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PubMedDate not supplied

Hardwood seeding root and nutrient parameters for a model of nutrient uptake.

Use of mechanistic models is an increasingly accepted way to evaluate complex processes. The Barber-Cushman model provides a means to simulate nutrient uptake once information on root system characteristics, nutrient uptake, and soil nutrient supply are developed. Objectives of this study were to determine during a growing season: (i) root growth for 1-yr-old black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) seedlings; (ii) net plant increase in N, P, K, Ca, and Mg; (iii) soil solution and solid phase nutrient concentrations; and (iv) the influence of root growth and soil nutrient supply changes on nutrient uptake using the Barber-Cushman model. Seedlings were grown in pots containing A horizon soil from two forest sites. Measurements were made on five occasions during the growing season. Root growth averaged 41.5 cm d-1 for red maple compared with 28.0 and 16.7 cm d-1 for cherry and oak, respectively. Seventy-five percent of root growth occurred at the end of the growing season. Total plant N showed the greatest change (25-58%) due to soil source. Model simulations underestimated observed uptake by 31 to 99%. A clear relationship between soil solution nutrient concentration and plant uptake, an important assumption of the model, was not observed. Results indicate care will need to be exercised in the development and use of root growth and nutrient supply values in mechanistic models.

Calcium↗
PubMed2004

Effect of changing female stimulus on intensive semen collection in young Murciano-granadina male goats.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of changing female stimulus on libido and semen characteristics from young Murciano-granadina male goats submitted to intensive semen collection using females not in estrus as teasers. Males were submitted to two different sexual stimulation procedures. In the first procedure, the same doe was used as the female stimulus for three consecutive presentations. In the second, the doe was replaced after the second presentation by a new female. Semen volume, concentration, forward progressive motility, and live spermatozoa were scored. To analyze reaction time (RT), three types of analysis were performed. In the first one, RT was analyzed by multifactor ANOVA, taking as a missing value 300 s when a buck did not ejaculate. In the second, RT also was analyzed by multifactor ANOVA, but data from males that did not ejaculate were removed. In the third, a Cox Survival analysis was carried out by censoring data when a buck did not ejaculate within 5 min of entering the test arena. A decrease in semen volume and sperm concentration in the successive ejaculations was observed, being highly marked in the third ejaculation independent of the stimulation procedure (0.62 vs. 0.38 and 0.43 mL, and 2,828 vs. 2,183 and 2,223 million spermatozoa/mL to the first and third ejaculation respectively; P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed either in forward progressive motility or live sperm rate. Changing the female stimulus in the third presentation had no significant effect on any seminal characteristic. Regarding libido and mounting behavior variables, there was a substantial decrease in RT in the third service when the female was changed (with both types of ANOVA). When censored data were taken into account, the relative risk showed that the probability of a male ejaculating in the third presentation increased almost fourfold when the female was replaced than when the female was the same in all services (P < 0.05). In conclusion, young Murciano-granadina bucks can be used as semen donors because none of the most important semen variables used to reject or accept an ejaculate before freezing process decreased after intensive semen collection. We also recommend changing the female stimulus to make the semen collection procedure more efficient and using survival analysis methodology to analyze time data, mainly when a high rate of censored data are scored.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Beta camera low activity tumor imaging.

A new technique, the beta camera, to complement film autoradiography, with fast quantitative imaging of beta particle-emitting radionuclides has been developed. It consists of a thin plastic scintillator and a light-sensitive microchannel plate detector. The thin tissue sample is mounted on the scintillator. Our first system had a high background and a moderate spatial resolution of 900 microns. We now report an improved system with a photomultiplier tube mounted on the scintillator of the microchannel plate detector. Only events registered by both detectors are accepted. A fast coincidence unit processes the signals, and if a time overlap exists, an event is generated in the beta camera. In the coincidence mode, images with low activity distribution of 201Tl (count rate 1 s-1) in 50 microns-thick slices of a human glioma tumor could be recorded with a spatial resolution of 500 microns.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1999

Halotolerant and halophilic histamine-forming bacteria isolated during the ripening of salted anchovies (Engraulis encrasicholus).

