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PubMed2006

Antibody responses and epitope specificities to the Taenia solium cysticercosis vaccines TSOL18 and TSOL45-1A.

Taenia solium is a cestode parasite that causes cysticercosis in humans and pigs. This study examined the antibody responses in pigs immunized with the TSOL18 and TSOL45-1A recombinant vaccines against T. solium cysticercosis. Immunization with these proteins induced specific, complement-fixing antibodies against the recombinant antigens that are believed to be associated with vaccine-induced protection against T. solium infection. Sera from immunized pigs were used to define the linear B-cell epitopes of TSOL18 and TSOL45-1A. Prominent reactivity was revealed to one linear epitope on TSOL18 and two linear epitopes on TSOL45-1A. These, and oncosphere antigens from other taeniid cestodes, contain a protein sequence motif suggesting that they may show a tertiary structure similar to the fibronectin type III domain (FnIII). Comparison of the location of linear antigenic epitopes in TSOL18 and TSOL45-1A within the proposed FnIII structure to those within related cestode vaccine antigens reveals conservation in the positioning of the epitopes between oncosphere antigens from different taeniid species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Serological diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection in sheep using cyst fluid antigen processed by antibody affinity chromatography.

Serum antibody responses in sheep naturally or experimentally infected with Echinococcus granulosus and/or other larval cestodes were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with various antigens prepared from sheep hydatid cyst fluid ( SHCF ). Serum donors included: sheep experimentally infected with E. granulosus and their age-matched non-infected controls; sheep experimentally infected with other helminth parasites; sheep naturally infected with E. granulosus both from Tasmania and the Australian mainland; sheep from Tasmania naturally infected with larval cestodes other than E. granulosus; and naturally reared sheep completely free from infection with larval cestodes. Attempts were made to eliminate serological reactions which were not specific for E. granulosus by using a series of antibody affinity chromatography steps to deplete crude SHCF antigen; these included adsorption with a monoclonal antibody, 3EgH 29-2, removal of host IgG using rabbit anti-sheep IgG antibody, and removal of antigens which bound non-specifically to normal sheep immunoglobulin. The final affinity-depleted antigen product was designated AD SHCF . Specific serological reactivity in infected sheep was very low. Affinity depletion of SHCF using 3EgH 29-2 did not appear to increase the specificity of serological diagnosis of E. granulosus infection when experimentally infected sheep were compared with their non-infected controls provided the latter were age-matched with experimental animals. The other affinity adsorption steps significantly reduced non-specific background binding to antigen by normal sheep serum. Despite this reduction in background in the ELISA, only low levels of antibody could be detected in naturally-infected sheep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Helminth associations in white-toothed shrews Crocidura russula (Insectivora: Soricidae) from the Albufera Natural Park, Spain.

The helminths of 218 white-toothed shrews from 29 sites in 2 biotopes in the Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain) were examined from July 1990 to August 1991. An association analysis of helminths occurring at a prevalence of more than 4% was carried out for 4 species of cestodes located in the intestine (Hymenolepis pistillum, H. scalaris, H. tiara, and Pseudhymenolepis redonica) and 3 species of nematodes (Pseudophysaloptera sp. located in the stomach, Stammerinema rhopocephala larvae in the intestine and abdominal cavity, and Porrocaecum sp. in the thoracic and abdominal cavities). Bivariate (species pairs) versus multivariate analyses (associations within the entire set of species) were performed of presence-absence and of quantitative records (influence of intensity on associations). The associations were evaluated with respect to the sex and age of the host and to the sampling date and sites. The host and environment played a limited role, and the major determinant of species assemblage was phylogenetic. Positive associations were found among both the cestodes and the nematodes, whereas negative associations were found between cestodes and nematodes. The type of life cycle was probably the second greatest determinant of species associations. Nematodes using shrews as a paratenic host or as their definitive host were both positively associated.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

[An Epidemiological Study On Zoonoses In Korea]

