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PubMed1999

[Bioavailability of three brands of omeprazole capsule and their effects on 24 hour intragastric pH in healthy volunteers].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the bioavailability of three brands of omeprazole capsule (Losec, Aoke-Changzhou No.4 Pharm, Omeprazole-Sanye Pharm) and their effects on 24 hour intragastric pH in healthy volunteers. METHODS: With crossover design (washout period of 7 days), 18 healthy volunteers (12 men, 6 women) were randomly divided into three groups. Each subject was given the three different brands of omeprazole capsule 40 mg respectively. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic study revealed that Losec had an advantage over other two brands of omeprazole capsule in that it was absorbed more rapidly and to a greater extent, resulting in higher plasma concentration and longer staying time in blood. It also showed the shortest latent time in elevating intragastric pH (2.53 hours), the largest net increment in mean gastric pH (3.37), and the greatest prolongation of time with pH > 4 (15.3 hours) among the three products. CONCLUSION: The three brands of omeprazole capsule are significantly different with respect to their pharmacokinetic process and effects on 24 hour intragastric pH profile. Losec is superior to other two brands of omeprazole capsule in view of its better bioavailability, quicker onset of action, more potent and lasting antisecretory effect.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Determination of posterior lens capsule status in traumatic cataract with B-ultrasonography].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the status of posterior lens capsule in traumatic cataract with B-ultrasonography. METHODS: 44 eyes of traumatic cataract were studied. The integrity of posterior lens capsule was evaluated with B-ultrasonography before surgery. Cataract extraction was performed under microscope and the status of posterior lens capsule was recorded. RESULTS: 21 eyes showed complete posterior lens capsule in B-ultrasonography. Of them, 19 eyes (90.5%) were confirmed by surgery. Other 23 eyes with posterior lens rupture determined before operation were all confirmed by surgery (100.0%). CONCLUSION: B-ultrasonography is helpful in evaluating the integrity of posterior lens capsule and choosing the strategy of surgery.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of the load of nylon capsules on their passage through the digestive tract and specific gravity.

The passage and specific gravity of nylon capsules were evaluated in five trials. In individual trials, different lactating cows were fed the same diet consisting of maize silage, alfalfa hay and concentrate. In each trial the different feeds (or no feed) were used to fill the capsules. The capsules were made of nylon cloth (42 microm pore size, 10 mm external diameter). The different weights of the load (L1-L5) were obtained using a combination of 2 and 3 mm stainless steel balls. The highest recovery of the capsules was obtained with the L3 and L4 loads (91.4 and 92.3%, resp.). After 14 hours of incubation in the rumen, the calculated values of functional specific gravity of the capsules ranged from 0.92 to 2.05 g x cm(-3). It was concluded that L3 (one 2 mm and one 3 mm ball) was the suitable weight of the load.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

[The enteroscopy capsule--a swallowable instrument for video examination of the small bowel].

Since 1.5 years wireless enteroscopy with the GivenM2A-capsule has been tested clinically. Wireless capsule-enteroscopy (WCE) has already contributed significantly to the understanding of patients with obscure intestinal symptoms. Series of occult bleeders show that WCE detects lesions in 60%, whereas enterography only in 15%, and push-enteroscopy in 25%. Lesions detected are angiodysplasia in 55%, ulcerations in 14%, apthoid lesions and erosions in 11%, tumours in 8%. Active bleeding was seen in 43%. In patients with Crohn's disease further information on extent of disease and type of lesions is gained, mainly seen as erosions in 64%. WCE in hereditary polyposis disclosed more and bigger lesions, and in celiac enteropathy villous atrophy and scalloping of the mucous membrane is readily identified. Software to locate the capsule in the gastrointestinal tract is recently launched together with a graphic display of capsule track and transit times. Soon displays for motility and pressure will follow. Capsule adaptation for screening for Barrett's esophagus and colon cancer might come true.

Capsules↗

PubMed2004

[Influence of Shenshuai Capsule on renal tissue apoptosis of rats with chronic renal failure].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of Shenshuai Capsule on renal tissue apoptosis of Wistar rats with chronic renal failure. METHOD: Wistar rats were fed with adenine to establish chronic renal failure model, and then they were divided into three groups separately fed with Shenshuai capsule (high or low dosage) and Niaoduqing. RIA, immunohistochemical method and electron microscopy were used. RESULTS: The parameters of renal function between the treatment group (high dosage) and the Niaoduqing group were significantly different respectively. Shenshuai capsule could inhibit tubular epicyte apoptosis and Fas genetic expression, and improve Bcl-2 genetic expression. CONCLUSION: Shenshuai capsule could inhibit epicyte apoptosis, and adjust Fas genetic expression. Bcl-2 genetic expression indicated that this may be one of the mechanism to postpone the renal failure by Shunshuai capsule.

