Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cefaclor”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae in Wales. Report from the Standing Specialist Advisory Group for Microbiology in Wales.

From January to April 1986 all 21 Clinical Microbiology Laboratories in Wales took part in a survey to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. All isolates were collected and despatched to a central laboratory where identification was confirmed and antibiotic sensitivity tests repeated. One thousand four hundred and forty strains were available for analysis. Resistance was present in 128 (8.9%) to ampicillin, 23 (1.6%) to cefaclor, 28 (1.7%) to chloramphenicol, 282 (19.6%) to erythromycin, 43 (3.0%) to tetracycline, 90 (6.2%) to sulphonamide and 66 (4.6%) to trimethoprim. One hundred and twenty-one strains (8.4%) were beta-lactamase producers. Thirteen (0.9%) were resistant to four or more antibiotics and included one type b strain isolated from cerebrospinal fluid resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim and sulphonamide. The prevalence of resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim was higher than that recorded previously in two large studies elsewhere in the United Kingdom. Ampicillin resistance was more common in strains from hospital inpatients than those from general practice.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1988

Interleukin-1 production by antibiotic-treated human monocytes.

The effects of penicillin, macrolides (spiramycin and erythromycin), cephalosporins (cefaclor and cefadroxil), tetracycline (doxycycline) and quinolones (pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) on extracellular and cell-associated interleukin 1 (IL-1) activity from human adherent mononuclear leucocyte cells were investigated in vitro. When cells were treated with an antibiotic concentration of 10 mg/l, no apparent effect could be detected for penicillin, erythromycin, cephalosporins or quinolones, while a slight increase of extracellular IL-1 activity associated with a decrease of intracellular IL-1 activity was observed with spiramycin and doxycycline. When high antibiotic concentration were used, extracellular IL-1 activity was increased by macrolides and tetracycline, while both cell-associated and class II human monocyte antigen expression were decreased. A toxic effect may have been exerted by these antimicrobial agents, since cell viability was altered when they were used at high concentrations. In contrast, extracellular IL-1 activity was found to be decreased by quinolones and cephalosporins. Intracellular IL-1 activity was also decreased by cephalosporins, while quinolones did not modify either cell-associated IL-1 activity or class II human monocyte antigen expression. The effect induced by quinolones and cephalosporins occurred without modification of cell viability. IL-1 activity was shown to be affected by antibiotics over the same range of concentrations which are known to inhibit mononuclear leucocyte proliferation. Our data may help in defining the mechanism by which the mitogen-induced mononuclear proliferative response is suppressed by antimicrobial agents since this appears to involve the inhibition of IL-1 production or of its release.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

Comparative in-vitro activity of tigemonam, a new monobactam.

The in-vitro activity against Gram-negative aerobic bacterial pathogens of a new oral monobactam, tigemonam, was compared with those of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefaclor, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and gentamicin, by an agar-dilution method. Tigemonam inhibited 90% of strains tested of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis at concentrations of 0.25 mg/l or below. The MIC90 for Enterobacter spp. was 16 mg/l and for Citrobacter 4 mg/l. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to tigemonam but susceptible to aztreonam. In comparison with the other oral antibiotics tested, tigemonam was generally more active. Tigemonam showed minimal inoculum dependence, between 10(2) and 10(6) cfu per spot. It is concluded that tigemonam is a candidate for clinical trials in patients with infections caused by Gram-negative aerobes other than pseudomonas and acinetobacter.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

Haemophilus influenzae from four laboratories in one Canadian city.

Serotype, biotype and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 250 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae from University, affiliated and community hospitals and a private laboratory were compared. For each drug, agar dilution susceptibility testing was compared to at least one other method (modified Kirby-Bauer and/or microdilution). Most isolates (86%) were non-typable, 10% were type b. Biotype II was most common (58%). The highest prevalence of serotype b (28%) was seen in the community hospital, which also had only 4% of all biotype III isolates. beta-Lactamase production ranged from 20% (private laboratory) to 5% (affiliated hospital); it was higher among type b (23%), biotype II (17%), and from non-respiratory (26%) than respiratory sites (8%). 51% of 35 beta-lactamase producers were found in the 24% of patients under age 6. Microdilution missed seven while agar dilution and disc diffusion detected all. All isolates were susceptible to cefamandole, cefuroxime, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol, 86%, 98%, 99% and 27% to ampicillin, cefaclor, tetracycline and erythromycin respectively. Microdilution is unreliable for detection of ampicillin resistance mediated by beta-lactamase production.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1988

Antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from paediatric patients.

