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PubMed2003

New paradigms for research on heterosexual and sexual-minority development.

As psychological research on sexual-minority (i.e., nonheterosexual) adolescents has increased over the past 20 years, it has become increasingly segregated from research on mainstream heterosexual youths, as if the knowledge gleaned from each population had nothing to offer our understanding of the other. To the contrary, understanding of both populations would be greatly improved by integrating investigations of sexual-minority issues into mainstream psychological research on adolescents. I outline 4 weaknesses in contemporary research on sexual-minority youth that stem from--and perpetuate--its historical isolation from mainstream developmental research: misspecification of the populations under study, lack of attention to within-group diversity, failure to test alternative explanations for--and moderators of--"sexual-minority effects," and insufficient attention to the underlying processes and mechanisms through which sexual-minority effects operate. Correcting these weaknesses has important implications for future research on how same-sex and other-sex sexuality shape adolescent psychosocial development and clinical child and adolescent problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Evaluation of the feasibility of international growth standards for school-aged children and adolescents.

The development of an international growth standard for the screening, surveillance, and monitoring of school-aged children and adolescents has been motivated by 2 contemporaneous events, the global surge in childhood obesity and the release of a new international growth standard for infants and preschool children by the WHO. If a prescriptive approach analogous to that taken by WHO for younger children is to be adopted for school-aged children and adolescents, several issues need to be addressed regarding the universality of growth potential across populations and the definition of optimal growth in children and adolescents. A working group of experts in growth and development and representatives from international organizations concluded that subpopulations exhibit similar patterns of growth when exposed to similar external conditioners of growth. However, based on available data, we cannot rule out that observed differences in linear growth across ethnic groups reflect true differences in genetic potential rather than environmental influences. Therefore, the sampling frame for the development of an international growth standard for children and adolescents must include multiethnic sampling strategies designed to capture the variation in human growth patterns. A single international growth standard for school-aged children and adolescents could be developed with careful consideration of the population and individual selection criteria, study design, sample size, measurements, and statistical modeling of primary growth and secondary ancillary data. The working group agreed that existing growth references for school-aged children and adolescents have shortcomings, particularly for assessing obesity, and that appropriate growth standards for these age groups should be developed for clinical and public health applications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Craniofacial development in obese adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate craniofacial morphology in obese adolescents and to compare the morphological data with those of normal adolescents. The study was based on measurements of lateral cephalometric roentgenograms of adolescents who had been diagnosed as obese. Linear and angular measurements were obtained from cephalometric tracings of 27 females (mean age 15.6 +/- 0.83 years) and 23 males (mean age 13.9 +/- 0.98 years). The data were compared with corresponding measurements of gender and age matched controls. The results showed that both males and females in the obesity group exhibited significantly larger mandibular and maxillary dimensions than the controls. On average, mandibular length (Cd-Pgn) was 10 mm greater in males and 8 mm greater in females. Maxillary length (Pm-A) was 3.5 mm greater in males and 3 mm greater in females. When considering vertical dimensions, lower anterior (Ans-Gn) and posterior (S-Go) face height were 4 and 5 mm greater in the obese males, respectively, while in the obese females both these distances were 4 mm greater compared with the controls. Both maxillary (SNA) and mandibular (SNB, SNPg) prognathism were more pronounced in the obesity group than in the control group. This also influenced the average soft tissue profile, which was less convex in the obesity groups. The mandibular plane angle (ML/SN) was smaller in the obesity group than in the control group. Craniofacial morphology differs between obese and normal adolescents. In general, obesity was associated with bimaxillary prognathism and relatively greater facial measurements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Taking back young lives: policy issues for adolescent girls in the developing world.

This commentary explores the current boundaries of policy thinking about adolescence. It suggests that policy--even that designed to address adolescent sexuality and reproductive health--move substantially beyond the confines of the health sector in looking for solutions. The great diversity of adolescent needs--by age, gender, schooling, and marital status--are highlighted in making the case for a multisectoral adolescent policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Hormonal regulation and hormone therapy in childhood and adolescence. Part 1: development of endocrine glands, hormone production, menarche and secondary sex characteristics].

