysis of a figure--sample can plan a circuit of actions, forming an image of an end result. Ability to such actions proves at them an opportunity of cogitative operations, allowing to collect multielement figures on a sample. Generalization of concrete operations with concrete elements creates the precondition for the generalized understanding of a principle of actions--knowledge--in general to collect separate elements in complex designs. In it the powerful conceptual potential chimpanzees is covered. It allows to use chimpanzees as model preverbal a level of thinking.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Barking up the wrong ape--australopiths and the quest for chimpanzee characters in hominid fossils.

With the shift during the 1980s from a human-great ape ultimately to an orangutan-(gorilla-(human-chimp)) theory of relatedness, the search for chimpanzee-like features in early hominids intensified. Reconstructions of early hominids became caricatures of chimpanzees, not only in soft tissue features (e.g. the nasal region), but in supposed bony structures (e.g. an anteriorly and especially superiorly protruding a supraorbital torus with a distinct posttoral sulcus behind). In spite of rampant >>Panophilia,<< actual morphologies of the majority of early hominid specimens are those cited as uniting an orangutan clade. Those specimens that are >>chimpanzee-like<< are probably not cladistically hominid.

Africa↗
PubMed2005

Successful treatment of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in an adult chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).

Various congenital and acquired forms of heart disease have been reported in captive lowland gorillas, and heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in geriatric humans. However, the prevalence of heart disease is unknown in nonhuman great apes species. Indeed, little is known about heart disease in chimpanzees, although the species has been used in research for decades. This report details the clinical presentation and diagnostics (thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, and echocardiography) utilized to diagnose idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in a 27-year-old male chimpanzee. Treatment decisions--indicated by follow-up diagnostics including repeat electrocardiography, echocardiography, and clinical laboratory data--over the 22-month period during which he continues to be treated are described. In addition, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings obtained from 20 clinically normal adult (11 female and 9 male) chimpanzees are presented for comparison.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Organ specificity of the antigens reacting with the 48-1 and S-1 antibodies in chimpanzees infected with hepatitis C virus.

48-1 and S-1 antibodies produced by lymphoblastoid cells transformed with Epstein-Barr virus were reported to be associated with infection by not only the hepatitis non-A, non-B (NANB) virus but also hepatitis delta virus. Appearance of the antigens reacting with these antibodies in the liver of chimpanzees was recently found to be a host response to alpha-interferon induced by infections of both viruses. To investigate organ specificity of these antigens, various organs obtained from chimpanzees with hepatitis C (NANB) were examined. In addition to the liver, the adrenals and spleen were found to be positive by immunofluorescence. The positive reactions of these three organs were also confirmed by radioimmunoassay. By electron microscopy, microtubular aggregates similar to those observed in the liver were detected in the adrenals, but not in the spleen. The results suggested that these antigens existed in the liver, adrenal, and probably spleen of chimpanzees infected with hepatitis C.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2006

The effects of aging on hormone and reproductive cycles in female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

In contrast to those for human females, observational cycle data available for chimpanzees suggest that menstrual cycling, and thus reproductive potential, continues until near death. This study documents age-related changes in estrous cycling and hormone profiles in 14 female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) ranging in age from 31 to 50 y. Estrous data were analyzed from daily cycle charts, averaging 13.3 y of cycle data per subject, after omission of gestational and postpartum amenorrhea. Concentrations of total luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), and other hormones were assayed in serum samples taken biannually. Sample collection times were chosen to avoid the ovulatory LH and FSH peaks of the female's cycle and yielded a mean of 19.6 serum samples over an average of 14.4 y per subject. Analysis of cycle charts revealed a negative relationship between age and the percentage of cycle days at maximal tumescence. There also were positive relationships between age and the length of the estrous cycle and age and the percentage of cycle days at complete detumescence. Analysis of hormonal data revealed curvilinear relationships between age and both LH and FSH. These cycle and hormonal changes mirror those in perimenopausal and menopausal women. Our data provide evidence of perimenopause (at 30 to 35 y) and menopause (at 35 to 40 y) in the chimpanzee.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Onchocerca volvulus: in vitro killing of microfilaria by neutrophils and eosinophils from experimentally infected chimpanzees.