We studied 91 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the Children's and Maternity Hospital San Juan de Dios of Barcelona, Spain, from July 1984 to June 1986. All strains were recovered from miscellaneous sites in different patients. We tested their susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents: penicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, erythromycin, vancomycin, rifampicin, cephalothin, cefaclor and cefotaxime. In addition, for 56 of the strains, cefonicid, cefoxitin and imipenem were included. We found many strains with decreased penicillin susceptibility (52.8%). Among the beta-lactam antibiotics tested, cefotaxime and imipenem showed the lowest MIC (less than or equal to 1 mg/l). Only 5.5% of the strains showed resistance to erythromycin, and all were susceptible to vancomycin and rifampicin. Tetracycline and co-trimoxazole were the antimicrobials with the highest prevalence of resistance (72.5% and 67%, respectively). Our isolates were distributed in 21 serotypes, serotype 23 being the most frequent among strains with decreased penicillin susceptibility (50%).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

In-vitro activity of cefetamet (Ro 15-8074) compared with other oral agents.

The bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of cefetamet (Ro 15-8074) were compared with those of cefadroxil, cefaclor, ampicillin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and erythromycin against a total of 400 bacterial strains isolated from nosocomial respiratory tract and auditory canal infections. The broth macrodilution method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. None of the compounds was effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Cefetamet was very active against ampicillin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli strains with the minimal inhibitory concentrations for 90% of the strains tested ranging from 0.25 to 1 mg/l. Cefetamet at a concentration of 8 mg/l inhibited 90% of Enterobacter aerogenes and 60% of S. epidermidis strains. In biophotometric studies, subinhibitory concentrations of cefetamet greatly lengthened the lag-phase and flattened the log-phase, the extent varying with the concentrations and species tested. It did not cause detectable lysis in the stationary-phase of the cultures. Adding two to 32 times inhibitory concentrations of cefetamet to middle-log cultures, no or moderate lysis occurred., except with Esch. coli. This observation suggests that cefetamet is primarily bacteriostatic for some of the strains tested.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae in Ireland.

From January to April 1988, 36 clinical microbiology laboratories in Northern Ireland and Eire took part in a survey to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. All isolates were collected and despatched to a coordinating laboratory where identification was confirmed and antibiotic sensitivity tests repeated. One thousand seven hundred and ninety strains were available for analysis. Of these, 10.9% were resistant to ampicillin (10.2% being beta-lactamase producers), 0.4% to amoxycillin-clavulanate, 2.1% to cefaclor, 3.7% to chloramphenicol, 2.6% to erythromycin, 4.1% to tetracycline, 2.6% to sulphonamide and 5.1% to trimethoprim. One hundred and nine strains (6.3%) were resistant to two or more of the antibiotics tested and 31 (1.7%) exhibited combined resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. The prevalence of resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol was higher than had been previously recorded in largescale studies conducted on the British mainland.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

The in-vitro activity of cefpodoxime: a comparison with other oral cephalosporins.

The in-vitro activity of cefpodoxime was studied in 529 clinical isolates and compared with the activity of other oral beta-lactams. Amongst the Enterobacteriaceae cefpodoxime was very active (MIC90 less than or equal to 1 mg/l--other than genera commonly possessing chromosomal beta-lactamases). Against these strains cefpodoxime was comparable in activity to cefixime and about eight-fold more active than cefuroxime and 8-16-fold more active than cefaclor and cephalexin. Staphylococcus aureus strains were moderately susceptible (MIC90 4 mg/l) to cefpodoxime in comparison with cefixime (16 mg/l). The respiratory pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Branhamella catarrhalis were susceptible to less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l cefpodoxime. An increase in inoculum from 10(4) to 10(6) cfu had little effect upon activity. Studies in beta-lactamase hydrolysis of cefpodoxime showed it to be stable to TEM-1, SHV-1 and BRO-1 enzymes but with high affinity for the P99 enzyme. The primary target of cefpodoxime is PBP3 (I50 1 mg/l) in Escherichia coli K12. The protein binding of the agent to human serum was 14.3-18.3% at 1 and 5 mg/l respectively.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

In-vitro evaluation of ampicillin/brobactam and comparison with other beta-lactam antibiotics.

