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At least 1,027 records · Page 57Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Sitting balance I: trunk-arm coordination and the contribution of the lower limbs during self-paced reaching in sitting.

The effects of reach distance and type of task on the functional relationship between the trunk, upper limb segments and the lower limbs during self-paced reaching in sitting were examined. Two-dimensional kinematic, kinetic and electromyography (EMG) data were collected as six healthy subjects reached forward under three distance (60, 100, 140% arm's length) and two task (reaching to press a switch, reaching to grasp a glass) conditions. The results demonstrate that type of task affected primarily the temporal aspects of coordination, with the grasp task taking consistently longer than the press task. In contrast, reach distance affected both the spatio-temporal aspects of coordination between the trunk and arm segments and the active contribution of the lower limbs. As reach distance increased, the magnitude of trunk and upper-arm segmental motion increased, whereas forearm segmental motion decreased. However, at each reach distance the path of the hand was relatively straight and there was remarkable consistency in the relationship between trunk and arm segments both within and between subjects suggesting that despite the presence of redundant degrees of freedom, the individual uses a parsimonious coordinative pattern. The vertical ground reaction force (GRF) and EMG data demonstrated that the lower limbs actively contributed to support the body mass when the object was located at 140% arm's length.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The use of arm vein as an alternative conduit for lower-extremity bypass.

A 4-year retrospective review of all cases utilizing arm vein for lower-extremity bypass was undertaken. Thirty-six cases were reviewed. The patients had portions of the basilic or cephalic arm veins, or both, harvested and used as a bypass for limb salvage. Composite grafts using a portion of arm vein were excluded. Information on demographics, risk factors, vascular surgical history, presenting signs and symptoms, surgical complications, patient comfort (arm vs. leg pain), and patency rates was studied. We found that all patients were initially seen with claudication or rest pain, that 22% had gangrenous changes, that there was a male dominance (75%), and that all had previous coronary artery bypass grafts or lower-extremity bypass. Limb salvage rate was 85% at 4 years. Primary patency rate was 71% at 4 years. We conclude that arm vein is a useful and durable conduit for bypass. Patient acceptance and comfort is high.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Mid-arm circumference at birth as predictor of low birth weight and neonatal mortality.

In Bangladesh, like other developing countries, most births occur at home or in the community, so logistic problems and taboos prevent the weighing of every newborn child. This study was performed to see whether other simpler measurements could be substituted for weight to identify neonates of low birth weight. A total of 1676 live births at the Chittagong Medical College Hospital constituted the study sample, and this showed a high correlation between mid-arm circumference and birth weight (r=0.792, p<0.000). A mid-arm circumference of <9.0 cm had the best sensitivity and specificity for identifying newborns with a birth weight of less than 2500 g. These neonates were followed up to record neonatal deaths. Neonatal mortality showed an inverse relation with mid-arm circumference. A mid-arm circumference of <9.0 cm and a birth weight of <2500 g were equally useful in predicting neonatal outcome. Mid-arm circumference is a simple, quick and reliable indicator for predicting low birth weight and neonatal outcome, and can be easily measured by medical practitioners and traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in the community of developing countries like Bangladesh.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of non-invasive blood pressure measurements on the arm and calf during cesarean delivery.

OBJECTIVE: Shivering may occur in 75% of women undergoing spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery and may render an automated noninvasive blood pressure (ANIBP) device incapable of determining blood pressurc (BP). When patients shiver under spinal anesthesia, the lower extremities do not exhibit the same involuntary muscle movements as do the upper extremities. This study was undertaken to determine if a correlation exists between ANIBP measurements in the arm and calf of women undergoing cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. METHODS: We enrolled 73 women in this blinded, prospective study. Simultaneous arm and calf BP were measured with an ANIBP and differences between the two were determined. RESULTS: We found significant differences between the average difference in systolic and in diastolic BP, no significant difference between the average mean BP, and a tendency for the systolic BP to be higher and the diastolic BP to be lower in the calf than in the arm; however, there was a large degree of variability among patients. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is a poor correlation between the BP measured by an ANIBP on the calf and one on the arm. In the parturient undergoing cesarean section, lower extremity BP as measured by an ANIBP does not correlate with the arm ANIBP and should not be used to assure fetal well being.

Anesthesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMed2002

Thrombophlebitis associated with intravenous injection anaesthetics: influence of arm positioning.

