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PubMed2000

Delay in onset of awareness of acute hypoglycemia and of restoration of cognitive performance during recovery.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the time course for the onset of, and recovery from, acute hypoglycemia in healthy subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Eight healthy male volunteers were studied on 2 occasions in random order using a hyperinsulinemic (1.5 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1)) glucose clamp technique. During control studies, euglycemia (5.01 +/- 0.02 mmol/l) was maintained for 225 +/- 3 min. On the other occasion, after a euglycemic baseline period, arterialized plasma glucose was allowed to fall rapidly to 2.65 +/- 0.02 mmol/l, then maintained at this nadir for 90 min before euglycemia was rapidly restored. RESULTS: Cognitive function assessed by a battery of sensitive tests (4-choice reaction time, Stroop word, and color-word test) became impaired immediately at onset of hypoglycemia (P < 0.05 for all in the hypoglycemic study vs. those in the euglycemic study). Counterregulatory hormone responses (epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone) and symptomatic awareness of hypoglycemia (assessed by a questionnaire) were relatively delayed, being detected 20 min after the onset of hypoglycemia. There was no diminution (adaptation) of any responses, cognitive, humoral, or symptomatic, during sustained hypoglycemia. During recovery, the 4-choice reaction time continued to be abnormal even after resolution of symptomatic awareness (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: During hypoglycemia, cognitive performance may become impaired before symptomatic awareness. During recovery from hypoglycemia, recovery of cognitive function lags behind the restoration of glucose levels and resolution of symptoms. Our findings have implications for the design of studies examining experimental hypoglycemia and need to be investigated in people with diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Does "pure" phonemic awareness training affect reading comprehension?

The six studies found concerning the effect of pure phonemic awareness training (without phonics) on reading comprehension gave a positive but modest overall effect size in favor of phonemic awareness training. Four studies had small samples, two showed no or very small effect sizes, and one inconsistent results. Three involved languages other than English. Such results do not support the popular movement for universal phonemic awareness training.

Awareness↗
PubMed2003

Effect of phonetics training on lingual awareness.

This investigation assessed the effect of phonetics training on lingual awareness in normal adult speakers of English. The study also compared Trained subjects' scores from a study in 2000 by Lohman and Fucci to subjects' posttraining scores in this investigation. Subjects were 36 students (M age=19.7, SD=.7) enrolled in an undergraduate phonetics class. All passed a speech and hearing screening. A pretest-posttest design was used. Subjects received approximately 40 hours of phonetics training over a 10-wk. period. The lingual awareness test required subjects imitate seven syllables and respond to four multiple-choice questions about each syllable. Subjects were aided by a line drawing of the oral cavity. A significant improvement in lingual awareness was found following training. However, scores for only two phonemes (sh and k) improved significantly. No significant difference was found between posttest scores and scores from Lohman and Fucci's Trained group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of two training methods to enhance awareness of the oral cavity.

This investigation assessed two training methods to heighten awareness of the oral cavity in normal adult speakers of English. A pretest-posttest design was used. 40 subjects (M age=25.6 yr., SD=8.7) who passed a speech and hearing screening were placed into two equal-sized groups. Each group received 10 hr. of training over 3 wk. The Experimental group received verbal instructions regarding how the phonemes of English are produced, including tongue height, location, and contact with other structures in the oral cavity. Subjects in the Experimental group also used a tongue blade to enhance lingual awareness. The Control group received instructions in articulatory placement only. The Lingual Awareness Test required subjects to imitate 7 English syllables and answer 4 multiple-choice questions regarding lingual contact for each syllable. Posttest scores for the Experimental group were significantly better for one phoneme. The Control group made no significant improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Development of perceived body size and dieting awareness in young girls.

To examine longitudinally figure-rating preferences and dieting awareness in young girls a sample of 40 Australian girls, ages 5 to 7 years (M=6.5, SD=0.9), were recruited from two single-sex private schools in Adelaide. Girls were tested at both Time 1 (mid 2002) and Time 2 (late 2003), approximately 16 months apart. Using the Children's Figure Rating Scale of Tiggemann and Wilson-Barrett, girls indicated current and ideal figure preferences. Their understanding of the concept of dieting was assessed using the Dieting Awareness measure, developed by Lowes and Tiggemann. At Time 1, younger girls preferred a larger ideal figure than the current figure, relative to older girls. At Time 2, however, this age difference had decreased, and all girls preferred a thinner ideal figure. In addition, there was a significant increase in Dieting Awareness from Time 1 to Time 2.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Awareness of time in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

A prospective study of 35 patients with moderate or mild dementia of the Alzheimer type was performed to assess and compare their awareness of time. A Mini-Mental Status Examination score was used to separate those 16 patients with mild dementia (range, 15 to 24) from those 19 with moderate dementia (range, 7 to 15). Each patient was scored on awareness of time. Those classified as moderate but not those with mild dementia showed significant loss of awareness of time.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Responses of low-IQ students on the learning awareness questionnaire compared to students matched on mental and chronological age.