The ability of brobactam to inhibit beta-lactamases and the in vitro activity of ampicillin combined with brobactam was compared with another beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid, and other beta-lactam antibiotics. Both inhibitors showed good and similar activity against staphylococcal penicillinase and most broad-spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae, whether plasmid or chromosomally mediated. Both inhibitors were less active against chromosomally mediated cephalosporinases in Enterobacteriaceae, but brobactam was 8-50 times more potent than clavulanic acid. The amount and type of beta-lactamase produced by a particular bacterial strain was reflected in its sensitivity to a combination of ampicillin and brobactam, and correlated well with the sensitivity of extracted beta-lactamase to inhibition by brobactam. The in-vitro activity of ampicillin/brobactam in a 3:1 ratio was compared to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (4:1 ratio), amoxycillin, cefaclor and cefuroxime. The two inhibitor combinations were generally of similar activity, but the brobactam combination had superior activity against Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, Citrobacter freundii and Yersinia enterocolitica. The cephalosporins were less effective against the Bacteroides fragilis group, Prot. vulgaris and M. morganii, but had advantages in the case of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and C. diversus. The MBC of ampicillin/brobactam was similar to the MIC. No resistant sub-populations were observed amongst the staphylococcal strains investigated. Exposure of bacteria to sub-inhibitory levels of ampicillin/brobactam did not lead generally to the development of resistance.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1991

The in-vitro activity of cefdinir (FK482), a new oral cephalosporin.

The in-vitro activity of cefdinir (FK482), an orally absorbed aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, was compared with that of cefuroxime, cefixime, cephalexin, cefaclor and co-amoxiclav. Cefdinir was highly active against Staphylococcus aureus, inhibiting 90% of strains at 0.03 mg/L. The respiratory pathogens Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis were also susceptible (MIC90 less than or equal to 1 mg/L). The common members of the Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible (MIC90 less than or equal to 1 mg/L), but those possessing chromosomal beta-lactamases were more resistant. Cefdinir appeared highly stable to the TEM-1 and SHV-1 beta-lactamases with only relatively minor degrees of hydrolysis being seen with TEM-3, -5 and -9.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1991

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis isolated in the UK from sputa.

Four hundred and thirty-one Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1272 Haemophilus influenzae and 305 Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis were isolated from sputa and identified in 28 UK laboratories during a ten week period in 1990. Disc diffusion susceptibility testing was performed in each centre using identical methods. Species-specific susceptibility breakpoints applied to data for six antimicrobial agents were determined from the distribution of isolates according to zone diameters of inhibition measured in participating laboratories and were correlated with minimum inhibitory concentration data obtained with 302 isolates sent to the coordinating centre. Inter-laboratory reproducibility was estimated by comparing peripheral and coordinating centre results for these 302 isolates and by distributing five reference strains to all laboratories for testing. Reduced susceptibility to ampicillin and amoxycillin-clavulanate was detected in less than 3% of S. pneumoniae, but 8.1% were resistant to tetracycline and 6.5% to erythromycin. Resistance to ampicillin due to production of beta-lactamase occurred in 9.4% of H. influenzae; another 5.2% were resistant to ampicillin and amoxycillin-clavulanate but were beta-lactamase-negative. 4.5% were resistant to tetracycline and most (86.6%) had MICs greater than or equal to 1 mg/L of erythromycin. Zone diameters around ampicillin discs were greater than or equal to 10 mm smaller than those around amoxycillin-clavulanate discs for 241 (79%) of M. catarrhalis. Although only 193/241 had been reported to be beta-lactamase positive by participating laboratories, data obtained at the coordinating centre confirmed that greater than or equal to 10 mm and less than or equal to 3 mm zone size differences correlated with beta-lactamase-positive and -negative isolates respectively. No M. catarrhalis were resistant to amoxycillin-clavulanate and less than 4% were resistant to either tetracycline or erythromycin. The prevalence of resistance to cefaclor was highest among H. influenzae (5.2%) and lowest among S. pneumoniae (0.9%). Only seven of 2008 isolates (two to three per species) were resistant to cefixime. The data suggest that the prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin must be taken into consideration when treating respiratory infections.