Helminthic zoonoses are of significant importance to the public health and to the socioeconomic consequences especially in lost-meat, animal products and animal labor. For past several decades in Korea, it has been recognized that endoparasitic infections among domestic animals are extremely common and many of the helminth parasites of man have been acquired from, or are shared with domestic animals. However, there was no survey of a nationwide scale on the prevalence of animal helminthiasis; and control measures are also not satisfactory. Furthermore, because of the remarkable increase in the demand, number of domestic animals and pets is rapidly increasing in these days. Therefore, an extensive study on zoonotic helminths was carried out from July 1980 throughout August 1981 to understand the present status and parasite-host relationship from the epidemiological viewpoont. A total of 13,685 fecal specimens of cattles, sheeps, pigs, dogs and cats was collected from 26 localities in the country. The specimens were examined by formalin-ether centrifugal sedimentation technique. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Of 13,685 specimens examined, 9,808(71.7 %) were positive for helminth parasites. The positive rates were 99.0 % in cattles, 86.5 % on sheeps, 85.4 % in pigs, 35.4 % in dogs, 15.1 % in cats. 2. Single infection showed the highest rate (60.0 %), and double infection(27.5 %), triple(8.1 %), quadruple(2.8 %), quintuple(1.5 %) and hexad(0.1 %) were in decreasing order. 3. In the present study, 18 species zoonotic helminths were found: 11 nematodes, 6 trematodes and 1 cestode. 4. According to province, Cheju revealed the highest rate 84.8 %, then Kyungnam 77.5 %, Jeonnam 75.6 %, Jeonpuk 75.4 %, Kyonggi 75.2 %, Chungnam 71.7 %, Chungpuk 70.6 % and Kangwon 64.2 % were in decreasing order and Busan and Seoul showed 70.4 % and 58.1 %, respectively. 5. Rural area showed slightly higher rate (74.7 %) than urban area (68.5 %), and rates of mountainous area (70.4 %) and plain area (71.1 %) are very similar. 6. According to animal, helminths species and positive rates appeared in: Cattles: 6 nematodes and 3 trematodes; Strongyles 26.4 %, Neoascaris vitulorum 24.1 %, Trichuris ovis 12.0 %, Nematodirus sp. 6.3 %, Srongyloides papillosus 5.1 %, Capillaria bovis 0.02 %, Paramphistomum sp. 41.5 %, Fasciola hepatica 33.2 % and Eurytrema pancreaticum 29.7 %. Sheeps: 3 nematodes and 2 trematodes: Strongyles 33.0 %, S. papillosus 26.9 %, Nematodirus sp. 14.6 %, F. hepatica 31.7 % and E. pancreaticum 19.6 %. Pigs: 5 nematodes and 2 trematodes: Strongyles 43.1 %, Ascaris suum 29.0 %, Metastrongylus apri 20.3 %, Trichuris suis 14.0 %, Strongyloides ransomi 12.1 %, Clonorchis sinensis 1.4 % and Paragonimus westermani 0.9 %, Dogs: 4 nematodes and 3 trematodes and 1 cestode: Toxocara canis 14.4 %, Trichuris vulpis 9.5 %, Ancylostoma caninum 8.0 %, Toxascaris leonina 4.0 %, C. sinensis 2.4 %, Metagonimus yokogawai 1.3 %, P. westermani 0.8 % and Spirometra sp. 0.9 %, Cats: 2 nematodes, and 3 trematodes and 1 cestode: Toxocara cati 7.7 %, Ancylostoma tubaeforme 3.1 %, C. sinensis 1.9 %, P. westermani 1.4 %, M. yokogawai 1.2 % and Spirometra sp. 0.7 %.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Drugs five years later: praziquantel.

PURPOSE: To identify advances in knowledge of the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, clinical use, and side effects of the antihelminthic drug praziquantel in the 5 years since its introduction in the United States. DATA IDENTIFICATION: Studies reported from 1983 to July 1988 were identified by computer searches of MEDLINE and TOXLINE, and review of textbooks and review articles. STUDY SELECTION: Of 57 articles originally identified, 39 were selected by two readers. DATA EXTRACTION: Study quality and significance were independently assessed by each reader. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: The pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of praziquantel have been well documented. Yet, despite extensive in vivo and in vitro laboratory studies, the drug's mechanism of action in killing parasites is unknown. Although the efficacy of praziquantel was first established for treating schistosomiasis, in the last 5 years its clinical use has been expanded to the treatment of intestinal, tissue, and lung flukes, and intestinal and tissue cestode infections, including neurocysticercosis. The introduction of praziquantel was a significant advance in antihelminthic therapy, in that it was effective therapy for several parasites that had been previously considered untreatable. Availability of a safe, effective broad-spectrum oral antihelminthic agent consolidated the central role of chemotherapy in population-based control of many trematode and cestode parasites. Randomized trials have shown, however, that older, cheaper agents may be more cost-effective in controlling Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium in some endemic areas. CONCLUSIONS: Although praziquantel is the treatment of choice for most human trematode and cestode infections, cost factors have limited its use in developing countries.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Life cycles of species of Proteocephalus, parasites of fishes in the Palearctic region: a review.

