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PubMed2005

Static mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) powder-filled acrylic bone cements: effect of type of HA powder.

This work reports on the effect of the amount (0, 10, and 30 wt %) and type of HA powder incorporated into an acrylic bone cement on the tensile properties, compression properties, and fracture toughness. The three different types of HA powders used were synthesized in the laboratory and coated with a silane agent prior to incorporation into the cement powder, and differed in particle size, water content, surface area, and crystallinity. It was found that the inclusion of any type of HA powder led to an increase in the tensile modulus (ET), but all the other mechanical properties of the cement decreased (relative to the values of the unfilled cement). The increase in ET is attributed to the good adhesion between the filler and the cement matrix, which is due to the silane coating agent. The decrease in the other mechanical properties may be a consequence of HA powder agglomeration and porosity. Hydroxyapatite morphology and crack-growth mechanisms were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).

Hydroxyapatites↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Osseous concentrations of gentamicin after implantation of acrylic bone cement in sheep femora.

17 sheep received femoral implantation of 'Cérafix Genta', containing gentamicin 0.6 or 1.2 g per dose either unilaterally (first 3 sheep) or bilaterally (remaining 14 sheep). Highest concentrations in bone were measured after 24 and 48 post-operative hours (respectively 36 and 72 mg/kg for Cérafix 0.6 g and 1.2 g). Gentamicin concentrations in bone marrow and femoral heads were in the same range. Blood and urine concentrations of gentamicin measured in sheep were comparable to those obtained in man. An extrapolation of the gentamicin behaviour from sheep to humans, might be possible: the sheep weight and femoral dimensions were comparable to those of humans and the method of implantation was similar in man and animal. For up to 18 months after operation, gentamicin levels in bone were always higher than critical concentration (4 mg/kg). For the early post-operative period, blood and urine levels always remained below gentamicin toxic concentrations.

Acrylates↗
PubMed2002

A biomechanical analysis of fixation of intra-articular distal radial fractures with calcium-phosphate bone cement.

BACKGROUND: Calcium phosphate cement has been used to treat unstable fractures of the distal end of the radius with the intent of avoiding the stiffness and morbidity associated with prolonged immobilization in a cast or external fixation. The purpose of this study was to compare the stability of the fracture fragments after fixation with augmented calcium phosphate cement with that after alternative methods of percutaneous fracture treatment. METHODS: Both an osteotomy and osteoclasis were used to create a model of an intra-articular fracture of the distal part of the radius (AO type C2) with dorsal bone loss in seven pairs of fresh-frozen upper extremities. One wrist from each pair was fixed with an external fixator and three Kirschner wires, and the contralateral wrist was fixed with calcium phosphate cement (Norian SRS) and three Kirschner wires (augmented calcium phosphate cement). Sequentially increasing loads, up to a total of 100 N, were then applied to the major flexors and extensors of the wrist. Fracture fragment motion was measured by the Optotrak three-dimensional system. RESULTS: Fixation with cement alone failed at the bone-cement interface at <80 N in all specimens. With use of an analysis of variance, augmented external fixation was found to provide significantly increased stability to the radial fragment compared with that provided by augmented calcium phosphate cement in four of the six axes tested (e.g., mean motion [and standard deviation] in flexion-extension was 3.0 degrees +/- 2.93 degrees versus 11.1 degrees +/- 13.08 degrees, respectively; p = 0.001). Augmented calcium phosphate cement was found to provide greater stability for the radial fragment than were Kirschner wires alone in three axes (e.g., mean motion in flexion-extension was 11.1 degrees +/- 13.08 degrees versus 36.5 degrees +/- 13.03 degrees, respectively; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Calcium phosphate cement alone is insufficient to withstand physiologic flexion-extension motion of the wrist without supplemental wire fixation. When supplemented with Kirschner wires, fixation with bone cement is more stable than are Kirschner wires alone, but it is significantly less stable than augmented external fixation.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1986

Nonunion of the humerus: rigid fixation, bone grafting, and adjunctive bone cement.

Five patients with humeral nonunions were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with compression plating and adjunctive methylmethacrylate inserted by use of several techniques to gain secure screw purchase in markedly osteoporotic bone. The rigid fixation was supplemented in each case with cortical-cancellous bone grafting. Postoperative abduction splinting was applied in each case. The average follow-up examination was 24 months, with all five nonunions having healed at an average of five months postoperation. The shoulder arc of motion averaged 120 degrees, and the elbow arc of motion averaged 125 degrees.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Silver antibacterial bone cement. Comparison with gentamicin in experimental osteomyelitis.

An animal model was used to evaluate and compare silver methacrylate with gentamicin methacrylate in experimental Staphylococcus osteomyelitis. One tibia from each of 54 rabbits was innoculated with 4 X 10(6) CFU of S. aureus and inserted with prepolymerized PMM rods containing either 1% Ag2SO4, 2.5% gentamicin, or no additives. By six weeks, the mortality rate was 61% in controls, 22% in Ag-PMM animals and 6% in gentamicin-PMM animals. Bacterial counts from the bone of dying and surviving animals were significantly lower than controls, 23.6% of controls for the Ag-PMM treated and 6.0% for the gentamicin-PMM treated groups. All surviving animals were culture positive, except for three sterile bones obtained from the gentamicin-PMM group. In light of these results and the favorable characteristics as an antimicrobial agent, further investigation of silver in bone cement (or other vehicles) for the prevention or treatment of bone infection appears warranted.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Bone cement.

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Animals↗