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PubMed1998

Behavioral deficits in monosodium glutamate rats: specific changes in the structure of feeding behavior.

We studied the feeding rhythms and feeding patterns of adult Long-Evans rats treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG) in their early post-natal period. This treatment is known to induce neuronal degeneration in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), a major hypothalamic site implicated in the regulation of feeding. Neonatal rats were treated intraperitoneally with MSG or saline (controls) alone on the first days of life. At age of 6 months, male control and male MSG rats were placed in our automatic feeding system, and the structure of feeding behavior and diurnal feeding rhythms were analysed. On a 24 hours basis, MSG rats ate less than control rats (-24%). This hypophagia resulted from a mild diurnal hyperphagia (+6%) and a pronounced nocturnal hypophagia (-34%). This hypophagia was the main consequence of a decrease of meal size in MSG rats (-37%) and was associated with an increase in meal duration (+52%). It was also associated with a total disappearance of the two feeding peaks that normally occur at light and dark onset in the rat (-90% 2 h after dark onset and -49% 2 h before light onset). These results indicate that neonatal treatment with MSG induces important changes in feeding patterns and feeding rhythms in the adulthood. These changes might be related to the disappearance of neurotransmitters located in the arcuate nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is cognitive behavior therapy just a 'nonspecific' intervention for depression? A retrospective comparison of consecutive cohorts treated with cognitive behavior therapy or supportive counseling and pill placebo.

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of placebo-controlled studies of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) of depression and the largest such study, by Elkin et al. (Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46 (1989) 971-982), failed to find a significant difference between CBT and a clinical management plus placebo condition. METHODS: The outcomes of two consecutive cohorts of out-patients with major depressive disorder, treated with either CBT (n=90) or a nonspecific control condition (support-counseling-placebo; SCP: n=100), were compared. Although the principal comparisons between the CBT and SCP conditions were delimited to the first 4 weeks of treatment, a secondary set of analyses addressed the subset of 16 patients who received 12 additional weeks of supportive therapy. RESULTS: A consistent pattern of statistically and clinically significant differences favoring CBT over SCP was found in both weeks 4 and 16. LIMITATIONS: Interpretation of these findings are subject to several potential confounds, including the non-randomized nature of the groups and the greater amount of therapeutic contact during the first 4 weeks of CBT. CONCLUSIONS: While these results do not lessen the need for additional prospective studies, our findings do suggest that CBT has therapeutic effects beyond those attributable to placebo-expectancy and other nonspecific factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Neonatal treatment with L-name (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) attenuates stereotyped behavior induced by acute methamphetamine but not development of behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine.

1. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that disturbed nitric oxide (NO) function during neuronal development is one of premorbid factors for schizophrenia in later life. 2. The aim of present study is to investigate behaviorally whether neonatal inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) affects dopaminergic function, the abnormality of which may be ascribed to a major pathophysiology of schizophrenia. 3. Male rat pups were injected daily with NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), from postnatal day (PD) 1 to 14. 4. When methamphetamine (MAP) was challenged on PD42, MAP-induced stereotypy was significantly attenuated in the L-NAME treated rats. The development of sensitization to the stereotypy-inducing effect of MAP, however, was not prevented with neonatal L-NAME. 5. These results suggest that decreased NO production during neonatal period may disturb normal maturation of dopaminergic system and result in impaired dopaminergic function in adult period.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Socioeconomical status, health behaviors and health status of French adolescents: Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey].

BACKGROUND: The impact of living conditions on health is not well known, but health inequalities observed in adults seem partly determined by behaviours and health status at an earlier stage, and more particularly during adolescence. So, our aim was to study adolescents' health and their health behaviours function to family socioeconomic status. METHODS: We analysed French data from the international survey "Health Behavior in School-aged Children" carried out in a representative sample of adolescents aged 13 and 15 years in 1998. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by the adolescents who answered questions concerning their health, health behaviours, and their families' socio-economic status. RESULTS: Adolescents from blue-collar families were more numerous to report to be in "fairly good health" or "not very good health" (OR = 1.40, CI 95% = 1.12-1.74) and to be overweight or obese (OR = 1.85, CI 95% = 1.25-2.24) than those from executive families. They were also more numerous to have bad health behaviours than those from executive families. CONCLUSION: This study has established that, in adolescents, differences in health, health behaviours, types of consumption and physical activities depended on the families' socio-economic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Assessing emotional and behavioral problems in children with intellectual disability: revisiting the factor structure of the developmental behavior checklist.

The objective of the reported study was to reassess the factor structure of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC) in a large cross-cultural sample representing all levels of intellectual disability. Parent and teacher DBC ratings on a combined sample of 1536 Dutch and Australian children and adolescents (ages 3-22) with mild to profound intellectual disability were used. Principal components analyses produced five subscales: Disruptive/Antisocial, Self-Absorbed. Communication Disturbance, Anxiety, and Social Relating, explaining 43.7% of the total variance. Internal consistencies of these subscales ranged from .66 to .91. The revised factor structure of the DBC appears to be an improved and useful tool for assessing emotional and behavioral problems in children with intellectual disabilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Behavioral couples therapy for male substance-abusing patients: effects on relationship adjustment and drug-using behavior.