BACKGROUND: Thrombophlebitis (TP) is a frequent complication of the intravenous application of injection anaesthetics. We investigated the influence of different arm positions on the incidence of such a complication in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective, randomised study was done in 86 consecutive major shoulder arthroscopies. In order to evaluate the influence of different arm positions, the arm not operated on was positioned either cranial (n = 31) or caudal (n = 55) to the level of the right atrium. The number of TP in the 5 days following the arthroscopy was detected clinically and proven by ultrasound studies. RESULTS: 8 TP occurred in the group of patients with caudal arm positioning and none in the other group. Statistically, the incidence of TP was not associated with the weight or the height of the patients nor with the duration of the anaesthesia or the doses of anaesthetics used in each patient (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: An elevated position of the arm used for anaesthesia during shoulder arthroscopy is suggested in order to prevent TP.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Arm crank versus wheelchair treadmill ergometry to evaluate the performance of paraplegics.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare peak performance capabilities of male paraplegics with arm crank and wheelchair ergometry. Eleven male paraplegics (aged 26.0 +/- 4.5 year) with spinal lesions at levels ranging from T5 to L4 were assessed during arm cranking and while propelling a wheelchair on a treadmill. Subjects completed both tests in randomised order within a 1 week period with a minimum of 48 hours between tests. Based on the data analysis, peak VO2 for the treadmill and arm crank were not significantly different while HR values for the treadmill were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) when compared to arm crank. A regression analysis indicated that wheelchair treadmill peak VO2 values can be accurately predicted from arm crank peak VO2 (r = 0.74).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Tetraplegia Hand Activity Questionnaire (THAQ): the development, assessment of arm-hand function-related activities in tetraplegic patients with a spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Development of Tetraplegia Hand Activity Questionnaire (THAQ). SETTING: Patients and spinal cord injury (SCI) professionals from five rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands and Belgium. OBJECTIVE: To construct a disease-specific questionnaire to evaluate interventions to the arm-hand of tetraplegics in terms of gained and lost activities relevant to the patient. METHODS: All arm-hand function-related activities were inventoried by examining existing scales and interviewing spinal cord injury patients and professionals in the field. Subsequently, item reduction was achieved; first, in the technical construction by incorporating all activities in an item list, then reducing the list by selecting the items most likely to be sensitive to change after surgical or functional electro stimulation interventions on the arm-hand as judged by an expert panel, using a Delphi method. RESULTS: The arm-hand-related activity inventory comprised 652 activities. The technical construction of the items and the Delphi procedure resulted in a questionnaire with 153 items. The experts considered many of the 'new' activities more relevant for the evaluation of hand function interventions than those found in scales studied in the literature. This is reflected in a relatively large proportion of new activities (69%) for the item list of the THAQ, and even more in the domains work/admin/telecom (88%) and leisure (100%). CONCLUSION: The questionnaire constructed to assess hand function-related activities contains relevant activities to evaluate arm-hand function-related interventions for tetraplegic SCI patients.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Acute non-traumatic arm ischaemia.

BACKGROUND: Much attention has been paid to the management of acute leg ischaemia. Acute arm ischaemia is perceived as less of a problem because the risk of limb loss is lower. After conservative treatment up to half the patients have late symptoms, such as forearm claudication. METHODS: This study was a review of all published English language data on acute arm ischaemia. The entire Medline database was searched and other references were derived from the material perused. There were no randomized or controlled studies. RESULTS: The incidence of acute arm ischaemia is one-fifth that of acute leg ischaemia. Patients with arm ischaemia tended to be older with a mean age of 74 years compared with 70 years for acute leg ischaemia. Since the development of the embolectomy catheter, embolectomy can be performed in most patients under local anaesthetic. Collected outcome included successful restoration of the circulation in 65-94 per cent of patients and amputation in 0-18 per cent. The mortality rate ranged from 0 to 19 per cent, despite the use of local anaesthesia, mostly from associated cardiac disease. Management by a vascular specialist may be beneficial, particularly in complex cases. CONCLUSION: An active approach to the management of acute arm ischaemia is safe and effective and reduces the risk of late disabling symptoms.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of oscillometric blood pressure measurements at the wrist with an upper-arm auscultatory mercury sphygmomanometer.