The growth curves of the endocrine glands in female puberty are described. Adrenarche with an elevated production of adrenal dehydroepiandrosterone marks the beginning of prepuberty. By decrease of hypothalamic sensitivity to sexual steroids begins the deviation of FSH and LH levels. Significant increases of gonadotrophins and prolactin occur during sleep. There is a good correlation between bone age, Tanner-stages of breast and pubic hair development and steroid hormone levels. Criteria of maturity for young girls including menarche and ovulation are given.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Recreational noise exposure and its effects on the hearing of adolescents. Part II: development of hearing disorders.

Part II, continuation of a previous paper, describes the significant hearing threshold shift found during the third year of the long-term study, which continued to be present in the fourth year, in a number of adolescents classified as Subgroup 2, who showed a higher mean HTL in the middle and especially in the high frequency ranges than the rest of the studied adolescents, classified as Subgroup 1. In both subgroups, the subjects showed high participation in recreational activities; nevertheless, the adolescents in Subgroup 2 showed higher participation in some of them in the last year of the study. From the beginning of the study, the mean HTL of the adolescents in Subgroup 2 was higher than the mean HTL of the adolescents in Subgroup 1. The exposure to high sound levels during leisure activities can be a cause of permanent hearing damage among young people with 'tender ears'.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[The physical development of children and adolescents and the health protection of the upcoming generation].

The physical development of children and adolescents characterizes a process of their growth and maturation of the growing body. It is a key criterion of children's health. The dynamics in the physical development of child and adolescent populations suggests that a complex of biosocial and environmental factors influences the rate of children's growth and development. The past 10-15 years have been marked by an insignificant positive dynamics of the major morphological parameters and some sex-age groups have shown their stabilization and a significant reduction in functional parameters with continuous sex maturation acceleration. There is a definite relationship between their physical development and health status. Failures in age-specific development terms (a biological age) and morphofunctional disharmony are generally accompanied by health deviations. There are more profound impairments in the physical development of an individual are, the more severe diseases are.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Developing child and adolescent mental health services.

Twenty four projects nationwide received government funding to improve child mental health services. These initiatives are expected to deliver innovative changes and enhanced interprofessional working. This preliminary evaluation in Norfolk suggests early intervention can offer acceptable, accessible, and appropriate support for children and families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Physical development in Tuvinian adolescents.

It was found that mean values of height and mass in 13-14-year-old indigenous Tuvinian children were increased for the last 26 years. We have found gender difference in a chronological dynamics of a yearly body mass and height increases. As for the last ten years, these changes correspond to a harmonic physical development only for the boys of 13. At the same time we observed an insufficient increase in body mass and significant blood pressure increase in senior boys. A yearly percentage of the increase in blood pressure in junior boys was the same as mass increase, but among the senior children the increase in blood pressure was greater compared with mass increase. In the 70-80s, the indices of body mass and height increases for Tuvinian girls and boys were the same.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Personality disorders in early adolescence and the development of later substance use disorders in the general population.

Assessments of personality disorder (PD) and conduct disorder (CD) in a random community sample at mean age 13 were employed to predict subsequent substance abuse disorder (SUD), trajectories of symptoms of abuse or dependence on alcohol, marijuana, or other illicit substances, and hazard of initiating marijuana use over the subsequent decade. Personality disorders and conduct disorder were associated with diagnoses and symptoms of SUDs in every model and their effects were independent of correlated family risks, participant sex, and other Axis I disorders. Specific elevated PD symptoms in early adolescence were also associated with differential trajectories of already initiated SUD symptoms as well as elevated risk for future onset of SUD symptoms. For several models the greatest of these effects were shown for borderline PD and for conduct disorder, the predecessor of adult antisocial PD. Passive-aggressive PD also showed independent elevation effects on substance use symptoms for alcohol and marijuana. Analyses over 30 years suggest that Cluster B PD (borderline, histrionic, narcissistic) are independent risks for development of SUD and warrant clinical attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The development of intimate relationships in late adolescence.

Adolescence is a time of burgeoning social relationships. Further, adolescents begin to develop the capacity to be intimate. Yet, little attention has been paid to the development of intimacy in adolescence. In this paper, relationship maturity, a developmental conception of intimacy, is presented as a unifying conceptual framework for understanding these intimate involvements as part of a major developmental process. Relevant empirical literature is reviewed. Issues addressed include: specific contexts of intimacy in adolescence, the role of gender in intimacy development, the interplay of identity and intimacy development, and the effects of social issues on this process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Contributions of pediatric and adolescent psychiatric and development psychological research on objective definition of the child welfare concept].