Adenine↗

PubMed2004

Anterior lens capsule vascularity in evaluating gestation in small for gestation neonates.

This study evaluated the role of anterior lens capsule vascularity in assessing gestation in small for gestational age (SGA) neonates in a prospective manner. Neonates with birth weight less than 2000 g were recruited. Those with gross congenital malformations, including corneal opacity or cataract and evidence of TORCH infection were excluded from the study. A total of 139 subjects were enrolled into the study (60-appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 79 small for gestational age (SGA) neonates). Clinical gestational age assessment and ophthalmoscopic examination for anterior lens capsule vascularity grading were done within 24 hours of birth by independent blinded observers. The correlation of lens capsule grading with clinical gestation in AGA neonates (r2 = 0.75) was stronger compared to SGA neonates (r2 = 0.50). Gestational age assessment by lens capsule grading had a better agreement with clinical gestation in AGA subjects (Kappa Index - 0.56 in AGA vs. 0.26 in SGA). The lens capsule grading under-estimated the gestation of SGA subjects by an average of three weeks compared to AGA neonates.

Female↗

PubMed2004

[Treatment of AIDS patients with Chinese medicinal herbs qudu zengning capsule].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of QuDu ZengNing Capsule on AIDS. METHODS: QuDu ZengNing Capsule is a capsule containing extract from 4 Chinese medicinal herbs. Totally 1,000 AIDS patients were treated, among them 60 patients were clinically observed weekly. Blood routine tests, liver, heart and kidney function, X-ray, CD4, CD8 cells were examined before and after treatment at 1, 3, 6 month. The patients were treated with 4 capsules t.i.d for 6 months. RESULTS: The symptoms were improved in most of the patients, the CD4 cells increased from 115.0 to 295.2/ul and the viral load (RNA copies/ml) in most patients reduced markedly or maintained at the same level. CONCLUSION: These data indicated that QuDu ZengNing Capsule was effective for treatment of AIDS patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2004

[Effect of Yigu capsule on NO and NOS of rat osteoblasts in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: The effects of Yigu Capsule on NO and NOS of osteoblasts were studied. METHODS: (1) Forty 12-month old Sprague-daweley female rats were divided into randomly four groups (Yigu Capsule high dose group, medium dose group and low dose group; saline group), the drug-containing serum and control serum were prepared. (2) The new-born Sprague-daweley rat Osteoblasts were cultured with different Yigu Capsule drug-containing serum concentration and at different exposure time. The mRNA levels of eNOS and iNOS were measured by RT-PCR; the activities of eNOS and iNOS were measured by test kit at different exposure time. NO secretion of osteoblasts was observed, too. RESULTS: The mRNA levels and the activities of eNOS and iNOS and NO secretion of osteoblasts were higher than the control groups respectively after 48,72 and 96 hours (P < 0.01 or P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Yigu Capsule drug-containing serum can promote NOS mRNA and NOS activities expressions and NO secretion of osteoblasts. These results may be parts of the mechanism of Yigu Capsule preventing and treating osteoporosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A new complication from a new technology: what a general surgeon should know about wireless capsule endoscopy.

Wireless capsule endoscopy has revolutionized the diagnostic evaluation of the small intestine and is increasingly used by gastroenterologists. However, complications can occur with this seemingly safe procedure. We report two cases of Crohn's disease in which capsule endoscopy was performed with retention of the capsules. Both patients were taken to the operating room electively after careful preoperative planning to address both the surgical aspect of Crohn's disease and the retained capsule. We reviewed the literature on the use of wireless capsule endoscopy in patients with Crohn's disease and discuss the approach to a new surgical complication.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[The effects of zhubi capsule on adjuvant arthritis in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Zhubi capsule on adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats. METHOD: The model of rat was induced by intradermal injection of CFA. The perimeter of ankle joint was measured at different time points. Con A-induced splencyte proliferation was examined by MIT assay and the expression of IL-1, IL-6 in synovium was determined by immunohistochemical method. RESULT: After the preventive administration of Zhubi capsule (5.2, 2.6, 1.3 g x kg x d(-1), x 25 d), it was found that Zhubi capsule significantly inhibited the primary and secondary ankle joint swelling. The increased Con A-induced splencyte proliferation reaction and the activated IL1, IL-6 expression of AA rat were suppressed by the treatment with Zhubi capsule. CONCLUSION: Zhubi capsule has a therapeutic effect on AA rats, and its mechanism is related to the immunoregulative function.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Tissue culture of bovine lens as an in vitro model for posterior capsule opacification and the effects of pranoprofen on the cell confluence].