Peripheral blood leukocytes from chimpanzees experimentally infected with third stage larvae, or with nodular microfilaria (mf) of Onchocerca volvulus, were evaluated for their ability to kill nodular mf in vitro. Inoculation of chimpanzees with third stage larvae, and prospective follow up, permitted each animal to be classified as patent, infected but not patent, or post-patent. Neither lymphocytes nor monocytes significantly adhered to, immobilized, or killed mf. However, neutrophils or eosinophils killed mf effectively in the presence of immune serum. Neutrophil and eosinophil enriched cell preparations from control animals were able to kill mf with serum from infected animals, but to a significantly lesser degree than when both cells and serum were taken from infected animals. Chimpanzees inoculated with mf showed a progressive increase in cellular killing of mf after a second inoculation which surpassed that seen with animals inoculated with third stage larvae. Antibody-mediated killing of mf by neutrophils and eosinophils may be important in the termination of patency in this infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Resocialization of a group of ex-laboratory chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes.

In order to determine if socially deprived chimpanzees could establish an integrated social unit and reproduce, a group of wild-born individuals from a single-cage laboratory environment were released onto a small island in a South Florida tourist park in 1975. The present study was undertaken during June and July of 1988 to evaluate the long term results of the experiment and to document the reproductive history of the chimpanzees since their release on the island. The evidence presented in this paper suggests that it is possible for laboratory chimpanzees to be resocialized and to reproduce successfully.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1991

Segmental spinal fixation of a thoracic vertebral fracture in an adult chimpanzee.

Accidental trauma associated with an epileptic convulsion in a 10-year-old, male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) resulted in incomplete paraplegia from fracture and subluxation of T4. Dorsal laminectomy and segmental spinal fixation were used in treatment. The segmental spinal fixation consisted of sublaminar wires attached to a contoured 316L stainless steel U-rod. The chimpanzee recovered sufficient function to allow reintroduction into the chimpanzee colony at a zoological park during the 12 months after surgery and continues to do well 24 months after surgery.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Attempts to transmit hepatitis B virus to chimpanzees by arthropods.

Bedbugs (Cimex lectularius L.) were fed on an infective blood-hepatitis B virus (HBV) mixture. Further bedbugs and tampan ticks (Ornithodoros moubata [Murray]) were fed on HBV-carrier chimpanzees. After a 10-13 day interval for oviposition, tests done on samples of individual arthropods showed that 53-85% of the bugs were HBsAg-positive and none HBeAg-positive, while 100% of the ticks were HBsAg-positive and 88% HBeAg-positive. The remaining arthropods were fed on 3 susceptible chimpanzees, which had failed to develop HBV infection after 11 months, indicating no transmission had occurred. Subsequently the presence of viable virus in the original infective meals was confirmed by inoculation of the relevant donor sera directly into the 3 still susceptible chimpanzees. HBV infections quickly followed in each animal. It is concluded that, while mechanical transmission of HBV is most unlikely after a 10-13-day interval between feedings in bedbugs and tampans, it is still possible that mechanical transmission between humans might occur during interrupted feeds.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Rigid plastic balls as enrichment devices for captive chimpanzees.

The use of rigid, plastic balls as enrichment devices for 16 captive chimpanzees was studied at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center chimpanzee colony. After the subjects were presented with balls, 10 hours of data were collected for each subject using a scan-sampling technique. The mean percentage of ball-use time for all subjects during the study was 7.1%. There was no sex difference in ball use. Age and housing effects were obtained, with younger animals and those housed in more barren environments exhibiting higher levels of ball use. It is concluded that the balls were worthwhile additions to the chimpanzee environments with use stabilizing at a mean of 2.5% of the subjects' time.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Disposition and metabolism of 1-nitropropane in rats and chimpanzees.

The metabolic fate of 1-nitropropane (1-NP) has not been previously reported. In this study male rats and chimpanzees were given single doses of 40 mg/kg ip and 5 mg/kg iv 1-[1-14C]NP, respectively. The quantitative extent of urinary and fecal elimination was similar in both species. The rats excreted 16.5% of the dose in urine and 1.7% in feces. For chimpanzees the respective values were 14.8 and 1.2%. Experiments with rats demonstrated that the major route of elimination was by exhalation. With a total elimination via the lungs of 72.6%, rats expired 10.3% of the dose as unchanged 1-NP. Five polar metabolites were isolated from the urine of chimpanzees. The two major metabolites were identified as 3-hydroxypropionic acid and N-methyl-N-2-(methylsulfinyl)ethylpropionic acid amide (NMPA). Both substances were also excreted in rat urine. The two identified metabolites indicate that 1-NP was degraded to propionic acid, part of which was modified to 3-hydroxypropionic acid or NMPA. A hypothetical pathway for the biochemical generation of NMPA is suggested.

Alkanes↗