The life cycles of species of Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) parasitizing fishes in the Palearctic Region are reviewed on the basis of literary data and personal experimental observations, with special attention being paid to the development within the intermediate and definitive hosts. Planktonic crustaceans, diaptomid or cyclopid copepods (Copepoda), serve as the only intermediate hosts of all Proteocephalus species considered. A metacestode, or procercoid, develops in the body cavity of these planktonic crustaceans and the definitive host, a fish, becomes infected directly after consuming them. No previous reports of the parenteral location of metacestodes within the second intermediate host as it is in the Nearctic species P. ambloplitis have been recorded. Thus, the life cycles of Proteocephalus tapeworms resemble in their general patterns those of some pseudophyllidean cestodes such as Eubothrium or Bothriocephalus, differing from the latter in the presence of a floating eggs instead of possessing an operculate egg from which a ciliated, freely swimming larva, a coracidium, is liberated. The scolex of Proteocephalus is already formed at the stage of the procercoid within the copepod intermediate host; in this feature, proteocephalideans resemble caryophyllidean rather than pseudophyllidean cestodes. The morphology of procercoids of individual species is described with respect to the possibility of their differentiation and data on the spectrum of intermediate hosts are summarized. Procercoids of most taxa have a cercomer, which does not contain embryonic hooks in contrast to most pseudophyllidean cestodes. The role of invertebrates (alder-fly larvae-Megaloptera) and small prey fishes feeding upon plankton in the transmission of Proteocephalus tapeworms still remains unclear but these hosts are likely to occur in the life cycle. Data on the establishment of procercoids in definitive hosts, morphogenesis of tapeworms within fish hosts, and the length of the prepatent period are still scarce and new observations are needed. Whereas extensive information exists on the development of P. longicollis (syns. P. exiguus and P. neglectus), almost no data are available on the ontogeny of other taxa, in particular those occurring in brackish waters (P. gobiorum, P. tetrastomus). The morphology of P. cernuae and P. osculatus procercoids from experimentally infected intermediate hosts is described for the first time.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

NOD-scid mouse as an experimental animal model for cysticercosis.

The major three species of human taeniid cestodes, Taenia solium, T. saginata and T. saginata asiatica (= T. asiatica) which require humans as the definitive host are still not rare in developing countries. Among these, T. solium is the most serious with medical and economic importance. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) in humans is now recognized as the major cause of neurologic disease in the world. As these human taeniid cestodes obligatory require domestic animals such as swine, cattle and swine as the major intermediate host animals respectively, it is not easy to analyze the basic research in these domestic animals. In this brief review, we introduce experimental animal model for these three species in order to obtain fully developed metacestode stage in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice. Non-obese diabetic scid (NOD-scid) mice are expected to be a satisfactory animal model and to have advantages for analysis by several view points of developmental biology with gene expression throughout development, antigenic homology of cyst fluid of these three species, evaluation of drug efficacy or metacestocidal drug designs, confirmation of unknown taeniid gravid segments for identification based on the morphology and DNA analysis of metacestodes. The animal model is not only available for human Taenia spp but can also be applied to other taeniid cestodes of economic importance or in veterinary parasitology.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Ultrastructure of nephridial systems in cyclophyllidean cestoda: Catenotaenia pusilla (Goeze, 1782), Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi, 1819) and Inermicapsifer madagascariensis (Davaine, 1870) Baer, 1956].