Married or cohabitating substance-abusing patients (N = 80) who were entering individual outpatient treatment, most of whom were referred by the criminal justice system (n = 68; 85%), were randomly assigned to a no-couples-treatment control group (n = 40) or to 12 weekly sessions of adjunctive behavioral couples therapy (BCT; n = 40). Drug use and relationship adjustment measures were collected at pretreatment, posttreatment, and at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-ups. Couples who received BCT as part of individual-based treatment had better relationship outcomes, in terms of more positive dyadic adjustment and less time separated, than couples in which husbands received individual-based treatment only. Husbands in the BCT condition also reported fewer days of drug use, longer periods of abstinence, fewer drug-related arrests, and fewer drug-related hospitalizations through the 12-month follow-up period than husbands receiving individual-based treatment only. However, some of the drug use and relationship adjustment differences between these groups dissipated over the course of the follow-up period.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of palmtop-computer-assisted brief cognitive-behavioral treatment to cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder.

In the present study, the authors sought to determine whether the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for panic disorder could be improved by adjunctive computer-assisted therapy. Eighteen participants who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., revised; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) criteria for panic disorder were randomly assigned to a 12-session CBT (CBT 12) condition (D. H. Barlow & M. G. Craske, 1989) or to a 4-session computer-assisted CBT (CBT4-CA) condition. Palmtop computers, with a program developed to incorporate basic principles of CBT, were used by CBT4-CA clients whenever they felt anxious or wanted to practice the therapy techniques and were used by all participants as a momentary assessment tool. CBT4-CA clients carried the computer at all times and continued to use it for 8 weeks after termination of therapy. Analyses of clinically significant changes showed superiority of CBT12 at posttest on some measures; however, there were no differences at follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Modeling the effects of combined behavioral and pharmacological treatment on cigarette smoking: behavioral-economic analyses.

Effects of different response requirements, response-independent cigarette puffs, and an alternative nondrug reinforcer on cigarette smoking were assessed in 2 experiments. The response requirement to obtain 2 puffs on a cigarette was manipulated while various numbers of response-independent puffs were provided (0, 6, or 12 in Experiment 1; 0 or 12 in Experiment 2). In Experiment 2, effects of response-dependent money ($0.25) on smoking were assessed within subjects. Response-dependent puff consumption decreased as price increased and as the number of response-independent puffs increased. Concurrently available money also decreased response-dependent smoking. The largest decrease in smoking occurred when puffs were at the highest price and when response-independent puffs and response-dependent money were both concurrently available. Findings suggest that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions produce the greatest reductions in smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Attachment at early school age and developmental risk: examining family contexts and behavior problems of controlling-caregiving, controlling-punitive, and behaviorally disorganized children.

Preschool to school-age trajectories of 242 children, including 37 with insecure-disorganized and 66 with insecure-organized attachment patterns, were examined. Child attachment and stressful life events (the latter retrospectively) were measured at ages 5-7, and mother-child interactive quality, parenting stress, marital satisfaction, and teacher-reported behavior problems were evaluated concurrently and 2 years earlier. Results indicated that all three disorganized subgroups had poorer mother-child interactive patterns and more difficult family climates than secure or insecure-organized children. The controlling-punitive group showed significant increases in maternal reports of child-related stress between preschool and school age. The controlling-caregiving group showed greater likelihood of loss of a close family member, and mothers of the insecure-other group reported lower marital satisfaction and greater likelihood of their own or a spouse's hospitalization. Controlling-punitive children had higher externalizing scores, and controlling-caregiving children higher internalizing scores, than secure children.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1976

Regulation of female sexual behavior in the golden hamster: behavioral effects of mating and ovarian hormones.

In the female hamster, sexual receptivity was abbreviated following copulation. Short-term effects of mating, lasting approximately 24-48 hr, were observed in females mated in either estradiol- or estradiol-and-progesterone-induced estrus. Long-term effects of copulation, of 9 days or more in duration, were apparent only in females chronically treated with both estradiol and progesterone, suggesting that progesterone exposure prolongs the inhibitory effects of mating. When progesterone stimulation was intermittent through the use of short-acting injection procedures, recovery from mating could be detected in 48 hr and was complete within 96 hr after copulation. The pattern of behavioral response to ovarian hormones in unmated females was also documented, replicating the "biphasic" effect of progesterone in this species. The inhibitory effects of mating and progesterone summate to produce consistent decrements in female sexual receptivity. It is postulated that short-term postcopulatory abbreviations in receptivity would reduce the vulnerability of the estrous female while long-term inhibitions, interacting with sustained progesterone stimulation, would reduce the probability of mating during pregnancy when hormone levels are elevated for a prolonged period.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2005

