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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Survey of the present state of the art of piezoelectric linear motors

Piezoelectric ultrasonic motors have been investigated for several years and have already found their first practical applications. Their key feature is that they are able to produce a high thrust force related to their volume. Beside rotary drives like the travelling wave motor, linear drives have also been developed, but only a few are presently commercially available. In the present paper, we first describe the state of the art of linear piezoelectric motors. The motors are characterized with respect to their no-load velocity, maximum thrust force, efficiency and other technical properties. In the second part, we present a new motor, which is judged to be capable of surpassing the characteristics of other piezoelectric motors because of its unique design which allows the piezoelectric drive elements to be pre-stressed in the direction of their polarization. The piezoelectric elements convert energy using the longitudinal d33 effect which allows an improved reliability, large vibration amplitudes and excellent piezoelectric coupling. Energy loss by vibration damping is minimized, and the efficiency can be improved significantly. Experimental results show that the motor characteristics can be optimized for a particular task by choosing the appropriate operating parameters such as exciting voltage, exciting frequency and normal force.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Cleft palate repair: art and issues.

Caring for the child with cleft palate requires a multidisciplinary approach that begins with evaluation for other possible congenital anomalies, decisions about timing of repair, and choice of techniques. Postoperative follow-up similarly requires a team approach and should include an otolaryngologist, an orthodontist, and a speech therapist. The art of cleft palate repair has enjoyed a decade rich in new developments. New techniques have been developed, and standard techniques have been refined. Most importantly, the need for prospective, randomized trials to objectively compare surgical techniques has been recognized. Initiation and completion of these trials will improve outcomes for patients with cleft palate repairs.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2005

[Imaging of the pediatric pancreas: state of the art].

The use of high frequency (7-12 MHz) transducers on state of the art US units equipped with Doppler imaging provides excellent evaluation of the pediatric pancreas that compares to other cross-sectional imaging techniques. The availability of multidetector CT imaging reduces the need for sedation but requires additional review of the indications and protocols to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure. Evaluation of pancreatitis and tumors remains the main indication. Advances in MR imaging and MRCP has lead to very good results in children. Storage diseases of the pancreas can be diagnosed at MRI. The length of the examinations, the need for sedation and the limited spatial resolution remain the main pitfalls of MR imaging of the pancreas in pediatric patients.

Child↗
PubMed2000

In vitro caries inhibition at the enamel margins of glass ionomer restoratives developed for the ART approach.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the ability of conventional glass ionomer cements manufactured specifically for the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach to inhibit the in vitro demineralization of enamel. METHODS: Twenty-four sound permanent premolar teeth, extracted for orthodontic reasons, had cervical cavities (4x2x1. 5mm(3)) prepared in enamel. These were restored with Fuji IX, Fuji IX GP, Ketac-Molar and Compoglass, and then thermocycled 300 times between 5-55 degrees C before being placed in a demineralizing solution (0.1M lactic acid with 1g/l dissolved hydroxyapatite at pH 4.7) for four weeks. Buccolingual planoparallel sections were cut axially through the restorations, and subsequently lapped to approximately 100 microm thickness. The sections were examined with a polarized light microscope, and lesion measurements made using image analysis software. ANOVA and coefficients of variance were used to compare the findings. RESULTS: Compoglass and Ketac-Molar showed significantly less surface erosion than did the other two cements (p<0.0001). Inhibition of enamel demineralization immediately adjacent to the restoration margins was more frequent with the glass ionomer cements (20.5-25.0%) than with Compoglass (13.0%). However, the widths of the inhibition zones varied between materials and sites. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride ion release from the restorative materials afforded some degree of protection to the adjacent enamel against in vitro demineralization.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Plato, Sun Tsu, and the Art of War (on cancer). Can we learn from history?

Cancer, in all its guises is on the rise along with the population growth. While not the leading cause of death in the world, it may soon garner that unfortunate honor. In the US, it is second only to heart disease. The 'war on cancer' declared in the US by Richard Milhouse Nixon is not being won. At present, treatment modalities are limited to resection, immunotoxins, radiation, chemotherapy, genomeceuticals, and variations on those themes. It is anticipated that with the emerging human genome data, most of these areas will be expanded, with the possible exception of radiation. However, all these approaches have two things in common. First, they have met with limited success. Second, they all work around the similar idea of containment and eradication in situ of the disease. This paper presents an alternative and novel way of looking at the research and treatment options for cancer taking two lessons from history. First, is Plato's dialectic where 'truth' is uncovered by examining a situation from two opposite directions at once. Second, from Sun Tsu's treaty on the Art of War, where he recommends that when faced with a superior opponent, one method of dealing with the situation is to provoke them, anger them, cause them to move. The second tactic wears out the opponent and presents them in a more favorable situation for assault. It is suggested herein that perhaps cancer can be attacked by first assisting its growth, and causing metastasis to a location more favorable to attack with the common mechanisms cited above.