Electron microscopic study of nephridial systems in three cyclophyllidean cestodes indicates a resemblance in their ultrastructure. The walls of longitudinal, transverse and collecting ducts show a very similar pattern of organization. The surface of the anucleate epithelium lining the ducts is developed into microvilli. A relatively thick layer of fibrillar tissue underlies the basal membrane of the microvillar epithelium. The nucleated portions or "pericaryons", situated between the parenchymal cells, are directly connected with epithelium by cytoplasmic prolongations. The canalicular lumen extends through a single series of cells curved into a ring. The epithelial surface of the canalicular wall is developed into short, densly staining microvilli and the immediately underlying fibrillar tissue appears very compact. The cilia were never observed in any of the above ducts. The ultrastructure of protonephridia proper is comparable with those already described in other cestodes. There is a close association between the flame-cell and the cancalicular ending, enlarged into a nephridial funnel. A single row of nephridial rods of the flame-cell is surrounded by a row of digitiform prolongations of the nephridial funnel border. The prolongations alternate with the rods and their interlocking pattern appears clearly in cross-sections. A series of minute pores or "nephrostomes" providing a direct contact between the nephridial chamber and intercellular space of the paranchyma was shown. The problem of classification and definition between the "closed" protonephridia and open metanephridia is discussed. The structural unity of protonephridia in different groupes of Platyhelminthes is reviewed. The different number of flagella within the "flames" of different cestodes is compared and analyzed. The ultrastructural characteristics of duct-wall epithelium provides some confirmation of its high metabolic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The differentiation of a newly described Asian taeniid from Taenia saginata using enzymatically amplified non-transcribed ribosomal DNA repeat sequences.

A newly described Asian taeniid which is morphologically indistinguishable from adult Taenia saginata has been identified in the aboriginal population of Taiwan. Hybridization patterns of restriction enzyme digested genomic DNA isolated from "Taiwan" Taenia and Taenia saginata revealed distinct variations between these cestodes. We have demonstrated by Southern blot analysis of ribosomal DNA fragments that Taiwan Taenia and T. saginata differ in a 2.4 kb fragment present in Bam HI digested DNA from T. saginata but absent from Taiwan Taenia DNA. The unique 2.4 kb sequence from T. saginata, as well as a partially homologous 3.1 kb fragment found in both Taiwan Taenia and T. saginata, contain sequences shown to be complementary to the 3'-end of the large ribosomal DNA subunit and to a large portion of the non-transcribed ribosomal DNA repeat. These fragments were subcloned into pUC 13 plasmid DNA, restriction enzyme mapped and partially sequenced. Two oligonucleotides complementary to regions on both the 2.4 kb and the 3.1 kb fragments were synthesized which generate 1.0 kb and 0.29 kb fragments specific for Taiwan Taenia and T. saginata, respectively, when used as primers during enzymatic amplification of cestode genomic DNA. Using this technique, we have been able to determine the identify of either cestode from a single proglottid with less than 200 ng of genomic DNA per reaction and further demonstrate that Taiwan Taenia exists in other parts of Eastern Asia.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Parasites of South African wildlife. VIII. Helminth and arthropod parasites of warthogs, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, in the eastern Transvaal.

Helminth and arthropod parasites were collected from 41 warthogs, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, in the Hoedspruit Nature Reserve, eastern Transvaal. This reserve consists of a military base, which is a restricted area and is surrounded by a reserve, which is open to the public. Eleven nematode species, 1 or 2 cestode species and the larvae of 2 cestode species were recovered from the animals in the reserve, and 8 nematode species and 1 or 2 cestode species were recovered from those in the military base. Oesophagostomum spp. were generally most abundant in warthogs in the reserve during the cooler months of the year, while Probstmayria vivipara also occurred in peak numbers during the cooler months, with an additional peak in October and November 1988 in warthogs in the reserve and the base, respectively. No pattern of seasonal abundance could be determined for the other helminth species. The warthogs also harboured 8 ixodid and 1 argasid tick species, 3 flea species and 1 louse species. Adult and immature Haematopinus phacochoeri were most numerous during August and September, and the largest numbers of adult Rhipicephalus simus were present from December to April.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Parasites of South African wildlife. X. Helminths of red duikers, Cephalophus natalensis, in Natal.

The helminths of the following red duikers, Cephalophus natalensis, were examined: 24 from 3 game reserves in Natal and 1 that had originated from Charters Creek, Natal, shortly before it died in the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria. The 21 animals from Charters Creek harboured 16 nematode species, a nematode genus, 2 cestode species and paramphistomes. The 2 red duiker from Fanies Island harboured 4 nematode species, 3 nematode genera and 1 cestode species, while the single red duiker from Ndumu was infected with 3 nematode species. The antelope from the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria, harboured 2 nematode species, 1 nematode genus and 1 cestode species. A race of Cooperia rotundispiculum was the most abundant nematode in duikers from all the reserves. Hyostrongylus rubidus is a new parasite record in South Africa and in red duikers, and was present in 80% of the antelope. Although primarily a parasite of swine, Hyostrongylus rubidus should be regarded as a definitive parasite of these antelope.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Taxonomic characters in the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae).