OBJECTIVE: To establish an in vitro model of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) by culturing the posterior capsule of bovine lens, to observe the proliferation and differentiation of lens epithelial cells and to study the influence of serum and pranoprofen eyedrops on cell confluence of this model. METHODS: The bovine lens posterior capsule was spread on the surface of a 25 ml culture flask with cell layer upward. DMEM with 0%, 10% and 20% fetal calf serum was used as culture medium. The cell coverage and confluence time on the posterior capsule were observed by inverted microscope and the cell morphology was observed by Giemsa staining and scanning electron-microscope. Pranoprofen was added to the culture medium at a concentration similar to the aqueous humor concentration (0.23 mg/L), which was presented at 4 hours after the instillation of pranoprofen eyedrops. The difference of confluence time between the treated group and the control group was compared. RESULTS: The lens epithelial cells migrated and proliferated rapidly on the posterior capsule from the equatorial region to the center. The cell coverage was increased and the confluence time was shortened with the increase of serum concentration (P < 0.05). The PCO and wrinkles were presented. Pranoprofen at 0.23 mg/L could inhibit the confluence of lens epithelial cells (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The in vitro model for PCO was an useful method to study the mechanism of PCO formation. Pranoprofen can inhibit the proliferation of lens epithelial cells and is a safe and efficient drug for preventing the occurrence of PCO and can be used as a routine medication after the cataract operation.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Capsule endoscopy--the past, presence, and future].

Wireless capsule endoscopy is a safe non-invasive method for the examination of the small intestine and terminal oesophagus. Examination is well tolerated by most of the patients. Due to the possibility to assess mucosa of the small intestine in details, capsule endoscopy has the diagnostical yield higher than other available methods. It is effective namely for study of obscure bleeding, celiac disease and Crohn's disease. Capsule endoscopy is aimed at the longterm follow up of patients with Barrett's oesophagus, however, the costs are higher than using gastroscopy. Capsule retention represents the most serious and practically the only complication of the examination which frequently requires surgical treatment. The future of capsule endoscopy depends on the next development of the technology.

Capsules↗

PubMed2006

[In vitro effect of combined traditional Chinese medicine (Changqing capsule) on the tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the in vitro effect of the traditional Chinese medicine on the tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. METHODS: Supernatant (1.5 ml) of different doses of the traditional Chinese medicine (Changqing capsule) was collected by normal saline immersion and 2.5 x 10(4) Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were added in each paste well for 8 hours. Spiramycin, pyrimethamine and azithromycin in different doses were used as controls. Normal saline was used as negative control. Mice were inoculated with drug-treated tachyzoites intraperitoneally or intragastrically. The normal mice were subcultured after 8 days for 3 generations. RESULTS: The incident number of the infected mice was significantly different among groups with different drugs and doses: 2/60, 16/60, 10/60 and 10/60 in the groups of Changqing capsule, spiramycin, pyrimethamine and azithromycin respectively (P < 0.05). No mice were found incident in groups of high and medium dose Changqing capsule while 2 out of 20 found sick in the low dose group (P < 0.05). The subculture observation showed that 2 and 1 mice in the first generation of the low dose Changqing capsule group inoculated intraperitonelly and intragastrically were found infected respectively. 2 mice of the second generation in low dose spiramycin group and 1 mouse of the third generation in low dose pyrimethamine group were also found infected. CONCLUSION: The in vitro killing effect of the Changqing capsule on the tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii is better than the current clinical drugs and shows a positive correlation with the dosages.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[The contribution of capsule endoscopy to the diagnosis of small-bowel tumors in cases of obscure overt gastrointestinal bleeding].

BACKGROUND: The source of obscure bleeding is usually located in the small bowel. The use of capsule endoscopy (CE) has changed the management of these patients. GOALS: To review our experience with the diagnosis of small bowel tumors by CE in patients with obscure overt gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of CE examinations performed consecutively in two university-affiliated hospitals. RESULTS: Among 156 patients who underwent CE examination (including 58 patients with obscure overt bleeding), five patients, all of whom presented with melena, were diagnosed as having a small bowel tumor. Three tumors were found in one patient (two ileal carcinoids and one ileal benign stromal tumor). A jejunal benign stromal tumor was diagnosed in two other patients by push enteroscopy. One of these was missed by a subsequent capsule endoscopy examination, and in the other, only active bleeding was detected by prior capsule endoscopy. In two patients, three small tumors were detected, beyond the reach of push enteroscopy, but surgical confirmation was not available. No tumors were found among patients in whom the indication for CE examination was not obscure overt bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of finding a small bowel tumor emphasizes the role of capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure overt gastrointestinal bleeding. Push enteroscopy should be performed when capsule endoscopy yields negative or only suspicious findings.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