Learning awareness, including semantic content, response strategy, processing strategy, summarization, and memory in the classroom, were examined in students with mental retardation. From urban schools in Japan special high school students with average IQ of 60 (n = 40) and students with normal intellectual capacity matched on mental (n = 40) and chronological age (n = 40) were administered a 16-item Learning Awareness Questionnaire. Students of low IQ on the Tanaka-Binet test obtained lower scores on semantic content and memory strategies than chronological or mental age-matched controls, but not on response and processing. Scores indicated that students of low IQ may be equally aware of learning processes related to response and processing strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Evaluating the AWARE Inventory as a measure of relationship factors among a sample of high school students.

The Awareness of Attitudes and Relationship Expectations (AWARE) Inventory was administered to 160 high school students in Wyoming. Factor analysis showed the inventory did not have the expected 11 dimensional factor structure. Most of the intended 10-item scales yielded unacceptably low estimates of internal consistency reliability. Through an iterative process, one internally consistent scale of 17 items (alpha = .80) was derived. Researchers should be careful to evaluate the AWARE Inventory with their own samples before proceeding under an assumption that its scales reliably assess the 11 dimensions expected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Implementing program-wide awareness about recovery in a large mental health and addictions program.

St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton conceptualized a multi-step plan for implementing a recovery oriented service delivery approach within their Mental Health and Addictions Program. This brief report discusses the first phase of this plan which included building awareness of recovery utilizing Anthony's (2000) system standards to develop a needs assessment for managers and senior team members. The survey had three purposes: to increase managers' awareness about recovery; to allow managers to express concerns that they had with this paradigm; and to afford managers an opportunity to explore the ways in which their service was and was not operating in a recovery oriented way. Initiatives designed to build awareness throughout the program are discussed.

Awareness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Late-onset schizophrenia: relationship to awareness of abnormal involuntary movements and tobacco addiction.

Although schizophrenia usually emerges at mid to late-adolescence, it has been estimated that almost 20% of schizophrenic patients develop their first symptoms in mid to late life (late-onset schizophrenia). The biological characteristics that distinguish patients with early onset from those with late-onset schizophrenia have not been well delineated. A subgroup of neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients develops tardive dyskinesia (TD) and the majority of these patients are unaware of their movements. To investigate whether early and late-onset schizophrenic patients with TD could be differentiated on the basis of awareness of involuntary movements, we compared the prevalence of awareness of these abnormal movements in patients with early (N = 40) and late-onset (N = 15) schizophrenia. We found a significantly higher prevalence of awareness of involuntary movements in patients with late-onset schizophrenia as compared to those with an earlier age of onset (86.6% vs. 25.0%, p < .0001). In a second study, we investigated whether early and late-onset schizophrenia could be differentiated on the basis of dopamine functions in the mesolimbic system. Since tobacco addiction is mediated via limbic dopaminergic functions, we investigated the prevalence of tobacco addiction in patients with early (N = 51) and late-onset (N = 13) schizophrenia. We found a significantly lower prevalence of tobacco addiction in patients with late-onset schizophrenia as compared to those with an earlier age of onset (15.4% vs. 54.9%; X2 = 6.49; p < .01). Our findings support the notion that distinct pathophysiological mechanisms underlie the development of early and late-onset schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Awareness and goal setting with the traumatically brain injured.

One of the most disabling effects of traumatic brain injury is limited awareness of cognitive, emotional and interpersonal functioning. For this reason it is often difficult for a traumatically brain-injured person to form realistic goals and appreciate the need for rehabilitation. A goal-setting process is outlined in which therapists play a supportive but nondirective role and goals are developed which incorporate information in self-awareness. The aim of this approach is to create goals which are realistic and increase the likelihood of maintenance following treatment. Specific strategies to incorporate patient awareness during goal setting are discussed.

Awareness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Awareness and use of a university recreational trail.

