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PubMedDate not supplied

Flagella or cilia?

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Animals↗
PubMed2002

Conserved function for embryonic nodal cilia.

How left right handedness originates in the body plan of the developing vertebrate embryo is a subject of considerable debate. In mice, a left right bias is thought to arise from a directional extracellular flow (nodal flow) that is generated by dynein-dependent rotation of monocilia on the ventral surface of the embryonic node. Here we show that the existence of node monocilia and the expression of a dynein gene that is implicated in ciliary function are conserved across a wide range of vertebrate classes, indicating that a similar ciliary mechanism may underlie the establishment of handedness in all vertebrates.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

From cilia to cyst.

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Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1961

Cilia.

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Cell Biology↗
PubMed1974

How cilia move.

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Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1987

Ionic regulation of adenylate cyclase from the cilia of Paramecium tetraurelia.

The kinetics of the ionic regulation of an adenylate cyclase associated with the excitable ciliary membrane from Paramecium tetraurelia was examined. Glycerol (30%, v/v) stabilized the enzyme, and activated by an increase in Vmax. (3-fold) and a decrease in the apparent Km for MgATP (6-fold). Kinetic analysis of Mg2+ effects showed a stimulation via a single metal-binding site separate from the substrate site, with a dissociation constant, Ks, of 0.27 mM. Analysis of Ca2+ effects showed (i) an uncompetitive inhibition with respect to substrate MgATP, and (ii) dependence of the extent of inhibition on the free Mg2+ concentration. Ki values ranged from 4 to 130 microM-Ca2+ in the presence of 0.55-2 mM-Mg2+ respectively. This indicates competition between Mg2+ and Ca2+ at the metal-binding site. The Ca2+ effect was specific; Sr2+ and Ba2+ were almost without effect, and 100 microM-Ba2+ did not interfere with the Ca2+ inhibition. The actions of Ca2+ were readily reversible after addition of EGTA. K+ activated the adenylate cyclase at concentrations around 20 mM. The stimulatory potency of K+ was dependent on the free Mg2+ concentration. At 1 mM free Mg2+, 20 mM-K+ doubled the adenylate cyclase activity. The inhibitory Ca2+ and stimulatory K+ inputs were independent of each other.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2000

The molecular motors of cilia and eukaryotic flagella.

Axonemal dyneins occur in two rows (as inner and outer arms) on each of the nine doublets. Axonemal dynein binds reversibly to the B-microtubule and has an ATP-insensitive anchorage to the A-microtubule of the adjacent doublet. The heavy chains have the form of globular heads and are responsible for chemo-mechanical transduction. The B-tubule-binding site is on a tenuous extension of the head. There is only one type of ODA. A 12 nm shift in the globular heads is associated with the hydrolysis cycle. There are three types of IDA. No functional changes have been recognized in their complex conformation. There is plentiful evidence that the axonemal dyneins produce interdoublet displacement. Doubt remains on how much sliding occurs per cycle of ATP hydrolysis. The mechanism for transforming sliding into bending is not yet explained.

Animals↗