This study was performed to investigate halotolerant and halophilic histamine-producing bacteria isolated during the ripening of salted anchovies. Of the isolates obtained during the ripening of anchovies, 1.37% showed histamine-forming activity, most of them (70%) belonging to the Staphylococcus genus. S. epidermidis showed a powerful histamine-forming activity, producing more than 1,000 microg/ml in the presence of 3% and 10% NaCl. Another powerful histamine-producing bacterium isolated during the ripening of salted anchovies was S. capitis. It was able to produce about 400 microg/ml of histamine in 10% NaCl under experimental conditions. Most of these species might be expected to be found as a result of contamination of fish during capture and subsequent unhygienic handling. However, no increase in histamine content was found in any batches through the ripening process. Histamine content always was acceptable in accordance with the maximum allowable levels of histamine fixed by the Spanish and European Union regulations.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A crash course in conflict resolution.

Knowing how to resolve conflict with finality establishes positive changes in coworker relations, prevents drops in productivity, and frees a manager's time for more important issues. Conflict arises from four sources: (1) Real or imagined differences in values, (2) dissimilar goals, (3) poor communication, and (4) personalizing generic or organizational issues. Right now health care is full of the latter. It's possible--and useful--to make conflict productive rather than disruptive. The secret is using a process that produces a solution acceptable to everyone. This requires three steps: (1) Value differences must be addressed, (2) communication styles must be established, and (3) everyone must commit to mutually satisfactory resolution of the issues.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Managing strategic change: moving others from awareness to action.

A recent study of 10 hospitals investigated how institutions actually manage change, and how their decisions and actions mesh with accepted formal planning and management processes. In every instance, strategic change was managed in different ways, reflecting variations in organizational capabilities, culture, values and traditions. However, there are underlying unities within the diversities of change. This article focuses on the change management process: how 10 hospitals moved from an awareness of the need to do something different to the actions taken to implement change. The theoretical underpinnings of the change management process will be reviewed in light of what actually happened at the study hospitals.

Awareness↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacologic management of the arthritic foot and ankle.

The arthritides discussed are presented with many drug therapies because of a not fully understood and accepted cause of the disease process. Similarly, the drug therapies offered are diverse and have mechanisms that are not always fully understood. Because of the destruction and disability the arthritides are capable of and the realization that destruction may be reversible early in the course of the disease, physicians are initiating earlier, aggressive treatment with DMARDs. Long-term outcome studies of the early institution of DMARDs, combination therapies, and newer medications need to be evaluated to produce the most efficient treatment regimens.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Capacitative calcium entry. Glioma C6 as a model of nonexcitable cells.

Although the mechanism of the capacitative Ca2+ entry is still a mysterious process, it has been presently accepted that it occurs through plasma membrane channel pores rather than through a carrier mechanism. As it has been proposed by Putney (Cell Calcium, 1986, 7, 1-12), Ca2+ entry is directly dependent on the state of filling of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores, i.e. it is activated by the depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pool. However, the nature of the signal for activation of Ca2+ entry is still unknown. The biphasic capacitative Ca2+ entry involves inositol phosphate system and is ubiquitous in all nonexcitable cells. We have shown that glioma C6 cells belong to such type of cells and are characterized by a typical capacitative Ca2+ entry pathway. The characteristics of this Ca2+ influx is summarized and the hypotheses about its mechanism of activation are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Health status of and intervention for U.S.-bound Kosovar refugees--Fort Dix, New Jersey, May-July 1999.

In March 1999, as a result of armed conflict in the Kosovo province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, approximately 860,000 ethnic Albanians sought refuge in neighboring Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), the Republic of Montenegro--Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. As a result of massive refugee movement into FYROM, many nations, including the United States, accepted refugees for resettlement. Refugee processing centers were established in FYROM and the United States. In the United States, the Migration Health Assessment (MHA) of refugees was undertaken at Fort Dix, New Jersey (i.e., Operation Provide Refuge), in collaboration with the Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEP), Public Health Service, under the direction of the Office of Refugee Resettlement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Assessments in Skopje, FYROM, were conducted by the International Organization for Migration. This report summarizes the results of collaboration between OEP and CDC to provide preventive health programs for 4045 Kosovar refugees at Fort Dix during a 10-week period, which found that the refugees were in good health and underscores the need for a tailored intervention program targeted at the health conditions of the specific population.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous electrical stimulation for clinical tibial fracture repair.