The term of "child well-being" is a rather vague notion in the German jurisdiction and has to be reinterpreted according to each single case. The present article describes the historical context and different attempts to come to a more concrete definition of the term suitable to serve as a guideline for expert opinion and jurisdiction. The authors discuss the question in which way scientific findings may enhance an objectivation of "child well-being", stressing especially contributions coming from the fields of developmental psychopathology, attachment research, interaction and family research and research on risk factors and protective factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescents' input on the development of an HIV risk reduction intervention.

Adolescence is a developmental period often associated with sexual debut as well as risk taking. Given these considerations, HIV prevention interventions need to become an important component of adolescent health care. This article describes the use of formative research to guide intervention refinement. To refine an HIV risk reduction intervention that has been used successfully with adults, the authors conducted focus groups with 30 adolescent females. These participants identified misconceptions regarding HIV-related information and factors that influence motivation to participate in risky behaviors. They also suggested strategies for recruitment and retention in a longitudinal study. Formative research such as this can be used to develop interventions that are gender specific and developmentally and culturally appropriate for adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Developing nephrons in adolescent dogfish, Scyliorhinus caniculus (L.), with reference to ultrastructure of early stages, histogenesis of the renal countercurrent system, and nephron segmentation in marine elasmobranchs.

Light and electron microscopy of the excretory kidney of adolescent dogfish, Scyliorhinus caniculus (L.), revealed immature and mature nephrons as well as four developmental stages of nephrons. At stage I the nephron was characterized by a condensed mass of mesenchymal cells in the center of several concentric layers of connective tissue. At stage II of the nephron, the S-shaped body was an elongate cyst with a high prismatic epithelium that was connected by a developing collecting tubule with the collecting duct system. At stage III, the developing nephrons already possess the essential features of the mature nephron but lack complete differentiation. Developing renal corpuscles had one afferent arteriole and two efferent vessels. Developing tubules ran four times between the lateral bundle zone and the mesial tissue zone before they joined the collecting duct system. A continuous sheath of flat cells, encompassing the collecting duct system, extended around the developing lateral bundle. A rudimentary central vessel ran from the developing lateral bundle to the venous sinusoid capillaries between the mesial convolutions. Developmental stage IV was similar to the mature nephron, however, renal corpuscles and tubular segments were smaller than those of mature nephrons. Conclusive evidence for morphological homology of elasmobranch nephron segments and collecting tubule-collecting duct system with those of other vertebrates is provided. The origin and nature of the central vessel and the bundle sheath is clarified. These specific structures of marine elasmobranch kidney supposedly are of great functional relevance for the renal countercurrent system that in turn is essential for ion- and osmo-regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The development of independence in adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

This study assessed the development of independence and its interaction with some biologic factors. Sixty-four adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) were compared with 36 adolescents with bronchial asthma, 47 healthy but small adolescents, and 71 normal healthy controls. A structured interview was designed to measure eight elements of independence. Adolescents with CF showed less responsibility for their own body hygiene and a delay in intimacy and sexuality, both correlated with puberty not yet having started. They also took less part in a number of social activities outside the home. There were minimal or no differences between ill and healthy adolescents for four elements. The results indicated that in future research, different types of independence should be taken into account. The correspondences between the chronically ill and the healthy adolescents prevailed over the differences. The main differences could be interpreted in terms of realistic coping with the illness and maintaining hope for the future.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ego development and ethnic identity formation in rural American Indian adolescents.

Ethnic identity development was assessed in the context of ego development in 12- to 15-year-old students from a Southeastern American Indian community. Self-protective was the modal level and was characterized by awareness of ethnic group membership but little exploration or self-reflection. Impulsive adolescents had the least developed ethnic identities and highest levels of interpersonal vulnerability. Conformist adolescents expressed positive feelings about ethnic group affiliation, described relationships as harmonious, but demonstrated moderate social anxiety. Postconformist adolescents had the highest levels of agency, social competence, and identity achievement, but also had high levels of psychological distress and family conflict. Adolescent identity strivings may be understood in context with the level and timing of psychosocial maturity, for which ego development appears a useful marker.

Adolescent↗