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PubMed1997

Elevated serum levels of pantropic p53 proteins in chromium workers.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the possibility of applying serum pantropic p53 proteins in molecular epidemiologic studies, as a biomarker of environmental carcinogenesis. The serum levels of pantropic p53 proteins were determined in workers with past exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds. METHODS: Thirty-one male workers occupationally exposed to hexavalent chromium compounds in the production of chromium compounds for 0 to 23 years served as the exposed group. The referents were 10 volunteers without work-related exposure to chemicals. In the determination of pantropic p53 proteins, commercially available kits for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used which quantitatively detected both mutant and wild-type human p53 proteins. RESULTS: The serum level of pantropic p53 proteins was in the range of 116.4 to 1122.6 pg/ml for the exposed workers and of 117.4 to 305.8 pg/ml for the referents. Nineteen percent of the exposed workers had a high p53 protein level (6 out of 31) when compared with the referents. All but 1 of the 6 workers had been occupationally exposed to chromium compounds for more than 11 years. Two of the 3 workers with a past history of lung cancer also showed high levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that the application of p53 proteins as a biomarker of environmental carcinogenesis merits further exploration.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Sampling and analysis of hexavalent chromium during exposure to chromic acid mist and welding fumes.

Sampling and analysis of hexavalent chromium during exposure to chromic acid mist and welding fumes. Scand j work environ & health 9 (1983) 489-495. In view of the serious health effects of hexavalent chromium, the problems involved in its sampling and analysis in workroom air have been the subject of much concern. In this paper, the stability problems arising from the reduction of hexavalent to trivalent chromium during sampling, sample storage, and analysis are discussed. Replacement of sulfuric acid by a sodium acetate buffer (pH 4) as a leaching solution prior to analysis with the diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method is suggested and is demonstrated to be necessary in order to avoid reduction. Field samples were taken from two different industrial processes-manual metal arc welding on stainless steel without shield gas and chromium plating. A comparison was made of the DPC method, acidic dissolution with atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) analysis, and the carbonate method. For chromic acid mist, the DPC method and AAS analysis were shown to give the same results. In the analysis of welding fumes, the modified DPC method gave the same results as the laborious and less sensitive carbonate method.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

Effects of chromium supplementation on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in men taking beta-blockers. A randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of glucose tolerance factor (GTF)-chromium for increasing serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in patients taking beta-blockers. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Mixed primary and referral-based outpatient clinic at a university-affiliated VA Medical Center. PATIENTS: Referred sample of 72 men receiving beta-blockers, mainly for hypertension. Sixty-three patients (88%) completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Current medications, including beta-blockers, were continued. During the 8-week treatment phase, patients in the chromium group received a total daily dose of 600 micrograms of biologically active chromium divided into three equal doses; control patients received a placebo of identical appearance and taste. MEASUREMENTS: Serum levels of total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were measured. MAIN RESULTS: Mean baseline levels of HDL and total cholesterol (+/- SD) were 0.93 +/- 0.28 mmol/L and 6.0 +/- 1.0 mmol/L (36 +/- 11.1 mg/dL and 232 +/- 38.5 mg/dL), respectively. The difference between groups in adjusted mean change in HDL cholesterol levels, accounting for baseline HDL cholesterol levels, age, weight change, and baseline total cholesterol levels, was 0.15 mmol/L (5.8 mg/dL) (P = 0.01) with a 95% Cl showing that the treatment effect was greater than +0.04 mmol/L (+1.4 mg/dL). Mean total cholesterol, triglycerides and body weight did not change significantly during treatment for either group. Compliance as measured by pill count was 85%, and few side effects were reported. Two months after the end of treatment, the between-group difference in adjusted mean change from baseline to end of post-treatment follow-up was -0.003 mmol/L (-0.1 mg/dL). CONCLUSION: Two months of chromium supplementation resulted in a clinically useful increase in HDL cholesterol levels in men taking beta-blockers.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1998

[A review of findings on chromium toxicity].