Not more than 4 species of cestodes of the genus Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801, are recognised as valid. The larval stage of at least 3 of them is able to develop in man, causing respective types of hydatid disease. Accurate characterization of these cestodes, including both larval and adult stages, is essential for identification, upon which depends development of methods for preventing infection of man and domestic animals. Because morphological characteristics of the larval cestodes may be modified according to the species of host in which they develop, identification should be based upon taxonomic characters of specimens from the respective natural hosts, which can be identified by means of ecological investigations in endemic areas in combination with controlled infection of experimental animals. The morphological and biological characteristics of the known species are discussed, and the two species most important to public health and economically-E. granulosus (Batsch, 1786) and E. multilocularis Leuckart, 1863-are distinguished.

Echinococcus↗
PubMed1983

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XVI. Helminth and arthropod parasites of blue and black wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus and Connochaetes gnou).

Fifty-five blue wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus ) were shot for parasite recovery at approximately monthly intervals during a period of 13 months in the Kruger National Park. Thirteen nematode species, 4 cestode species, 1 trematode, the larvae of 5 oestrid flies, 3 lice species, 7 ixodid tick species, 1 mite species and the nymphae of a pentastomid were recovered. The seasonal prevalence of 8 nematodes, 2 cestodes, the larvae of 4 oestrid flies, 2 lice and 4 ixodid tick species was determined. The endo- and ectoparasite burdens of 7 black wildebeest ( Connochaetes gnou ) shot in the Golden Gate Highlands Park in the Orange Free State and 3 shot in the Rietvlei Reserve in the Transvaal were determined. These animals harboured 4 nematode species, 1 cestode, the larvae of 5 oestrid fly species, 2 lice species, 4 ixodid tick species and a mite species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Helminths of the common fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) from the massif central (France) (author's transl)].

Sixty nine wild foxes originating from Auvergne for the period January 1977 to January 1978 have shown intestinal parasites in the proportion of 76,8 per cent. 59,4 per cent are invaded with Cestodes; 72,4 per cent with Nematodes and none with Trematodes. The list of the identified species is following: 1. Cestodes. A) Adults and fertile forms of: Mesocestoides litteratus in 27,5 per cent of the hosts; Taenia crassiceps in 15,9 p.c.; T. polyacantha in 27,5 p.c.; Echinococcus multilocularis in 7,2 p.c.; Amoebotaenia paradoxa in 4,3 p.c. B) Immature forms of : Taenia pisiformis in 2,89 p.c.; T. ovis in 1,44 p.c. 2. Nematodes. Uncinaria stenocephala in 68,1 per cent of the hosts; Ancylostoma caninum in 1,4 p.c.; Molineus patens in 1,4 p.c.; Oxyurid sp. in 1,4 p.c.; Toxocara canis in 27,5 p.c. and Toxascaris leonina in 33,3 p.c. The composition of the helminth fauna of the foxes in the center countries of France is not different of the European species from the same host, except Amoebotaenia paradoxa, Dilepidid cestode of birds, quite unusual from a carnivorus mammal.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed1980

Changes in embryonic cell frequencies in the germinative and immature regions of Hymenolepis citelli during development.

This study traces the growth rate of Hymenolepis citelli and correlates such growth to the relative frequency of the only mitotically active cell found in the germinative and immature regions of the cestode. The abundance of this cell, termed the germinative cell, was very high during the early logarithmic growth phase of the cestode and decreased just prior to patency to a level that was maintained until day 90 postinfection. An increase in germinative cell frequency was observed at day 90. It is postulated that this increase may reflect a developmental change which has occurred in the cestode following patency.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Research on intestinal parasitic diseases in dogs of the city of Rome].