The purpose of this study was to assess awareness and use of a university recreational trail. The authors used an Internet questionnaire developed by the university's Institutional Research Department, with questions derived from the Environmental Supports for Physical Activity Questionnaire and the National College Health Risk Behavior Survey Physical Activity Module. Four hundred and sixty-seven undergraduate college students participated. Ninety-one percent of students reported being aware of the trail, and 73% reported using the trail. Sixty-four percent of students reported seeing signage referring to the recreational trail. Sixty-seven percent of the students reported using the trail once in the past week, 7% reported using the trail twice in the past week, and only 2% of the students reported using the trail more than 3 times in the past week. Sixty-two percent reported using the trail with another individual. Students who were aware of the trail were more likely to use the trail. However, of the individuals who used the trail, the majority only used the trail 1 day a week. University programming is needed to increase trail usage among college students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Religious individuals: evaluating their intrinsic and extrinsic motivations at the implicit level of awareness.

Explicit cognitions are those that occur with intention and conscious awareness; implicit cognitions occur without such intention and awareness. Whereas some investigations have demonstrated consistencies between beliefs maintained at these two levels of awareness, others have demonstrated inconsistencies. In the present research, participants performed a speeded-response task, a variation of the Implicit Association Test (A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998), to evaluate their implicit identification with intrinsic and extrinsic religious motivations. Also, participants completed a self-report measure to evaluate their corresponding tendencies toward explicit motivations. The results provided evidence for consistency between participants' implicit identification and their explicit identification with intrinsic and extrinsic religious motivations. The finding of this consistency has implications for the relationship between intrinsic religiousness and social-desirability effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

On predicting the future states of awareness for recognition of unrecallable items.

Two experiments were conducted that examined people's predictive accuracy for their future states of awareness. In both experiments, participants learned word pairs and were tested with a cued recall test. When recall failed, predictive judgments were obtained. In Experiment 1, feeling of knowing judgments predicted not only future recognition but also the state of awareness as remembered or known that was associated with that recognition. In Experiment 2, predictive remember-know judgments were found to be accurately diagnostic of future states of awareness as well. One conclusion to be drawn from these data is that recollective details are among the partial knowledge that is retrieved in the absence of successful cued recall. General implications for theories of feeling of knowing are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The role of involuntary aware memory in the implicit stem and fragment completion tasks: a selective review.

In this article I argue that an awareness of the study episode that arises involuntarily during an implicit stem/fragment completion test can under some conditions lead to enhanced repetition priming effects, even though subjects are not engaged in intentional retrieval. I review findings that are consistent with this possibility, which include the effects of depth of processing, and of typography match and new association priming following deep encoding. A theoretical account of involuntary aware memory couched within Moscovitch's (1995b) memory systems framework which suggests that the medial-temporal lobe/hippocampal (MTL/H) complex functions as a memory module is outlined. A putative mechanism is proposed in which involuntary aware memory of a studied item enhances the size of repetition priming effects by guiding its selection in preference to the competitors.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

The role of awareness in delay and trace fear conditioning in humans.

Expression of conditional fear without awareness has been previously demonstrated during delay conditioning, a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) overlap. However, less is known about the role of awareness in trace fear conditioning, where an interval of time separates the CS and UCS. The present study assessed skin conductance response (SCR) and UCS expectancy during delay and trace conditioning. UCS predictability was varied on a trial-by-trial basis by presenting perithreshold auditory CSs. Differential UCS expectancies were demonstrated only on perceived delay and trace trials. Learning-related SCRs were observed during both perceived and unperceived delay CSs. In contrast, differential SCRs were demonstrated only for perceived trace CSs. These data suggest that awareness is necessary for conditional responding during trace, but not delay, fear conditioning.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The Falls Risk Awareness Questionnaire: development and validation for use with older adults.

Falling is a significant cause of disability and death among older adults, and assessing awareness of risk factors is the first step to developing falls intervention programs. Older adults who had fallen in the past were more aware of risk factors for falls, and may be receptive to fall risk information following a fall. This may be an opportune time for health care professionals to provide education on risks for falls to prevent further injury. The Falls Risk Awareness Questionnaire (FRAQ) was validated in a range of patients and practice settings, and after further testing, the FRAQ may play an important role in identifying specific differences in the knowledge of risk factors.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2003

Measuring cultural awareness in nursing students.

Recognizing the need for a valid and reliable way to measure outcomes of a program to promote multicultural awareness among nursing faculty and students, the authors developed a cultural awareness scale. In the first phase of the study, a scale consisting of 37 items was generated from a literature review on cultural awareness, sensitivity, and competence in nursing. A Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of .91 was obtained from a sample of 72 student nurses. In the second phase, the items were presented to a panel of experts in nursing and culture to determine content validity. A content validity index of .88 was calculated, and the total number of items on the scale was reduced to 36. The scale then was administered to 118 nursing students. Data from the two samples then were combined, and factor analysis was conducted to support construct validity. Cronbach's alpha for the combined samples was .82.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