1. Oscillometric devices for blood pressure (BP) measurement at the wrist are becoming more widely used in clinical practice. However, systematic comparisons with standard auscultatory BP measurement at the brachial artery are scarce. Therefore, we compared two such devices, the Boso-Mediwatch (Bosch & Sohn GmbH U. Co., Jungingen, Germany) and the Omron R3 (Omron Corp., Tokyo, Japan), with upper-arm auscultatory mercury sphygmomanometry. 2. In 20 normotensive subjects and 20 treated hypertensive subjects, the Boso-Mediwatch was applied to the left wrist by observer 1 and was compared with mercury sphygmomanometry of the right upper arm by observer 2. Each observer swapped sides and the procedure was repeated. The Boso-Mediwatch was then applied to the right wrist by observer 1 and was compared with mercury sphygmomanometry of the left upper arm by observer 2. Each observer once again swapped sides and the procedure was repeated. An identical protocol was followed for the Omron R3 in a further 20 treated hypertensive subjects and 20 normotensive subjects. 3. There were no significant differences between observers or left versus right arm for either oscillometric device or when measurements were performed by mercury sphygmomanometry. In normotensive subjects, the Boso-Mediwatch readings were higher than mercury sphygmomanometer readings, with mean differences (95% confidence intervals) of 3.9 (0.1, 7.6; P = 0.045) and 7.0 mmHg (4.7, 9.2; P < 0.001) for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. In hypertensive subjects, the Boso-Mediwatch readings were lower for systolic BP (mean difference -6.0 mmHg (-11.6, -0.3; P = 0.04) but were higher for diastolic BP (mean difference 3.8 mmHg (1.4, 6.3; P < 0.01). 4. In normotensive subjects, the Omron R3 readings were higher, with mean differences of 3.2 (0.6, 5.8; P = 0.018) and 4.2 mmHg (1.6, 6.7; P = 0.003) for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. In hypertensive subjects, the Omron R3 readings were lower for both systolic and diastolic BP (mean differences: -5.8 (-8.8, -2.8; P = 0.001) and -5.5 (-9.3, -1.6; P = 0.008), respectively). 5. For the Boso-Mediwatch, weighted least products analysis confirmed the presence of both fixed and proportional error for systolic BP but not for diastolic BP. For the Omron R3, fixed or proportional error was not detected for either systolic or diastolic BP. 6. These wrist oscillometric devices, although offering portability and convenience, give BP measurements that frequently differ substantially (by at least 5 mmHg) from readings simultaneously measured at the upper arm by a mercury sphygmomanometer. The magnitude and direction of differences detected are dependent on both the device used and the underlying level of BP.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Long term changes of the throwing arm of former elite javelin throwers.

The aim of this study was to determine long term changes in shoulder and elbow joints of former elite javelin throwers. Twenty-one elite javelin throwers were examined at an average of 19 years after the end of their high performance phase. Mean age at examination was 50 years. Functional assessment of both shoulders was determined by the Constant-score. The shoulder of the throwing arm was examined by magnetic resonance imaging. Both elbow joints were examined clinically and radiographically. Five athletes complained about transient shoulder pain in their throwing arm affecting activities of daily living, fourteen athletes had a deficit of internal rotation of at least ten degrees. Constant-scores of throwing arms were six points lower than those of non-throwing arms (P < 0.05). Complete ruptures and partial tears of the rotator cuff were frequent. Three athletes complained about transient elbow pain in their throwing arm affecting activities of daily living; ten athletes had a deficit of extension of more than five degrees. All dominant elbows had advanced arthrotic alterations (osteophytes, sclerosis) compared to the non-dominant side. Athletes who trained with weights of more than 3 kg had a significantly higher risk of degenerative changes than athletes who did not (P < 0.01). We therefore recommend to avoid throwing training with weights of more than 3 kg.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Specific and transfer effects induced by arm or leg training.