Cell Movement↗
PubMed1997

State of the art of a new functional assessment of the young nervous system. An early predictor of cerebral palsy.

The paper provides a survey of the state of the art of a new neurological diagnostic procedure in fetuses, preterm and term infant as well as in young infants. This method consists of a judgement of the movement quality of a particular type of spontaneous movements, the so-called general movements. At a very early age normal and abnormal general movement quality predicts the neurological outcome over 2 years, in particular cerebral palsy. The reliability of this method turned out to be very robust. Recent animal experiments on isolated parts of the central nervous system provide convincing evidence of endogenously generated neural activity. Similar neural mechanisms must provide the basis for spontaneous movements seen in the human at early ages. Those neural defects leading to qualitative changes of general movements are described in detail.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

MR state of the art.

Magnetic resonance imaging is undergoing continual and progressive evolution. To make a high quality examination, some requirements are mandatory, such as high spatial and contrast resolution to identify lesions and high temporal resolution to characterize them. We review the most important new magnetic resonance technologies, both those which are already available and used in clinical practice and those which are still to be developed. We analyze such technologic and methodolgic features as magnetic field strength, gradients, surface coils, echoplanar imaging, fat suppression techniques and magnetization transfer, contrast agents, automatic injectors, image postprocessing, computer assisted diagnosis, magnetic resonance-guided biopsy and spectroscopy. All these factors are in continuous evolution and new technologies anticipate, in the near future, faster examinations with very high spatial and contrast resolution, with magnetic resonance-guided cytologic and histologic aspiration biopsies, as well as spectroscopic studies of previously identified lesions. To perform a correct, state-of-the-art magnetic resonance examination of the breast, we need high strength gradients with high slew rate and bilateral coils. Finally, we discuss new technologies and methods which will increase the accuracy of magnetic resonance studies of the breast, improving image quality and decreasing execution time. Thus, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, allowing in vivo biochemical tissue analysis, seems to have high potentials; even though they are still difficult to define, the technique is sure to have major diagnostic impact also in monitoring the results to different treatments.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2000

Appearance, cosmetics, and body art in adolescents.

Appearance in adolescents is a means of communication, a language expressing self identity. Teenagers explore fashions to make personal statements. Teenagers are significant consumers of various toiletry and skin care products that fill their cleansing, hydrating, and photoprotective needs. They also are enthusiastic consumers of products aimed at adolescent fads, such as decorative hair and nail cosmetics. For some teenagers, the expression of individualism is achieved through body art, such as tattooing and body piercing. Areas of concern are the lack of motivation for sun protection and the risky behavior associated with body piercing and tattooing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The effect of completeness of revascularization on event-free survival at one year in the ARTS trial.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the relationship between completeness of revascularization and adverse events at one year in the ARTS (Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study) trial. BACKGROUND: There is uncertainty to what extent degree of completeness of revascularization, using up-to-date techniques, influences medium-term outcome. METHODS: After consensus between surgeon and cardiologist regarding the potential for equivalence in the completeness of revascularization, 1,205 patients with multivessel disease were randomly assigned to either bypass surgery or stent implantation. All baseline and procedural angiograms and surgical case-record forms were centrally assessed for completeness of revascularization. RESULTS: Of 1,205 patients randomized, 1,172 underwent the assigned treatment. Complete data for review were available in 1,143 patients (97.5%). Complete revascularization was achieved in 84.1% of the surgically treated patients and 70.5% of the angioplasty patients (p < 0.001). After one year, the stented angioplasty patients with incomplete revascularization showed a significantly lower event-free survival than stented patients with complete revascularization (i.e., freedom from death, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident and repeat revascularization) (69.4% vs. 76.6%; p < 0.05). This difference was due to a higher incidence of subsequent bypass procedures (10.0% vs. 2.0%; p < 0.05). Conversely, at one year, bypass surgery patients with incomplete revascularization showed only a marginally lower event-free survival rate than those with complete revascularization (87.8% vs. 89.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Complete revascularization was more frequently accomplished by bypass surgery than by stent implantation. One year after bypass, there was no significant difference in event-free survival between surgically treated patients with complete revascularization and those with incomplete revascularization, but patients randomized to stenting with incomplete revascularization had a greater need for subsequent bypass surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The art of physical diagnosis.

Preservation of the art of physical examination of food animals is warranted because veterinarians are still asked to assess sick valuable individuals as well as sick animals that may be representative of herd or flock problems. It is very important to establish a consistent, thorough routine for physical and rectal examination to ensure that no problems are overlooked. An example of a routine for examining dairy cattle is presented, as is a sample form for recording findings.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2000

Life events, coping and breast cancer: state of the art.

