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PubMed1986

Pathological intoxication and alcohol idiosyncratic intoxication--Part I: Diagnostic and clinical aspects.

The concept of pathological intoxication and its successor term, alcohol idiosyncratic reaction, has been one of ambiguity and professional disagreement. The history of such an entity reveals contradictions and varying usage--particularly in regard to the amount of alcohol required. Some feel that the current classification system is broad enough to include such reactions without the use of such terms. Laboratory and electroencephalographic findings are not diagnostic. The author suggests that if the concept is to be retained, psychiatrists utilize where possible the term "alcohol idiosyncratic reaction" in accord with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) III guidelines, particularly in view of the medicolegal implications discussed in Part II, which follows as a separate paper.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol myopia and condom use: can alcohol intoxication be associated with more prudent behavior?

We tested 2 competing theories about the effects of alcohol on intentions to engage in risky behavior. Disinhibition predicts that intoxicated people will exhibit risky behavior regardless of environmental cues, whereas alcohol myopia (C. M. Steele & R. A. Josephs, 1990) predicts that intoxicated people will be more or less likely to exhibit risky behavior, depending on the cues provided. In 4 studies, we found an interaction between intoxication and cue type. When impelling cues were present, intoxicated people reported greater intentions to have unprotected sex than did sober people. When subtle inhibiting cues were present, intoxicated and sober people reported equally cautious intentions (Studies 1-3). When strong inhibiting cues were present, intoxicated people reported more prudent intentions than did sober people (Study 4). We suggest that alcohol myopia provides a more comprehensive account of the effects of alcohol than does disinhibition.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Severity of injury of alcohol intoxicated pedestrians in street traffic].

The evaluation of 251 autopsy cases of pedestrians who suffered fatal accidents in road traffic documents that the influence of alcohol entails an additional risk of injury for pedestrians in motor car accidents. In particular, severe trauma to the head, thorax and abdomen occur, whilst injuries to the pelvis and limbs are generally not more serious than in sober pedestrians. In the classical collision constellation of the pedestrian at the front end of cars, the upper part of the body is evidently especially endangered in the further movement phase. This phenomenon might be connected above all with the impairment of the voluntary reaction capacity due to alcohol during the sequence of evidents in the accident.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Terminal vessels of dentate gyrus in chronically alcohol-intoxicated rats.

Quantitative changes in the microvasculature of the central nervous system of the rat following chronic ethanol intoxication were studied. For 6 months, 12 rats drank only 25% ethanol and eight control rats only water. After fixation by perfusion, semithin sections of dentate gyrus were obtained. In each one, semiautomatic measurements were made of the length, surface, and volume densities, and the mean area of a terminal vessel cross-section and the results were evaluated statistically. Chronic ethanol intoxication caused an increase in the length and surface density, a decrease in the mean cross-sectional area, whereas the volume density of terminal vessels was unchanged. These results show that the reduction of the mean surface area of terminal vessels after prolonged ethanol intoxication is compensated by the increase of other morphometrically measurable parameters, i.e., length and surface density. As a consequence of these alterations, the volume density remains unchanged. The results indicate great reactivity of the microvascular system of the dentate gyrus in chronically ethanol-intoxicated rats.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed2004

Heightened heart rate response to alcohol intoxication is associated with a reward-seeking personality profile.

BACKGROUND: The psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction posits that sensitivity to the positively rewarding properties of alcohol puts certain individuals at higher risk for alcohol abuse. A valid and reliable index of overactivation in the reward system has been a heightened baseline heart rate (HR) increase on the ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve. The main goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between this HR response and a questionnaire measuring sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment. Additional goals included looking at (1). the association between a high HR response and various personality traits (hopelessness/introversion, anxiety sensitivity, impulsivity, and sensation-seeking) and (2). the relationship between these personality traits and stimulant use. METHODS: A total of 18 low- and 19 high-HR responders completed the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ), the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS), and a modified version of the Addiction Severity Index. RESULTS: High-HR responders obtained significantly higher scores than low-HR responders on the sensitivity to reward scale of the SPSRQ, as well as increased sensation-seeking scores on the SURPS. High-HR responders were not at significantly higher risk of having used stimulants, but stimulant use was associated with higher impulsivity scores on the SURPS. CONCLUSIONS: Novelty/sensation-seeking is among the personality traits that have been linked to heavy alcohol use. This study suggests that reward sensitivity might mediate the relationship between this personality profile and drinking behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Subjective feelings of alcohol intoxication in Asians with genetic variations of ALDH2 alleles.

Asian-American men who possess ALDH2*2 alleles and who experience a facial flush after consuming alcohol were carefully matched on drinking history and demographic variables with nonflushing Asian males with only ALDH2*1 alleles. Each man was tested following placebo and a challenge dose of 0.75 ml/kg alcohol. Following alcohol, flushers reported experiencing significantly more positive feelings of intoxication than nonflushers, despite equivalent blood alcohol concentrations. These data suggest that Asians who flush after drinking, particularly those with ALDH2*1/2*2 genotype, have a more intense, although not necessarily a more negative, response to alcohol than comparable nonflushing Asians. This alcohol sensitivity reaction that many Asian flushers experience may contribute to their lower tendency to drink excessively, even though their response to alcohol is not predominantly negative.

Adult↗