The purpose of the present study was to examine both the specific and the transfer effects of a Square Wave Endurance Exercise Test (SWEET) and to investigate the determining factors of transfer effect. A control group (CG, n = 5) and 2 experimental groups were studied. Experimental groups completed 3 days/week a 45 min SWEET over 6 weeks, either with the arms using a wheelchair ergometer (AG, n = 5) or with the legs using a cycling ergometer (LG, n = 5). All subjects performed before and after training two maximal progressive tests: the first one with the arms and the second with the legs. During those tests oxygen uptake (VO(2)) and cardiorespiratory parameters were continuously measured. Specific effects (changes between the tests performed with trained limbs) were observed: the peak power output (W(p)) and VO(2) were significantly increased by both arm (+ 66 %, + 35 %) and leg (+ 17 %, + 14 %) training. At ventilatory threshold (VT), power output (W) and VO(2) were significantly increased with arm (+ 145 % and + 51 %) and leg (+ 53 % and + 46 %) training. Transfer effects (changes between pre and post tests performed with untrained limbs) were observed: W(p) and VO(2) were not increased in AG while W(p) was increased in LG (+ 11 %). At VT, W and VO(2) were increased with arm (+ 19 % and + 23 %) and leg (+ 33 % and + 46 %) training. For AG and LG the VO(2) expressed in percent of the VO(2) peak was increased (+ 19 % and + 33 %, respectively) and the O(2p) was also increased (+ 30 %) for LG. These results show that SWEET training induced specific and transfer effects. Moreover, the initial level of the subjects, the type and the intensity of the training seem to be the major factors for effective observable transfer effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Oversized patient arms: a problem with blood pressure measurements in the ENT-practice].

The increase in the worldwide prevalence of obesity systematically leads to a higher number of individuals who may be wrongly diagnosed as hypertensive because their arms are too large for standard blood pressure cuffs, which are ordinarily appropriate in patients with normal sized arms. We found however, that 97,8% of patients with an oversized upper arm had a normal sized wrist, appropriate to the most wrist blood measurement devices. The availability of a wrist blood measurement device seems therefore a good recommendation for every practice, to grant correct blood pressure readings also in patients with oversized arms. Blood pressure measurement, large arm circumference, wrist blood measurement devices.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Anaerobic and aerobic power in arms and legs of elite senior wrestlers.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of this study was to characterize anaerobic power and aerobic power (power at peak oxygen uptake, or peak VO2) of elite senior (post-collegiate) wrestlers. Subjects (n = 14) from the U.S. national senior freestyle and Greco Roman wrestling teams were evaluated at separate tests using cycle ergometry for peak VO2 of the arms, peak VO2 of the legs, arm anaerobic peak power, and leg anaerobic peak power. Power output at peak VO2 was recorded for each test and compared to the anaerobic power of the appropriate body segment. The results (mean +/- SD) showed that wrestlers produced 2.3 +/- 0.4 W.kg body weight-1 at arm peak VO2 (43.7 +/- 4.6 ml.kg body weight-1. min-1), 4.2 +/- 0.5 W.kg body weight-1 at leg peak VO2 (50.9 +/- 5.1 ml.kg body weight-1.min-1), arm PP of 7.7 +/- 1.0 W.kg body weight-1, and leg PP of 10.5 +/- 1.7 W.kg body weight-1. Comparing power output during anaerobic and aerobic tests, the subjects performed at 3.4 +/- 0.6 times their peak oxygen uptake during arm anaerobic ergometry, whereas leg anaerobic peak power was 2.7 +/- 0.4 times the power at peak oxygen uptake for the legs (p < 0.05 for difference between ratios). CONCLUSION: relative to aerobic power, elite senior wrestlers may produce power anaerobically in the upper body at significantly higher levels than in the lower body.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Anaerobic threshold during arm and leg exercises and cardiorespiratory fitness tests in a group of male and female students.

The anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined in 19 female and 41 male physical education students (mean age 19 yrs) during incremental arm and leg exercise on a bicycle ergometer. After the first 4 min of zero load leg exercise, the work load was increased every minute by 30 W in the male group and by 15 W in the female group. During arm exercise the work increments were 15 W in the male and 10 W in the female subjects. The work was performed until exhaustion. The AT values determined from the nonlinear increase in pulmonary ventilation (VE) were 62.6 +/- 7.3 W and 109.3 +/- 17.4 W during arm exercise 136.6 +/- 22.8 W and 224.6 +/- 41.96 W during leg exercise in female and male subjects, respectively. The VE at AT for both types of exercise was more significant in the female than in the male group. It was also lower during arm than during leg exercise in both groups. The AT during leg exercise showed a high positive correlation with vital capacity (VC) (r = 0.52, P less than 0.001), maximal oxygen uptake (r = 0.38, P less than 0.05), PWC170 (r = 0.44, P less than 0.01), and heart rate at AT (r = 0.62, P less than 0.001) in the male group, and only with heart rate at AT (r = 0.52, P less than 0.05) in the female group. Similar correlations were obtained during arm exercise. It is suggested that the AT could be determined by monitoring the VE changes during progressive exercise and could serve as an index of cardiorespiratory performance capacity in young female and male subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Where is my arm? The relative role of vision and proprioception in the neuronal representation of limb position.