In this article the state of the art regarding the possible link between life events and the onset and/or prognosis of breast cancer is reviewed. We can conclude that at this moment there exists no evidence for the contribution of stressful life events to an increased risk of breast cancer in studies of good methodological quality. Only studies of weak methodological quality suggest a relationship between stressful life events and risk of breast cancer. There is a need for studies using a straightforward prospective design. The contribution of life events to the prognosis of breast cancer is small. However, the role of coping is much greater. Coping with the diagnosis of breast cancer in a passive way is associated with a shorter survival time. However, studies of good methodological quality will be needed to replicate the link between coping and the prognosis of breast cancer.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

State-of-the-art phacoemulsification performed by residents in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

PURPOSE: To analyze the learning curve for state-of-the-art phacoemulsification performed by residents. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Clinicas José de San Martin, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. METHODS: The records of patients having phacoemulsification performed by residents from June 1996 to January 1998 were reviewed for preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuities and the occurrence of complications. The phacoemulsification technique used for the first 35 surgeries of each resident was compared with that of their last 35 surgeries. RESULTS: The records showed 249 cases of phacoemulsification by residents. Mean preoperative best corrected visual acuity was 0.19 +/- 0.19 (SD). One month postoperatively, it was 0.86 +/- 0.2. Nuclear fracture was performed in a mean of 28.33 +/- 5.0 of the first 35 surgeries by each resident, whereas chopping techniques were used in a mean of 23.33 +/- 1.5 of the last 35 cases. Vitreous loss occurred in 2.8% of cases. CONCLUSION: Residents learned cracking and chopping phacoemulsification techniques safely with satisfactory outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery - a review of the state of the art.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) introduced in 1991 represent an alternative carrier system to traditional colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, liposomes and polymeric micro- and nanoparticles. SLN combine advantages of the traditional systems but avoid some of their major disadvantages. This paper reviews the present state of the art regarding production techniques for SLN, drug incorporation, loading capacity and drug release, especially focusing on drug release mechanisms. Relevant issues for the introduction of SLN to the pharmaceutical market, such as status of excipients, toxicity/tolerability aspects and sterilization and long-term stability including industrial large scale production are also discussed. The potential of SLN to be exploited for the different administration routes is highlighted. References of the most relevant literature published by various research groups around the world are provided.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cancer-specific quality of life questionnaires: the state of the art in Europe.

Quality of life (QL) assessment is now regarded as desirable, if not mandatory, by agencies supporting cancer clinical trials around the world, yet doubts persist about the relevance of QL data to clinical practice. A plethora of QL measures is available but the quality of published work remains suboptimal. The appropriate choice of instrument is essential if outcome measures are to be valid and clinically meaningful. This paper reviews the considerations which should determine the choice of QL questionnaire and, taking the specific example of the EORTC approach, aims to provide users with an update on the current state of the art in the development of cancer-specific QL questionnaires.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Structure prediction: The state of the art.

A recent meeting to evaluate the state of the art of protein structure prediction saw progress on all fronts; for prediction methods based on comparative modeling or fold recognition, the progress was incremental, but in the case of ab initio structure prediction, some surprising successes were reported.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

Have we lost the art? Assessment and physical examination.

As midwives we have developed excellent skills in abdominal palpation. However assessment and physical examination of the woman and her family requires more than this. We need to develop a full repertoire of assessment skills that we can use, as midwives, to work in collaboration and partnership with women to provide the best care possible within the bounds of our practice settings. It is time to reflect on our competence in this area of practice and decide whether we have "art" in the heart of our midwifery practice.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1998

The art of midwifery: lost to technology?

This paper looks at how the art of midwifery is affected by the increasing availability and use of sophisticated technology. The use of the cardiotocograph is an example of how overuse of such technology can have detrimental affects, not only for the midwife but also for the woman in labour. While this technology has made a great impact in obstetric nursing, the effects on the low-risk pregnancy need to be evaluated. Midwives need to be research-based in their clinical practice and question the overuse of technology, such as the cardiotocograph, in cases where it is not warranted.

Australia↗
PubMed2001

The art of medicine: teaching oncology fellows about the end of life.

The artistry of medicine is important in any doctor-patient interaction, but becomes particularly meaningful at the end of life. In the US there has a been a recent acknowledgment by several medical organizations, including the American Medical Association and the American Board of Internal Medicine, that education of physicians regarding this aspect of medicine has been inadequate. Awareness of the importance of end of life issues must occur in training programs, such as oncology fellowships. This article describes a lecture series, in evolution at one institution, which focuses on the 'Art of Medicine'. A variety of topics are discussed, with the intention to broaden perspectives of physicians and thereby facilitate changes in our approach to the end of life.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