Diet and physical activity behaviors among Americans trying to lose weight: 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and correlates of trying to lose weight among U.S. adults, describe weight loss strategies, and assess attainment of recommendations for weight control (eating fewer calories and physical activity). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This study used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a state-based telephone survey of adults > or =18 years of age (N = 184,450) conducted in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in 2000. RESULTS: The prevalence of trying to lose weight was 46% (women) and 33% (men). Women reported trying to lose weight at a lower BMI than did men; 60% of overweight women were trying to lose weight, but men did not reach this level until they were obese. Adults who had a routine physician checkup in the previous year and reported medical advice to lose weight vs. checkup and no medical advice to lose weight had a higher prevalence of trying to lose weight (81% women and 77% men vs. 41% women and 28% men, respectively). The odds of trying to lose weight increased as years of education increased. Among respondents who were trying to lose weight, approximately 19% of women and 22% of men reported using fewer calories and > or =150 min/wk leisure-time physical activity. DISCUSSION: A higher percentage of women than men were trying to lose weight; both sexes used similar weight loss strategies. Education and medical advice to lose weight were strongly associated with trying to lose weight. Most persons trying to lose weight were not using minimum recommended weight loss strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Objective behavior associated with an "ordinary" mild headache: a surprising failure of pain onset to signal self-protective or self-regulatory behavior.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether onset of an "ordinary" headache initiated self-protective behavior or self-regulation, as indexed by a reduction in effort expenditure. METHODS: A nonclinical sample was employed. The ambition and performance accuracy of a headache-developing group (n = 23) and a sex-matched, headache-free group (n = 23) was compared during a series of mental arithmetic problems. Embedded within the series of math problems was a task involving recall of a stressor previously found to induce headache in many subjects. RESULTS: Onset of mild head pain did not lead to effort conservation; instead, heightened ambition appeared to characterize the headache-developing participants before as well as after headache onset. Headache-developing subjects also displayed a performance accuracy deficit. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest unusually ambitious, effortful task engagement may contribute to the onset of mild "ordinary" headache. This possibility requires further examination under other controlled conditions as well as in the natural environment.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Failure of hemodialysis to diminish psychotic behavior in schizophrenia: behavioral and psychophysiological evaluation.

In a double-blind sham replacement study, eight drug-free schizophrenic patients underwent 10 active and 10 sham hemodialysis for 20 weeks. At the end of the 10 active dialyses, none of the patients appeared to be improved in psychotic, affective, or social symptoms. Active dialysis was associated with a "startle" response in heart rate and skin conductance to auditory stimuli, while sham dialysis was associated with an "orienting" response. Night-recorded sleep electroencephalography was unaffected by active dialysis. Spinal fluid beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity levels were unchanged after active treatment. The behavioral improvements reported in other studies may be related to "stress," psychotherapeutic support, spontaneous remissions, neuroleptic withdrawal, denial of symptoms, or diagnostic differences. This study did not confirm the claims for hemodialysis as a specific therapeutic intervention in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assaultive behavior intervention in the Veterans Administration: psychodynamic group psychotherapy compared to cognitive behavior therapy.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of a psychodynamic psychotherapy group (PPG) and a cognitive-behavior group (CBG) for male veterans with a history of assault. METHODS: Data collected included the Addiction Severity Index, the Overt Aggression Scale, and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Subjects (N = 27) were assigned randomly to a central group, PPG, or CBG. Analyses included an overall comparison of the groups as well as repeated-measures analyses and adjustments for covariates. FINDINGS: The PPG showed a trend toward improvement of overt aggression and significant improvement of trait aggression compared with CBG. There were no differences in state aggression or efforts to control aggression. CONCLUSIONS: Both the PPG and CBG are effective treatments for aggression.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed2003

National survey of sexual behavior and sexual behavior policies in facilities for individuals with mental retardation/developmental disabilities.

To obtain information regarding sexual behavior and related policies in state residential facilities for individuals with mental retardation/developmental disabilities, we sent surveys to 168 members listed in the Association of Public Developmental Disabilities Administrators 1998-1999 directory. Response rate was 68.5%. For the 46 facilities where 50% or fewer of clients had profound retardation, sexual relations between clients was reported to occur "sometimes" or "often" by 29 (63%). Six of 115 (5.2%) administrators reported at least one client with a sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the past year. Of 110 instances of sexual abuse reported, the perpetrator was another client in 63% of cases. Ninety-six percent of administrators (n = 110) reported their facility had written guidelines concerning sexual abuse. Careful monitoring of STDs and the effectiveness of sex education will be instrumental in preventing HIV/STDs and helping prevent sexual abuse in this vulnerable population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A neurobiological alternative to the perceptual reinforcement hypothesis of stereotyped behavior: a commentary on "Self-stimulatory behavior and perceptual reinforcement".

A perceptual reinforcement theory of stereotyped movements is advanced by Lovaas, Newsom, and Hickman (1987) in an effort to integrate a number of diverse observations about the origins and maintenance of this behavior. We, in turn, argue that the theory, as presented, is logically flawed and fails to take into account important biological findings and theory concerning pathological stereotyped acts. An alternative theory, derived primarily from neurological concepts, is briefly described.

Autistic Disorder↗