Observations on stress generated electrical currents in bone have stimulated interest in the possible osteogenetic effect of externally applied electrical energy to establish diaphyseal bone defects in animals and man. This report records the observed effects of pulsed electrical energy directed through a metal (Riordan pin) electrode placed in a large proximal tibial shaft dedect in a young man who sustained loss of bone from a gunshot wound. The fixation pin placed directly into the defect provided the cathode (-) electrode. The anode (+) electrode consisted of an aluminum foil band placed on the skin adjacent to the leg. The tibia had 282 consecutive days of electrical stimulation and provided X-ray and clinical evidence of enhanced osteogenetic activity. The degree of osteogenetic response attributable to the electrical stimulation is undetermined because other factors, including cast immobilization, time and minimal touchdown (25 pounds) weight-bearing in the cast during the period of observation, may also have had some influence on the healing response. Circumstantial clinical evidence indicates that the applied electrical energy was of primary importance in the healing process. This theoretically and technically acceptable source of osteogenetic activity merits continued, intensive investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Realities of practice. Engaging parents and GPs in developing clinical practice guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: To integrate evidence based medicine with the experience and expectations of consumers and GPs in the development of clinical practice guidelines for acute respiratory infections (ARI) in young children. METHOD: Focus groups and workshops were held with 21 GPs and 27 patients of young children involved in a 2 year randomised controlled trial. RESULTS: The acceptability of the guideline development process for participants was determined. Barriers were identified which would impede clinical change, including: inadequate time; lack of knowledge; fear of patient dissatisfaction; and fear of poor health outcome. CONCLUSION: This paper details a process of guideline development that addresses the realities of general practice in Australia and the concerns of consumers. We identified potential barriers to change and integrated intervention strategies with the evidence to produce realistic clinical practice guidelines.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

[Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations in pre-eclampsia].

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a progressive, multisystem disorder characterised by hypertension and proteinuria. A body of evidence suggest a genetic basis; it is generally accepted that the underlying pathological processes are in the placenta. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This article is a review of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia based on literature mainly obtained through PubMed and Medline searches. RESULTS: A poorly perfused placenta, secondary to defective placental invasion of the spiral arteries, may lead to hypoxia and insufficient perfusion and cause release of cytokines which damage endothelial cells and cause dysfunction. Women with preeclampsia have markedly elevated concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Lipid peroxidation also causes endothelial dysfunction and thus contributes to preeclampsia. Placenta is one source of the lipid peroxides. Antioxidant deficiency is also a predisposing factor. Hyperhomocysteinaemia, protein S and protein C deficiency, and activated protein C resistance appear to be involved in the pathophysiology of severe preeclampsia and early onset preeclampsia. INTERPRETATION: The new information about mechanisms for development of preeclampsia gives a basis for new treatment modalities.

Decidua↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Liposome-incorporated interferon. The design of liposomal interferon].

To develop bound interferon, purified phospholipids (PL), obtained from waste products of soy-bean oil production, were chosen as lipid carries. The method for the development of the liposomal interferon complex was proposed. As shown in this study, with regard to the composition of the most significant PL fractions the carrier obtained from waste products of soy-bean processing proved to be more acceptable for humans than egg-yolk PL, traditionally used in practical liposomology. The advantage of the purified concentrate of waste products of soy-bean oil production was its greater affinity with the PL fraction profile of human internal organs (the liver, the kidneys) than the composition of PL of animal origin. The dispersion and stability of interferon-containing liposomes was evaluated. The interferon incorporation coefficient of soy-bean PL proved to exceed that of egg-yolk PL.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Methods for detecting residues of cleaning agents during cleaning validation.

