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Studies of method effectiveness must be carefully assessed for comparability of findings. Several parameters are identified that are important in the assurance of comparable results. This article discusses these issues with the use of data from previously published studies and emphasizes the management implications of use-effectiveness data.
Immunological surveys of diphtheric antitoxic antibodies confirmed the existence of a high circulation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in some African and Asian countries. The high immunity level in early childhood confirms the well known fact that other forms of diphtheria, in particular the cutaneous forms, participate in the formation of antitoxic antibodies. Immunological surveys can determine relatively exactly the extent of risk of infection in the separate age groups and thus delimit the range of the planned vaccination campaigns. Exact determination of the age groups eligible for vaccination makes it possible efficaciously to employ the means allotted for the health services. In some cases, it is possible to dispense with vaccination altogether. However, it should be borne in mind that a change in the socio-economic conditions and increasing urbanization of these countries may induce a radical change in the situation. Children not protected from the cutaneous forms thanks to a better hygienic and social standard, might fall ill with diphtheria of the throat in the future. It is therefore advisable to continue the follow-up of the immune state of the child population at several years time intervals and, in case of necessity, timely to intervene by vaccinating the endangered groups.
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"This paper examines the sex structure of the population of Ethiopia with emphasis on the sex structure of the urban population which is somewhat unique in Africa. An attempt is made to show rural-urban and north-south differences in sex structure using sex [ratio] classes and [the] 'Rural-Urban Sex Ratio Gap'.... Some possible factors and implications of the situation are stated." Data are from a number of official sources, including the preliminary report from the 1984 census.
Five programs of instruction in the ovulation method (OM) in diverse geographic and cultural settings are described, and characteristics of approximately 200 consecutive OM acceptors in each program are examined. Major findings include: the religious background and family size of acceptors are variable, as is the level of previous contraceptive use. Acceptors are drawn from a wide range of socioeconomic and religious backgrounds; however, family planning intention was similarly distributed in all five countries. In sum, the ovulation method is accepted by persons from a variety of backgrounds within and between cultural setting.
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