Chromium belongs amongst highly industrially utilized elements. Its role, however, encompasses the physiologic function too. On the other hand, increased exposition to this element, either during its processing, production or in nature in a form of a toxic waste, can lead to the arising of the toxic effects. These toxic features of chromium have been in focus for many years and herein are given together with some new discoveries, such as the influence of chromium on apoptosis, or specific mutations in genes caused by chromium and their repair.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biological role of chromium in humans and animals].

Chromium (III) is one of the trace elements, which are necessary for human and animal vital activity. It enters the organism from digestive tract and is transported to the tissues, where its accumulation takes place. The deficiency of chromium (III) causes the disturbances in metabolic processes. The primary reaction of organism on chromium (III) deficiency, is the lowered tolerance of glucose, which is the consequence of changes in insulin affinity to its receptors on cells. The considerable quantities of chromium (III) reveal in nucleic acids. It influences on their metabolism, replication and transcription. The ion decreases the content of corticosteroids in plasma and increases the functional activity of immune system of organism.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2000

Disruption of dioxin-inducible phase I and phase II gene expression patterns by cadmium, chromium, and arsenic.

Recent work suggesting that cellular oxidative stress exerts an inhibitory effect on aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent gene expression led us to test the hypothesis that pro-oxidant environmental pollutants might alter the induction of detoxification genes by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an AHR ligand. We found that, in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1 cells, TCDD-inducible cytochrome P450, Cyp1a1, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) mRNA accumulation were differentially affected by cadmium (Cd(2+)), chromium (Cr(6+)), and arsenic (As(3+)). Cadmium or arsenic did not change Cyp1a1 mRNA levels but did enhance TCDD-inducible levels of Nqo1 mRNA, an effect that paralleled the ability of these metals to activate a beta-galactosidase gene reporter system regulated by an electrophile response promoter element. Chromium inhibited mRNA accumulation for both Cyp1a1 and Nqo1. Manipulation of cellular thiol status did not modify the response to combined chromium-TCDD exposure, suggesting that the response was not caused by oxidative stress. Chromium did not block DNA-binding competence of the AHR and did not have an effect on mRNA stability, but it inhibited Cyp1a1 gene transcription and the expression of an AHR-dependent luciferase reporter. These data indicate that coexposure to pro-oxidant metals and AHR ligands, which is common in the environment, can disrupt the regulation of phase I and phase II detoxification genes, leading to imbalances in gene expression that may have important consequences for the toxicity of complex mixtures.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of chromium and cadmium ions.

Chromium and cadmium are widely used industrial chemicals. The toxicities associated with both metal ions are well known. However, less information is available concerning the mechanisms of toxicity. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that both cations induce an oxidative stress that results in oxidative deterioration of biological macromolecules. However, different mechanisms are involved in the production of the oxidative stress by chromium and cadmium. Chromium undergoes redox cycling, while cadmium depletes glutathione and protein-bound sulfhydryl groups, resulting in enhanced production of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide ion, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide. These reactive oxygen species result in increased lipid peroxidation, enhanced excretion of urinary lipid metabolites, modulation of intracellular oxidized states, DNA damage, membrane damage, altered gene expression, and apoptosis. Enhanced production of nuclear factor-kappaB and activation of protein kinase C occur. Furthermore, the p53 tumor suppressor gene is involved in the cascade of events associated with the toxicities of these cations. In summary, the results clearly indicate that although different mechanisms lead to the production of reactive oxygen species by chromium and cadmium, similar subsequent mechanisms and types of oxidative tissue damage are involved in the overall toxicities.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1976

The role of carrier in sensitivity to chromium and cobalt.

Patients suffering from contact dermatitis caused by chromium sensitivity showed positive reactions to intradermal tests with chromium and cobalt chlorides. Patch tests to cobalt in unaffected and in healed eczematous skin areas gave negative results. A large number of chromium-sensitive patients also showed a positive intradermal test reaction to cobalt bound to human serum albumin and a negative reaction to cobalt bound to rabbit liver glycogen. It has been suggested that these positive reactions to cobalt are secondary sensitivities to cobalt, caused by cobalt-denaturated human serum albumin that is so similar to the denaturated product of chromium cations that the competent cells cannot distinguish between them.