Ampicillin Resistance↗
PubMed1992

Surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Riyadh and their susceptibility to penicillin and other commonly prescribed antibiotics.

A total of 358 recent distinct isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were recovered from clinical specimens of patients in various hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The commonest serotypes were Groups C, F, B and A. Using specific monosera for typing it was found that serotype 14 was the commonest followed by serotypes 3, 7, 1, 2, 19 and 8 respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of penicillin determined by an agar dilution method, showed that 81% were susceptible (MIC less than 0.1 mg/L), 18% were relatively resistant (MIC = 0.1-1 mg/L) and 1% showed increased resistance (MIC greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/L). The use of a 1 microgram oxacillin disc distinguished between susceptible and relatively penicillin resistant pneumococci more reliably than did the use of a penicillin disc (1 or 10 micrograms). Resistance of S. pneumoniae to tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin were 70%, 43%, 12% and 4% respectively. All isolates were susceptible to oral cephalosporins (cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefaclor, and cefuroxime axetil) with an MIC range of less than or equal to 0.03-2 mg/L. The selection of antimicrobial therapy and the efficiency of vaccines depend on the knowledge of the local isolates of S. pneumoniae. Clinical isolates should be routinely screened to detect susceptibility to penicillin. The relatively high incidence of resistance to multiple antibiotics indicates the need to perform antibiotic susceptibility testing in order to avoid possible therapeutic failure.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

The antimicrobial susceptibility of Moraxella catarrhalis isolated in England and Scotland in 1991.

Between 1 January and 31 March 1991, 20 laboratories in England and Scotland sent a total of 413 consecutive clinical isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis to The London Hospital Medical College (LHMC). After confirmation of identity, the susceptibility of all isolates to 11 antimicrobial agents was determined. Of the 375 (90.8%) isolates which were found at LHMC to be beta-lactamase-positive, 174 produced zones of inhibition around 2 micrograms ampicillin disc which were greater than or equal to 20 mm in diameter and 252 were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.5 mg/L of ampicillin. However, 71 of these 375 had been reported to be ampicillin-susceptible by peripheral centres. While beta-lactamase had not been detected in 35 of these 71 isolates, the other 36 had been reported to be ampicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase-positive. All 38 beta-lactamase-negative isolates produced zones greater than or equal to 30 mm in diameter and were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.06 mg/L of ampicillin. No M. catarrhalis isolate was found to be resistant to co-amoxiclav, tetracycline, chloramphenicol or cefaclor. Two strains showed intermediate susceptibility to erythromycin (MIC 1 mg/L) and 27 required greater than or equal to 32 mg/L of sulphamethoxazole for inhibition. Resistance to trimethoprim was uniform (MICs 2-128 mg/L). Two isolates showed intermediate susceptibility to cefixime (MIC 2 mg/L) but none was resistant to the new oral cephalosporin cefetamet or to the oral carbacephem loracarbef.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

A national collaborative study of resistance to antimicrobial agents in Haemophilus influenzae in Australian hospitals. The Australian Group for Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR).

An Australia-wide survey of the prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial agents among Haemophilus influenzae was conducted on clinically significant isolates collected between July 1988 and September 1990. Laboratories from the capital cities of each Australian state and territory participated. Nine hundred and seventy clinical isolates were examined for beta-lactamase production and the MICs of ampicillin, coamoxiclav, chloramphenicol, cefaclor, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, tetracycline, rifampicin, trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole and co-trimoxazole were determined using the NCCLS agar dilution method with Haemophilus Test Medium. A smaller number of isolates were tested against penicillin V, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin and erythromycin in addition. The proportion of beta-lactamase producing strains was higher among invasive strains (21.6%) than non-invasive strains (14.2%) and varies considerably between states. The highest prevalence of ampicillin resistance was found in invasive strains from Canberra (40.8%), the lowest in non-invasive strains from Adelaide (5.1%). Paradoxically, in non-invasive strains, although beta-lactamase production was less common, resistance to other antimicrobials was commoner than in invasive strains and also varied between states.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Decreased susceptibility of penicillin-resistant pneumococci to twenty-four beta-lactam antibiotics.