A central problem in motor control, in the representation of space, and in the perception of body schema is how the brain encodes the relative positions of body parts. According to psychophysical studies, this sense of limb position depends heavily on vision. However, almost nothing is currently known about how the brain uses vision to determine or represent the location of the arm or any other body part. The present experiment shows that the position of the arm is represented in the premotor cortex of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) brain by means of a convergence of visual cues and proprioceptive cues onto the same neurons. These neurons respond to the felt position of the arm when the arm is covered from view. They also respond in a similar fashion to the seen position of a false arm.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Validation of criterion-referenced standards for tests of arm and shoulder girdle strength and endurance.

The purpose of this study was to establish criterion-referenced standards for selected tests of arm and shoulder girdle strength and endurance for college females. Several popular tests of arm and shoulder girdle strength and endurance were administered to equal numbers of trained and untrained college females (N = 92) to generate data for the analysis. The contrasting groups method (Berk, 1976; Safrit & Wood, 1990) yielded the following criterion cutoff scores that classified college females as trained or untrained on the basis of regular upper arm and shoulder girdle resistance training: pull-ups = .5 repetitions (reps), 90 degrees push-ups = 16 reps, flexed arm hang = 5 s, seated chest press = 24.5 kg, seated biceps curl = 16.4 kg, seated lat pull (latissimus dorsi pull-down) = 38.2 kg, absolute strength index = 86.4 kg, and relative strength index = .6 kg per kg of body weight. Cross-validation of the standards on an independent sample of college females (N = 112) suggested stability of the cutoff scores for pull-ups, flexed arm hang, and relative strength.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Study of growth in rural school children from Buenos Aires, Argentina using upper arm muscle area by height and other anthropometric dimensions of body composition.

The primary objective was to compare growth and body composition in an infantile rural population by means of the upper arm muscle area by height and other antropometric measurements. Research was carried out by way of a cross sectional study, including 80% (321 6-13 year olds) of the schoolchildren living in General Lavalle, a rural community of about 3000 inhabitants. The methods and procedures included the evaluation of mother's educational levels and anthropometric measurements. Height (H), weight, mid upper arm circumference, and triceps skinfold (TS) were measured. The body mass index (BMI), the upper arm muscle area (UAMA), the upper arm fat area (UAFA) and the upper arm muscle area by height (UAMAH) were calculated. Variables were grouped by gender and age and transformed into z-scores, using the US anthropometric standards as reference. The results showed that: (1) the mother educational status was, in relation to z-scores, as in an urban population, and (2) the z-scores for BMI, UAFA and TS were above the reference, while the ones for H, UAMA and UAMAH were below the reference. The differences between z-scores in relation to mother's educational levels were statistically significant (p < 0.05). UAMA was correlated strongly with H (r = 0.67). The children of General Lavalle tend to be fatty and overweight, while their muscle mass and H are proportionally low, but with values within the reference. Thus, low muscle mass and H are, in general terms, indicative of low protein reserves, the systematically low-anthropometry found for UAMAH suggests that this index should be used in conjunction with other indexes (e.g. BMI, UAFA) to obtain a more complete assessment of body composition and nutritional status.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aging and rapid aiming arm movement control.

The authors explored the motor control of target-oriented arm movements across 3 age groups: 20 20- to 30-year-olds, 2 groups (n = 38) of older adults (54 to 64, and 65 to 80). Each individual completed 2 arm movement tasks that had the same movement difficulty but different movement directions. A mixed design was used to examine the differences among age groups and movement directions in reaction time (RT), variability in RT, movement time (MT), timing variability, and inter-segment-interval (ISI). Comparing to the young participants, the senior adults initiated movement tasks slower (RT) and with more RT variability, and executed the arm movements slower and less consistently. The two older groups had greater timing variability in their movements, showed more delays (longer ISI) when reversing arm movement direction, and had lower correlations among segments of the movements than the younger group. The quality of the elderly's control of rapid aiming arm movements showed a regression, which suggests a lack of movement planning, resulting in greater use of visual feedback during movement execution.

Adult↗