Chromium↗
PubMed2000

[Occupational diseases caused by chromium and its compounds].

The present paper demonstrates by documentary evidence occupational diseases caused by chromium and its compounds. Perforations of the nasal septum were diagnosed in 20 males and 9 females, the last one in 1980. Most of them worked in chromium-plating shops. Other diseases, including bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and contact allergic eczemas, were examined in 1985-1999. Bronchial asthma was reported in a textile dyer who was in contact with chromium dyes for 32 years and two allergic rhinitides (a welder and an electroplater) were reported in 1987 as "other damage to health resulting from work." Out of 103 contact allergic eczemas, only 24 diseases, i.e. less than one quarter, were healed in 1999. Improvements were observed in 59 of them and 20 diseases persist. There was an exceptional finding of a chromium ulcer (pigeonneaux) on the lower extremity of a builder.

Chromates↗
PubMed2001

Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of chromium and cadmium ions.

Chromium and cadmium are widely used industrial chemicals. The toxicities associated with both metal ions are well known. However, less information is available concerning the mechanisms of toxicity. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that both cations induce an oxidative stress that results in oxidative deterioration of biological macromolecules. However, different mechanisms are involved in the production of oxidative stress by chromium and cadmium. Chromium undergoes redox cycling, while cadmium depletes glutathione and protein-bound sulfhydryl groups, resulting in enhanced production of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide ion, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide. These reactive oxygen species result in increased lipid peroxidation, enhanced excretion of urinary lipid metabolites, modulation of intracellular oxidized states, DNA damage, membrane damage, altered gene expression, and apoptosis. Enhanced production of nuclear factor-kappaB and activation of protein kinase C occur. Furthermore, the p53 tumor suppressor gene is involved in the cascade of events associated with the toxicities of these cations. In summary, the results clearly indicate that although different mechanisms lead to the production of reactive oxygen species by chromium and cadmium, similar subsequent mechanisms and types of oxidative tissue damage are involved in the overall toxicities.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Chromium removal and reduction in COD of tannery effluents by actinomycetes.

Tannery effluents are highly polluting and contain chroomium and high Cod and Bod. Alkalotolerant/alkalophilic actinomycetes NCIM 5080 and NCIM 5142 have been shown earlier to tolerate and accumulate chromium during growth also produce alkaline protease in presence of chromium ions, these properties of the isolates are suitable for treatment of tannery effluents which are alkaline and contain chromium and proteinaceous matter, both the actinomycetes are able to grow in undiluted tannery effluents and remove chromium almost completely and reduce the COD by 70%-80% during growth as well as by pregrown biomass.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed1976

Rat liver pyruvate carboxylase. Inhibition by chromium nucleotide complexes.

The effect of inert coordination complexes of chromium (III) with various nucleotides on the catalytic activity of rat liver pyruvate carboxylase was determined. The chromium nucleotides are effective initial inhibitors of pyruvate carboxylase and the inhibition becomes more severe with time. The initial rate decreases for several minutes, reaching a new slower rate that is then maintained until considerable net reaction occurs. Incubation of the enzyme with chromium nucleotides in the presence of Mg2+ and HCO3- causes maximal inhibition of the reaction and linear initial rates are then observed. This effect is similar to that found with yeast hexokinase (Dannenberg, K.D., and Cleland, W.W. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 28-39). The specificity of the carboxylase toward the nucleotide complexes suggests that the alpha and beta nucleotide phosphates are as important as the gamma phosphate in binding to the enzyme. A stable pyruvate carboxylase chromium nucleotide complex was not observed. These results are quite different from those found with yeast hexokinase where a stable complex between CrATP, sugar, and enzyme is found and hexokinase appears to be specific toward the beta, gamma phosphates of its nucleotide substrates.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of chromium and fish oil on blood lipid and blood glucose in obese rats].