[Clinical study of treatment nonalcoholic fatty liver with qianggan capsule].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Qianggan capsule on the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-two patients of nonalcoholic fatty liver were randomly divided into two groups, 64 patients in the treated group were treated by Qianggan capsule, 5 granule every time, twice per day and the 58 patients in control group were treated by tiopronin, 0. 2 gram every time, third per day with a therapeutic course of 3 months. RESULT: Serum levels of ALT and gamma-GT were decreased significantly after the treatment of Qianggan capsule (P <0.05). However, TG levels seemed decreased but have not significant difference after the treatment of Qianggan capsule. The serum level of ALT in control group decreased markedly after treatment (P < 0.05), but no obvious change was seen in gamma-GT and TG in control group after treatment. The total effective rate in the treated group was higher than those in the control group (79.69% vs 62.07%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Qianggan capsule is an effective recipe in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Characterization of heparan sulfate proteoglycan from calf lens capsule and proteoglycans synthesized by cultured lens epithelial cells. Comparison with other basement membrane proteoglycans.

After extraction with 4 M guanidinium chloride and purification by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) of calf anterior lens capsule was found to consist of two immunologically related components (Mr = 340,000 and 250,000) which upon deglycosylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid yielded core proteins with Mr values of 170,000 and 145,000. The heparan sulfate chains were uniform in size (Mr = 14,000) and manifested a clustering of sulfate groups in a peripheral domain. From the decrease in Mr observed after heparitinase digestion, it could be estimated that 6 and 11 glycosaminoglycan chains were present in the Mr = 250,000 and 340,000 components respectively. The occurrence of N-linked oligosaccharides was evident from the size difference of the heparitinase- and trifluoromethane-sulfonic acid-treated proteoglycans (approximately 20 kDa), as well as from the presence of a substantial number of mannose residues; furthermore, interaction of the capsule proteoglycan with Bandeiraea simplicifolia I suggested that these carbohydrate units contains terminal alpha-D-Gal groups. Cultured lens epithelial cells deposited a single [35S]sulfate-labeled proteoglycan into their matrix (Mr = 400,000) which was immunologically related to the lens capsule proteoglycan and contained only heparan sulfate chains. In addition to this component, the medium from these cells contained an immunologically unrelated HSPG (Mr = 150,000) as well as a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (Mr = 240,000). Examination of bovine glomeruli indicated that, in addition to the previously described 200-kDa HSPG, an immunologically related 350-kDa component was also present. This size heterogeneity, which is comparable to that seen in the lens capsule, is most readily attributable to proteolytic processing of a precursor molecule. Studies with polyclonal antibodies demonstrated only limited cross-reactivities between the Engelbreth-Holms-Swarm proteoglycan and the components from lens capsule and glomerular basement membrane; since even the latter two differed somewhat in their antigenic sites, it would appear that cell- and species-dictated genetic differences as well as post-translational events contribute to the diversity observed in basement membrane HSPGs.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1990

[Immunohistochemical studies of the human lens capsule].

In this study we made an attempt to localize components of the human lens capsule using immunohistochemical methods. Type IV collagen could be shown in all parts of the capsule in equal distribution. It could be found over the whole thickness of the lens capsule. By comparison, laminin could be detected only at the inner layer of the capsule. There was no difference concerning the contribution of these components between the anterior and the posterior capsule. No specific staining of collagen types I and III or of fibronectin could be found.

Collagen↗

PubMed1989

Effect of sodium bicarbonate and sodium starch glycolate on the in vivo disintegration of hard gelatin capsules--a radiological study in the dog.

The release of drugs from hard gelatin capsules is often limited by the disintegration rate of the capsule. We set out to determine whether it is possible to hasten the in vivo disintegration of hard gelatin capsules by adding disintegrants (sodium bicarbonate or sodium starch glycolate) to the formulation. This radiological study was carried out in six beagle dogs. We conclude that if rapid disintegration is desired for a hard gelatin capsule formulation, water-soluble diluents should primarily be selected. Sparingly water-soluble, gelforming diluents cause slow in vivo disintegration. Using swellable disintegrants such as sodium starch glycolate does not accelerate disintegration and may even retard it. With sodium bicarbonate it is possible to shorten the disintegration time of capsules containing water-insoluble ingredients, but not to the extent possible with water-soluble diluents.

Animals↗