A survey on the diffusion of intestinal parasites of dogs in the town of Rome. The results of a survey on the diffusion of cestodes and nematodes in a hundred dogs in Rome are reported. The dogs were subjected to fecal examinations --- using both the flottation method and the McMaster method -- and to the post-mortem examination of the intestine. At post-mortem examination 25 dogs were found parasitized by one or more species of nematodes, 19 by one or more species of cestodes and 12 both by cestodes and nematodes for a total of 56 animals parasitized. The parasites were identifed with the following frequency: Dipylidium caninum 28 per cent, Toxocara canis 17 per cent, Uncinaria stenocephala 15 per cent, Trichuris vulpis 10 per cent, Toxascaris leonina 9 per cent, Taenia pisiformis 4 per cent, Echinococcus granulosus 2 per cent, Ancylostoma caninum, T. hydatigena and Mesocestoides lineatus 1 per cent each. The most frequent parasite found in stray dogs was U. stenocephala (33.3 per cent) while among the dogs with owners the most frequent one was D. caninum (31.8 per cent) which was also identified most frequently in dogs over a year of age (31.1 per cent). The dogs under one year of age were more often affected by T. canis (43.7 per cent). In the paper a review of similar Italian surveys is also given.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Control of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in pasture-reared lambs].

Two sheep herds kept in different geographic conditions with spring lambing by the end of March and April (herd No. 1: 400 ewes, 600 metres above sea level; herd No. 2: 450 ewes, 300 metres above sea level) were examined. The dynamics of gastrointestinal nematode and Moniezia spp. cestode egg counts in samples taken regularly every 4 to 5 weeks was studied during the year 1995 with the intention to verify the system of effective control of these helminth infections under pasture conditions of lamb rearing. In ewes a significant rise in gastrointestinal nematode egg counts was proved during the lambing season, "spring rise phenomenon", and during the summer pasture until autumn months with maximum EPG values reaching 150 (Figs. 1 and 2). In lambs that started grazing at 1 to 4 weeks of age, the excretion steeply rose to maximum EPG values 350 and 290, respectively, after 4 to 5 weeks of grazing (Figs. 1 and 2). In order to control these rising infections, ewes were treated with antihelmintic albendazol by the end of February (herd No. 1) and in March (herd No. 2) and lambs during the first or third decade of July. This anthelmintic treatment significantly lowered egg excretion to EPG values lower than 30 in ewes and 50 or 60, respectively, in lambs. Later, during the summer and autumn months, a mild rise of egg counts was found in lambs. These maxima were liquidated anthelmintis treatment in both herds in late autumn months and it also lowered helminth infections to minimum during winter months (EPG values lower than 50). The excretion of Moniezia spp. eggs had the same dynamics as that gastrointestinal nematodes. Values of lamb infection prevalence reached 21% in herd No. 1 and 29% in herd No. 2. Anthelmintic treatment during July controlled cestode findings in lambs. Albendazol (Vermitan susp. 2.5%), dosed 5 mg/kg of body weight, proved highly effective in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes and Moniezia spp. cestodes.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1998

Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and the spermatozoon of Vampirolepis microstoma (Cestoda, Hymenolepididae), intestinal parasite of Rattus rattus.

Spermiogenesis in Vampirolepis microstoma begins with the formation of a nuclear cone and a differentiation zone. This is delimited at the front by arched membranes, bordered by cortical microtubules, and contains two parallel centrioles linked together at their bases by electron-dense, amorphous material. The nuclear cone elongates, becomes filiform, and migrates into the spermatid body. Later, one of the centrioles gives rise to a flagellum that grows at the same pace as the cortical microtubules. Subsequently, 6 crested bodies form and the old spermatid separates from the residual cytoplasm. The mature V. microstoma spermatozoon is filiform and lacks mitochondria. Its anterior end exhibits six crested bodies 100 to 200 nm thick of unequal lengths. The axoneme is of the 9+"1" pattern. The cortical microtubules are spiralized and make an angle of about 20 to 30 degrees to the spermatozoon axis, except at their posterior extremity where they become parallel to this axis. The nucleus is an electron-dense cord coiled in a spiral around the axoneme. The cytoplasm is slightly dense but contains many electron-dense granules in regions III, IV, and V of the spermatozoon. The presence of centrioles linked together at their bases by electron-dense material has never, to our knowledge, been reported in a Platyhelminth. Likewise, a nuclear migration, right from the beginning to the end of spermiogenesis, has never been described in a cestode. In addition, we observe for the first time the existence of six crested bodies in a cestode from a Mammal.

Animals↗