Cleaning validation procedures are carried out in order to assure that residues of cleaning agents are within acceptable limits after the cleaning process. Cleaning agents often consist of a mixture of various surfactants which are in a highly diluted state after the water rinsing procedure has been completed. This makes it difficult to find appropriate analytical methods that are sensitive enough to detect the cleaning agents. In addition, it is advantageous for the analytical methods to be simple to perform and to give results quickly. In this study, four different analytical methods are compared: visual detection of foam, pH, conductivity measurements, and analysis of total organic carbon (TOC). TOC was used as a reference method when evaluating the other three potential methods. The analyses were performed on different dilutions of the cleaning agents Vips Neutral, RBS-25, Debisan and Perform. The results demonstrated that the most sensitive method for analysis of Vips Neutral, Debisan and Perform is visual detection of foam, by which it is possible to detect concentrations of cleaning agents down to 10 micrograms/mL. RBS-25 was not detected below 200 micrograms/mL, probably because it is formulated with low-foaming surfactants. TOC analysis is less sensitive but has the advantage of being a quantitative analysis, while visual detection of foam is a semi-quantitative method. Visual detection of foam is easy to perform, gives a quick result, and requires no expensive instrumentation. The sensitivity of each method was found to be dependent upon the type of cleaning agent that was analyzed.

Carbon↗
PubMed2001

Neuroimmunology of opioids from invertebrates to human.

There is today growing evidence that the nervous and the immune systems can exchange information, mainly through small molecules, either cytokines or neuropeptides. Furthermore, it appears that some so-called neurotransmitters like neuropeptides can function as endogenous messengers of the immune system, and that they most likely participate in an important part in the regulation of the various components of the immune response. In this context, it is widely accepted that all organisms have processes that maintain their state of health. Failure of these processes, such as those involving naturally occurring antibacterial peptides, may lead to pathological events. The presence of antibacterial peptides on both proenkephalin invertebrate (Leeches) and vertebrate (Human) neuropeptide precursors such like enkelytin, peptide B, further supports the hypothesis that some of neuropeptide precursors are implicated in immune response. Indeed, their peptides, with their high antibacterial activities further associate opioid peptides with immune related activities. We surmise that immune signalling molecule may lead to enhanced proenkephalin proteolytic processing by prohormone convertase freeing both opioid peptides and antibacterial peptides during innate immune response. However, because it is necessary to modulate inflammation, invertebrates like leeches are also able to synthesize panoply of messengers that modulate inflammation e.g. endocannabinoids, opiates and pro-opiomelanocortin derived peptides such like adenocorticotrophin and melanostimulating hormone. This demonstrates that the equilibrium between the stimulation and the inhibition of the immune response has evolved sooner that it can be thought.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Statistical approach for risk assessment of aflatoxin sampling plan used by manufacturers for raw shelled peanuts.

Processed food manufacturers often use acceptance sampling plans to screen out lots with unacceptable levels of contamination from incoming raw material streams. Sampling plan designs are determined by specifying sample sizes, sample preparation methods, analytical test methods, and accept/reject criteria. Sampling plan performance can be indicated by plotting acceptance probability versus contamination level as an operating characteristic (OC) curve. In practice, actual plan performance depends on the level of contamination in the incoming lot stream. This level can vary considerably over time, among different crop varieties, and among locales. To better gauge plan performance, a method of coupling an OC curve and crop distributions is proposed. The method provides a precise probabilistic statement about risk and can be easily performed with commercial spreadsheet software.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2002

Ectodermal dysplasia with total anodontia: rehabilitation of a seven year old child.

Total anodontia in a paediatric patient is a difficult prosthetic problem. Upper and lower complete dentures were fabricated for a 7 year old patient with anodontia. The problems encountered on account of the age of the child, the absence of alveolar processes, the tooth size and acceptability of the dentures are discussed herein.

Anodontia↗
PubMed2002

A usability study of physicians interaction with a paper-based patient record system and a graphical-based electronic patient record system.

The user interface of an electronic patient record system can significantly improve user acceptance and ease its adoption process. The design of a user interface should take into consideration the characteristics and the needs of the user incorporating usability engineering principles in the lifecycle of its development. In this paper we describe a study of physician interaction with a paper-based patient record system and a graphical-based electronic patient record system. The usability attributes of learnability, efficiency and satisfaction are evaluated on the whole spectrum of physicians' activities with patient record systems. The results of the study did not reveal a significant difference in the overall time to complete typical physician tasks. However, on average physicians can perform viewing tasks faster, documenting tasks slower and ordering tasks at about the same speed on the graphical-based system than on the paper based system. Physicians were found to be significantly more satisfied with the graphical-based system than with the paper-based system. The results also revealed that physicians with higher levels of computer literacy and typing skills can complete typical tasks in significantly less time on a graphical-based system than physicians with lower levels of computer literacy and typing skills.

Attitude to Computers↗