UNLABELLED: Obesity does great harm to people's health. In order to study the effects of chromium and fish oil on blood lipid and blood glucose in obese rats, 32 obese model rats were divided randomly into four groups: fish oil group(5 ml/kg BW), chromium group(3 mg/kg BW), fish oil + chromium group and high fat diet group. In the end of the experiment(6 weeks) fats around kidney and spermary were weighted and blood samples were collected to determine blood glucose and blood lipid. Result shows that blood glucose and blood lipid in experimental groups were lower than those in high fat diet group. The ratios of fats around kidney and/or around spermary to body weight in experimental groups were lower than those in high fat diet group. CONCLUSION: Chromium and fish oil decrease the risk of obese relative diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Chromium, cobalt and nickel in Swedish cement, detergents, mould and cutting oils.

The concentrations of chromium, cobalt and nickel in 8 brands of Swedish cement, 19 detergents, 28 unused mould oils and 28 unused cutting fluids were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The total quantity of chromium in cement was 40-115 microgram Cr/g, whereas water-soluble chromium and chromate did not exceed 20 microgram Cr/g. The cobalt concentration was 5-16 microgram Co/g and the nickel concentration 5-59 microgram Ni/g. In detergents the nickel concentration was comparatively higher than that of chromium and cobalt. The highest value observed was 5.7 microgram Ni/g. In mould oils the concentrations were low, never exceeding 1 microgram/g. In cutting fluids the concentrations were low with the exeption of one product which contained 19.4 microgram Ni/g. The clinical implications of the results are discussed and it is pointed out that investigations of used cutting fluids can provide important information concerning possible allergy risks.

Chromium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The bond strength of porcelain to Ni-Cr alloy--the influence of tin or chromium plating.

Nickel-chromium alloys were plated with tin and chromium to evaluate the effect on porcelain shear bond strength. Six plating methods were used. Additionally, the microstructure of the bond between the plated alloy and porcelain were studied using SEM and EPMA. Tin plating increased the bond strength of porcelain to a nickel-chromium alloy while chromium plating did not.

Chromium Alloys↗
PubMed2004

[Adsorbing capability of chromium-galvanized waste water by yeast-activated sludge].

The capability of bioadsorption and bioreduction of chromium-galvanized wastewater by Candida lipolytica 1977, Candida utilis 1225, and activated sludge was discussed in this paper. The experimental results showed that the feasible pH range for C. lipolytica 1977 adsorption was wide. The removal and reduction ratios of C. lipolytica 1977 towards chromium-galvanized wastewater were 85.0%, and 100%, when pH was 3.2-6.0, and the concentrations of Cr(total) and Cr6+ were 30.2 mg/L, 27.7 mg/L respectively. The removal ratio increased to 91.1%, when the chromium-galvanized wastewater was treated by two strains together. The aerobic bioadsorption treatment of chromium-galvanized wastewater was investigated. The results demonstrated that this method was the optimal one for the treatment of this kind of wastewater in the study, the removal ratio was 93.8%, when the concentrations of yeast, activated sludge, Cr(total) and Cr6+ were 10 g/L, 5 g/L, 50.3 mg/L and 46.2 mg/L, respectively. The removal ratio increased to 99.5% accordingly, when the activated sludge content was 10 g/L.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of food diet supplements with chromium on the clinical and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetic patients].

It was investigated the influence of food diet supplements with chromium on dynamic of glycaemia, lipid profile, blood pressure and weight in type 2 diabetic patients. Traditional hypocaloric diet was supplemented with chromium-spirulina (50 mcg chromium per day). The results investigations indicated that a chromium-enriched diet has beneficial effects on basal and postprandial glycaemia, the content of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum in compared with a traditional hypocaloric diet.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1999

[Determination of 14 elements in chromium-rich brewer's yeast by ICP-AES].

An ICP-AES method was established for the determination of 14 elements in chromium-rich and normal brewer's yeast. The RSDs of two standard reference materials were 0. 5%-3.2% and 0.4%-3.4%, respectively. The results showed that chromium contents could affect the concentrations of other elements in chromium-rich brewer's yeast. The concentrations of K, Mn, P, V, Mg and Ca in chromium-rich brewer's yeast were significantly lower than those in normal brewer's yeast.

Chromium↗