The in-vitro activity of 24 beta-lactam antibiotics was compared using three groups of pneumococci and an agar dilution method comprising 100 penicillin-susceptible, 100 intermediately penicillin-resistant, and 100 highly penicillin-resistant pneumococcal strains. Our results show that intermediately penicillin-resistant and highly penicillin-resistant pneumococci had decreased sensitivity to other beta-lactam agents. According to their relative in-vitro activity, the antimicrobials were classified into three groups. The first group included drugs more active than penicillin (imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefpirome), which could be useful for the treatment of infections due to penicillin-resistant strains. The second group showed slightly lesser activity than did penicillin, and included: ampicillin, cefdinir, cefuroxime, cefoperazone, azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, cephalothin, and cefamandole. The remaining antibiotics (oxacillin, cefixime, ceftizoxime, cefetamet, cefaclor, ceftazidime, cefoxitin, cefonicid, and latamoxef) showed poor activity against penicillin-resistant strains, precluding their use for empirical treatment in areas with a high prevalence of penicillin-resistant strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Beta-lactam susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae strains showing reduced susceptibility to cefuroxime.

Minimum inhibitory concentrations of 13 beta-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxycillin, amoxycillin/clavulanate, imipenem, cefazolin, cefadroxil, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefepime, cefpirome, cefpodoxime and cefixime), were determined for 76 strains of beta-lactamase negative Haemophilus influenzae, isolated over a five year period (1985-1990) that gave reduced zones to cefuroxime on disc testing when compared to the control strain H. influenzae NCTC 11931. MIC90 values for all antibiotics (except imipenem) were approximately ten times higher than the MIC90 values for a susceptible control group. Increased resistance was not associated with any particular biotype, although three biotype III strains were highly resistant to imipenem. More than 50% of strains with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics were isolated from patients with chronic respiratory disease. Published data on the sputum concentration of each antibiotic were compared to the MIC90 values obtained for the susceptible and resistant strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Paediatric safety of azithromycin: worldwide experience.

Adverse events and laboratory abnormalities were monitored over 35 days after the commencement of treatment in 45 open studies conducted in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia. These studies were to assess the clinical efficacies of azithromycin and comparator antimicrobial agents in the treatment of paediatric acute bacterial infections. Children (6 months-16 years of age) had been treated with an oral suspension of azithromycin (10 mg/kg given once daily for 3 consecutive days) or with the approved oral dosing regimen of the comparator (amoxycillin, co-amoxiclav, cefixime, cefaclor, clarithromycin, erythromycin, penicillin V, cloxacillin, or roxithromycin). Adverse events were recorded in 232/2655 (8.7%) children treated with azithromycin and in 180/1844 (9.8%) who received comparator treatment. The majority of the treatment-related adverse events were classed as being of only mild or moderate severity and were gastrointestinal: 140 (5.3%) in azithromycin- and 120 (6.5%) in comparator-treated children. Co-amoxiclav was responsible for proportionately more of such events than any other agent. Treatment was discontinued prematurely due to an adverse event in 34 (1.3%) azithromycin- and in 31 (1.7%) comparator-treated children. Incidences of clinically significant laboratory abnormalities were low and occurred with comparable frequency in both treatment groups. The present analysis confirms that azithromycin can be safely used to treat bacterial infections in children of all ages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of respiratory isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Europe and the USA in 1992 and 1993. The Alexander Project Collaborative Group.

The overall antibiotic susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates collected in 1992 (n = 35) and 1993 (n = 85) was highly variable ranging from 0.8% for amoxycillin to 95.8% for ceftriaxone. On a weight for weight basis, the activity of the compounds decreased in the following sequence: ceftriaxone, cefixime, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, cefaclor, amoxycillin/clavulanate, doxycycline, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, amoxycillin. A small percentage of resistant strains was found for each of the compounds (between 0.8% for ceftriaxone and 12.5% for chloramphenicol) with the exception of amoxycillin which was almost uniformly resistant. There was a trend for the percentage of resistant strains to increase between the two study years for all compounds except for chloramphenicol. Resistance to beta-lactams in France and the USA is likely to have been due to strains producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases.

4-Quinolones↗